Microbiological quality of drinking rainwater in the inland region of Pajeú, Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil

Despite all efforts to store and reduce its consumption, water is becoming less inexhaustible and its quality is falling faster. Considering that water is essential to animal life, it is necessary to adopt measures to ensure its sanitary conditions in order to be fit for consumption. The aim of this study was to analyze the microbiological quality of drinking rainwater used by rural communities of Tuparetama, a small town located in Northeast Brazil. The study covered seven rural communities, totaling 66 households. In each household two samples were collected, one from a tank and the other from a clay pot located inside the home, resulting in 132 samples (tank plus clay pot). Approximately 90% of samples were below the standard recommended by the current legislation, being considered unfit for human consumption. Part of this high microbiological contamination of drinking rainwater could be related to the lack of sanitary education and of an adequate sewerage sanitation system.

Diagnosing visceral leishmaniasis and HIV/AIDS co-infection: a case series study in Pernambuco, Brazil

HIV/AIDS-associated visceral leishmaniasis may display the characteristics of an aggressive disease or without specific symptoms at all, thus making diagnosis difficult. The present study describes the results of diagnostic tests applied to a series of suspected VL cases in HIV-infected/AIDS patients admitted in referral hospitals in Pernambuco, Brazil. From a total of 14 eligible patients with cytopenias and/or fever of an unknown etiology, and indication of bone marrow aspirate, 10 patients were selected for inclusion in the study. Diagnosis was confirmed by the following examinations: Leishmania detection in bone marrow aspirate, direct agglutination test, indirect immunofluorescence, rK39 dipstick test, polymerase chain reaction and latex agglutination test. Five out of the ten patients were diagnosed with co-infection. A positive direct agglutination test was recorded for all five co-infected patients, the Leishmania detection and latex agglutination tests were positive in four patients, the rK39 dipstick test in three, the indirect immunofluorescence in two and a positive polymerase chain reaction was recorded for one patient. This series of cases was the first to be conducted in Brazil using this set of tests in order to detect co-infection. However, no consensus has thus far been reached regarding the most appropriate examination for the screening and monitoring of this group of patients.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SMOKING, CRACK COCAINE ABUSE AND THE DISCONTINUATION OF COMBINATION ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN RECIFE, PERNAMBUCO, BRAZIL

Despite the effectiveness of combination antiretroviral therapy in the treatment of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), nonadherence to medication has become a major threat to its effectiveness. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-reported irregular use of antiretroviral therapy and the factors associated with such an irregularity in PLWHA. A cross-sectional study of PLWHA who attended two referral centers in the city of Recife, in Northeastern Brazil, between June 2007 and October 2009 was carried out. The study analyzed socioeconomic factors, social service support and personal habits associated with nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy, adjusted by multivariable logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of PLWHA who reported irregular use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) was 25.7%. In the final multivariate model, the irregular use of cART was associated with the following variables: being aged less than 40 years (OR = 1.66, 95%-CI: 1.29-2.13), current smokers (OR = 1.76, 95%-CI: 1.31-2.37) or former smokers (OR = 1.43, 95%-CI: 1.05-1.95), and crack cocaine users (OR = 2.79, 95%-CI: 1.24-6.32). Special measures should be directed towards each of the following groups: individuals aged less than 40 years, smokers, former smokers and crack cocaine users. Measures for giving up smoking and crack cocaine should be incorporated into HIV-control programs in order to promote greater adherence to antiretroviral drugs and thus improve the quality of life and prolong life expectancy.

DIARRHEA OUTBREAK IN PERNAMBUCO, BRAZIL, ASSOCIATED WITH A HEAT-STABLE CYTOTOXIC ENTEROTOXIN PRODUCED BY Aeromonas caviae

SUMMARY In the present study enterotoxic and cytotoxic activities of twenty Aeromonas caviaestrains were examined. They originated from fecal specimens of patients with acute diarrhea during an outbreak in Brazil in 2004. Culture supernatants of fourteen strains (70%) caused fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal intestinal loops and in suckling mice assays, and also showed a cytotoxic activity in Vero and Caco-2 cells. The enterotoxic and cytotoxic factors were heat-stable after culture supernatants treatment at 100 ºC. The results revealed that A. caviaestrains produce a putative diarrheagenic virulence factor, a heat-stable cytotoxic enterotoxin that could be linked to the diarrhea outbreak that took place in Brazil.

Inquérito de filariose bancroftiana em São Lourenço da Mata - Pernambuco

Um inquérito epidemiológico foi realizado em São Lourenço da Mata, Pernambuco, em dezembro de 1963, para determinar a prevalência da bancroftose. Êste inquérito consistiu de: exame de sangue de uma amostra representativa da população humana, capturas e dessecação de insetos transmissores. Das 2 459 pessoas examinadas (23.38% da população estimada), 17 apresentavam microfilária de Wuchereria bancrofti. O índice de microfilaremia foi de 0.7%. Das 356 casas onde se realizou a captura de insetos, 79.77% foram positivas para Culex pipiens fatigans. Dos 754 fatigans examinados para larvas de Wuchereria, 1.06% estavam infectados.

Sôbre tripanossomos de roedores silvestres da região do Araripe do Estado de Pernambuco

The authors report the finding of trypanosoma cruzi - like and lewisi in rodents trapped in the Araripe region of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil.

Efeito do glicerol e do telurito de potássio sôbre os grânulos metacromáticos e a morfologia do bacilo diftérico

Após ter-se salientado a importância da preservação da morfologia convencional do bacilo diftérico, para os propósitos do diagnóstico presuntivo de difteria, faz-se um estudo comparativo dos aspectos morfológicos de 10 amostras de Corynebacterium em quatro meios de uso mais comum para o isolamento dêsses germes, modificando êsses mesmos meios, em cada caso, pela inclusão de glicerol, de teluríto de potássio e de glicerol e telurito, em comparação com a fórmula original. Descreve-se uma técnica simples para a incorporação do telurito de potássio nos meios preparados por coagulação de proteínas animais (Loeffler e Pai). A apreciação da morfologia e da evidenciação de grânulos de volutina destacam o meio de Pai, com cêrca de 7 porcento de glicerol, entre 16 variações de meios de cultura estudadas, como o mais favorável para a demonstração da morfologia considerada típica no diagnóstico do bacilo diftérico.

Classification of varieties of pasteurella pestis strains isolated in the interior of the state of Pernambuco-Brazil

Studies were made on the biochemical behavior of 100 strains of P.pestis isolated in Northeastern Brazil with regard to production of nitrous acid, reduction of nitrates to nitrltes, and aciáification of glycerol. Results showed that 98 strains can be classified as "orientalis variety", while the remaining two could not be included in any of the existing "varieties".

Calazar em Pernambuco. Relato de dois novos casos

O autor descreve dois novos casos de leishmaníose visceral em Pernambuco, Brasil e observados no Instituto de Medicina Tropical da F.M.U.F.Pe. O primeiro faleceu antes de receber o tratamento específico e o segundo curou-se após uma série de tratamento com o antimoniato de N-metil-glucamina.

Levantamentos seccionais sôbre a esquistossomose no Nordeste do Brasil: III - Estado de Pernambuco (Município de São Lourenço da Mata)

Os autores apresentam os resultados de levantamentos seccionais sôbre a prevalência e a morbidade da esquistossomose mansônica nas zonas rural e urbana do município de São Lourenço da Mata. A prevalência da esquistossomose e de outras helmintoses foi muito elevada. As formas hepato-esplénicas variaram de 1 a 2 %.

Incindência de Himenolepíase nana e Taenia sp. no Instituto de Medicina Tropical da U. F. Pernambuco no período de 1968 a 1970

Os Autores realizando um levantamento coproparasitológico no Instituto de Medicina Tropical da U.F.Pe., com relação a incidência de Hymenolepis nana e Taenia sp no período de 1968 a 1970, encontram índice de infestação muito baixo, em tôrno de 0,05% a 2,7% para Taenia sp e 0,36% para Hymenolepis nana.

Esquistossomose mansônica: a propósito da alta predominância das formas intestinais em uma localidade do Estado de Pernambuco

Considerando que a Esquistossomose Mansônica é geralmente considerada doença de mau prognóstico, os Autores lembram que esta noção é fruto do contacto exclusivo, por parte dos médicos, com casos avançados e graves, praticamente os únicos que vêm ter aos hospitais das grandes cidades. Ressaltando que estágios ou pesquisas em zonas endêmicas dão, aos interessados pelo assunto, uma visão mais exata da morbidade da parasitose, eles reproduzem seus achados em 220 esquistossomóticos de uma localidade (Tiúma) do Município de São Lourenço da Mata, Pernambuco: 90% de formas intestinais (muitas vezes assintomáticas), 7,7% de formas hépato-intestinais e 2,3% de formas hépato-espleno-intestinais. Nenhuma forma descompensada com hematêmese, ascite ou coma hepático foi assinalada. Aproveitando a circunstância, foram recordadas as possíveis causas determinantes das formas clínicas e da evolução da Esquistossomose Mansônica, acreditando os Autores serem duas as de maior importância : a carga parasitária e as reações imunológicas.