Distribuição das fontes de infecção do histoplasma capsulatum var: capsulatum em Rio da Prata - Município do Rio de Janeiro (RJ)

Os Autores demonstram o índice de contaminação do solo pelo Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum, na localidade de Rio da Prata, área periurbana com características rurais, do Município do Rio de Janeiro. A análise de 111 amostras do solo coletadas em diferentes locais determinou 8 (7,2%) amostras positivas, todas obtidas de galinheiros, em um dos quais também foi observado guano de morcegos O elevado nível de contaminação do solo nesta região pode ser comparado aos níveis observados em áreas endêmicas de histoplasmose nos EUA.

Isolation of human fungi from soil and identification of two endemic areas of Cryptococcus neoformans and Coccidioides immitis

The present study was carried out in two different areas of Province of Cordoba, Argentina, where there was a suspicious of endemic mycosis. The previous data were the presence of a clinical case of pulmonary cryptococcosis in one area (Alta Gracia) and the previous findings of a high incidence of coccidioidin and cryptococcin reactors in the population of the second one (Villa Dolores). In both areas soil samples for fungi were studied and Cryptococcus neoformans was found in 2/25 samples from Alta Gracia. In Villa Dolores Coccidioides immitis was isolated in 2/40 samples, and C. neoformans in 1/40 samples. Delayed hypersensitivity test with cryptococcin was determined in the population from Alta Gracia and it was found to be 5.3%. Positive cutaneous tests with coccidioidin (33.8%) and cryptococcin (31.9%) in Villa Dolores were obtained. With these findings two endemic areas of systemic mycoses in Cordoba, Argentina were delimited.

Método fluorescente (diacetato de fluoresceína e brometo de etídeo) para o estudo da viabilidade de Cryptococcus neoformans em líquor

Padronizou-se método de fluorescência (solução de diacetato de fluoresceína DF e brometo de etídio BE) para análise de viabilidade de células fúngicas, em 40 amostras de liquor, provenientes de casos comprovados de neurocriptococose. A utilização de solução aquosa de saponina a 0,3% eliminou fluorescências interferentes emitidas por hemácias e leucócitos. Após o processamento dos materiais biológicos, foram retiradas alíquotas de 0,1 ml das supensões obtidas e misturadas a volumes iguais da solução DF-BE preparada pouco antes do uso. O tempo de coloração ideal foi de 30 minutos, resultando perfeita diferenciação entre microrganismos viáveis (fluorescência verde) e não viáveis (fluorescência vermelha).

Pesquisa do antígeno circulante de Cryptococcus neoformans em líquido cefalorraqueano pelo teste de coaglutinação

Foram utilizadas 82 LCR de transplantados renais (24 pacientes), 43 LCR de pacientes com críptococose comprovada (controles positivos), 35 LCR de pacientes com outras doenças (histoplasmose, paracoccidioidomicose e infecções bacterianas) como controles negativos. Os primeiros foram cultivados em ágar Sabouraud com sementes de girassol e juntamente com os demais examinado pelo teste de látex para pesquisa de antígeno circulante de C. neoformans, qualitativamente. O teste de Coaglutinação foi realizado qualitativamente e quantitativamente, encontrando-se títulos até a diluição 1:2048. Não foram detectadas reações falso-positivas ou falso-negativas entre os controles. Como prova de valor diagnóstico demonstrou: sensibilidade - 92,1%; especificidade - 92,6% e eficiência - 92,3%. Provou também ser um teste rápido, exato e econômico, embora sua escolha dependa do pré-tratamento de LCR (80ºC por 3 a 5 minutos) e soros (diluição ou álcali-precipitação) para evitar autoaglutinação e aumentar a sensibilidade da reação.

Deteccion de antigeno del polisacarido capsular de Cryptococcus neoformans en pacientes con SIDA y neurocriptococosis en São Paulo, Brasil

Antígeno del polisacárido capsular (Ag PC) de Cryptococcus neoformans fue detectado por la técnica de aglutinación de latex (AL) en LCR y suero de pacientes con Sindrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (SIDA) y primer episodio de neurocriptococosis, usando como patrón el examen micológico (examen directo y cultivo) de LCR. Se obtuvo una sensibilidad del 100% de AL para detectar AgPC de C. neoformans, el cual por su rápidez permite tratamiento específico precoz. Títulos iniciales de AgPC de la levadura en esos pacientes pueden ser > 1.000.000, pareciendo que cuando esos títulos están presentes en suero, se relacionan con mortalidad durante el tratamiento. En los pacientes que sobrevivieron se observó que el examen micológico directo y AgPC de C. neoformans, en LCR y suero, permanecen positivos aún después de tratamiento y mejoría clínica del paciente.

Caracteristicas epidemiologicas de 105 casos de criptococosis diagnosticados en la república Argentina entre 1981-1990

Se presentan 105 casos de criptococosis diagnosticados en la República Argentina, entre 1981 y 1990. El número anual de casos fue hasta 1987, de 4 a 8, aumentó desde 1988 por influencia del SIDA y llegó a 35 casos en 1990. La criptococosis no asociada al SIDA se mantuvo entre 3 y 7 casos anuales. Globalmente, el grupo etario más afectado fue el de 20-39 años y la distribución por edad fue diferente en las poblaciones con y sin SIDA. La mediana de la edad de las poblaciones total, asociada al SIDA y a otras causas predisponentes fue de 30, 30 y 45 años, respectivamente. El predominio del sexo masculino fue mucho más evidente entre los pacientes HIV+ que en los que no padecían esta última infección. La causa predisponente fue el SIDA en 57 pacientes, otra en 20 y era desconocida en 28 casos. Estimando indirectamente, el porcentaje de pacientes con SIDA que padecieron criptococosis en este período fue 6,19% (57 casos en 920 HIV+). Cryptococcus neoformans variedad neoformans fue aislado de 101 pacientes y la variedad gattii (serotipo B) de los 4 restantes. Los datos obtenidos son similares a los observados en Europa y Estados Unidos.

Possibility of in-hospital infection by Cryptococcus neoformans in patients with AIDS

The objective of the present work was to carry out a survey of soil samples taken from different areas of a hospital of infectious disease located in the city of Cordoba, where three AIDS patients were hospitalized during different periods in the same ward. The three of them returned with meningeal cryptococcosis between three or five months after having been discharged. Cryptococcus neoformans was isolated in 8/10 samples collected outside the hospital, near the pigeon house. The samples collected from the AIDS patients ward and its surroundings were negative. These findings suggest that the patients may have been infected by the fungus during their first stay in hospital.

Detection of Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide antigen in asymptomatic HIV-infected patients

Serum samples from 242 HIV-positive persons were studied for the detection of capsular polysaccha-ride antigen of Cryptococcus neoformans; 193 of these patients presented less than 300 CD4+ cells/µl of blood and 49 patients had more than 300 CD4+ cells/µl. None of them had symptoms or signs characteristic of cryptococcosis. The capsular antigen of C. neofarmans was detected by latex agglutination technique with pronase pre-treatment (IMMY, Crypto-Latex Antigen Detection System, Immunomycologics Inc., OK, USA); in 61% of the samples, ELISA technique was also used (Premier, Cryptococcal Antigen, Meridian Diagnostic Inc., Cincinatti, Oh, USA). The comparative study of both methods showed that the results obtained were similar in 96.9% of the cases. The capsular antigen was detected in 13 out of 193 (6.7%) patients with less than 300 CD4+ cells/µl. Cryptococcosis was confirmed mycologically in 3 of these 13 cases (23%) by the isolation of C. neoformans in CSF or blood cultures. Three patients, who had presented negative results of both tests for capsular antigen, suffered disseminated cryptococcosis 4 to 8 months later. The predictive diagnostic value of capsular antigen detection of C. neoformans seems tobe low and we believe that it should not be done routinely in asymptomatic HIV-positive persons.

Development of Secondary Resistance to Fluconazole in Cryptococcus neoformans Isolated from a Patient with AIDS

Cryptococcus neoformans is the fifth most common opportunistic agent of infection in patients with AIDS in the USA, exceeded only by Candida species, Pneumocystis carinii, cytomegalovirus and Mycobacterium avium1, 2, 6, 10, 11. In Brazil is the sixth, exceeded by Candida species, P. carinii, Mycobacterium species, Toxoplasma gondii, and herpes simplex virus (AIDS, Boletim Epidemiológico, set/nov 96, Ministério da Saúde, Brasil). During 30 years, the treatment of C. neoformans meningitis was based on the use of amphotericin B with or without flucytosine13. Nowadays, with the immunodepression caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the availability of new antifungal drugs as the triazoles, the concept related to cure and relapses of cryptococcosis has been altered7, 20. Patients are treated with amphotericin B with or without flucytosine as initial therapy, but maintenance therapy is always necessary in AIDS patients with C. neoformans infections

Atypical disseminated cutaneous histoplasmosis in an immunocompetent child, caused by an "aberrant" variant of Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum

A case of atypical disseminated cutaneous histoplasmosis in a five-year old, otherwise healthy child, native and resident in São Paulo metropolitan area is reported. Cutaneous lesions were clinically atypical. Histologic examination disclosed a granulomatous reaction but no fungal structures could be demonstrated by specific staining nor by immunohistochemical reaction. The fungus was isolated from biopsy material on two different occasions, confirming diagnosis of an unusual fungal infection. The fungus, originally thought to be a Sepedonium sp. due to the large sized, hyaline or brownish colored tuberculated macroconidia and to lack of dimorphism (yeast form at 37 °C) produce H and M antigens, visualized by the immunodiffusion with rabbit anti-Histoplasma capsulatum hyperimmune serum. Patient’s serum sample was non reactive with H. capsulatum antigen by immunodiffusion, counterimmunoelectrophoresis and complement fixation tests, and immunoenzymatic assay failed to detect the specific circulating antigen. This serum was tested negative by double immunodiffusion when antigen obtained from one of the isolated samples was used. Both cultures were sent to Dr. Leo Kaufman, Ph.D. (Mycoses Immunodiagnostic Laboratory, CDC-Atlanta/USA), who identified them as H. capsulatum by the exoantigen and gen-probe tests. Both clinic and mycologic characteristics of the present case were atypical, suggesting the fungus isolated is an “aberrant variant” of H. capsulatum var. capsulatum, as described by SUTTON et al. in 199719. Treatment with itraconazole 100 mg/day led to cure within 90 days

In vitro susceptibility to antifungal agents of clinical and environmental Cryptococcus neoformans isolated in Southern of Brazil

The purpose of the present study was to compare the susceptibility to four antifungal agents of 69 Cryptococcus neoformans strains isolated from AIDS patients with that of 13 C. neoformans strains isolated from the environment. Based on the NCCLS M27-A methodology the Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) obtained for amphotericin B, itraconazole and ketoconazole were very similar for clinical and environmental isolates. Clinical isolates were less susceptible to fluconazole than environmental isolates. The significance of these findings and aspects concerning the importance, role and difficulties of C. neoformans susceptibility testing are also discussed.

Residual effect of two Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis products assayed against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in laboratory and outdoors at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Resistance of the dengue vector to temephos stimulated its substitution for Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) since 2001 in Brazil. The persistence of the two Bti formulations employed at that time by the Health Ministry, Vectobac G and Aquabac G, was assayed under laboratory and outdoor conditions. Both formulations were tested at 0.2 g/10 liters of water, the same concentration applied in the field for vector control. The tests were done against Ae. aegypti third instar larvae (Rockefeller strain). In the laboratory, Vectobac G and Aquabac G caused at least 95% mortality until 101 and 45 days after treatment, respectively. In the outdoor assays, test containers of different materials were treated with either formulation and placed in a shaded area. Larvae were introduced each 3-6 days and mortality was recorded 24 and 48 hours later. In the first set of assays, performed in June 2001, mortality levels of 70% or more were attained for 2-5 weeks for both formulations in all containers. The exception was for the iron one that rusted, resulting in low mortality after seven days. In the second set of assays (August 2001), 70% mortality was attained for just 1-2 weeks for all the containers and both formulations.

Rapid turnover of Plasmodium falciparum var gene transcripts and genotypes during natural non-symptomatic infections

The var genes of Plasmodium falciparum code for the antigenically variant erythrocyte membrane proteins 1 (PfEMP1), a major factor for cytoadherence and immune escape of the parasite. Herein, we analyzed the var gene transcript turnover in two ongoing, non-symptomatic infections at sequential time points during two weeks. The number of different circulating genomes was estimated by microsatellite analyses. In both infections, we observed a rapid turnover of plasmodial genotypes and var transcripts. The rapidly changing repertoire of var transcripts could have been caused either by swift elimination of circulating var-transcribing parasites stemming from different or identical genetic backgrounds, or by accelerated switching of var gene transcription itself.