Estudos sobre as relações entre zinco e fósforo na nutrição da planta

Uma série de experimentos com raízes destacadas e plantas inteiras de cevada (em solução nutritiva ou solo) deu apoio à conclusão de que a deficiência de zinco induzida pelo fosfato pode ser explicada pela operação de vários processos: inibição não competitiva de absorção do zinco; precipitação de fosfato de zinco na superfície das raízes; redução na translocação para a parte aérea; efeito de diluição resultante de alta velocidade de crescimento causada pelo fósforo no meio.

Disponibilidade de fósforo e correlações entre formas e quantidades absorvidas pelo feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) em solos do estado de São Paulo

Procurou-se, em casa de vegetação, com o feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) respostas a quatro níveis de fósforo aplicado em cinco solos do Estado de São Paulo, a saber: Areia Quartzosa, ordem Entissol; Podzólico Vermelho Amarelo (2), ordem Ultissol; Latossolo Roxo, ordem Oxissol e Terra Roxa Estruturada, ordem Alfissol. Fizeram-se as correlações pertinentes e as seguintes conclusões foram tiradas: 1. Houve resposta significativa ao fósforo adicionado aos solos; 2. A utilização efetiva do fósforo pela leguminosa foi baixa; 3. As melhores correlações correlações do P solúvel com a matéria vegetal seca (MVA) e o P total na MVS foram obtidas com os extratores H2SO4 0,05 N (método do IAC) e H2SO4 0,025 N + HCl 0,05 N (método de Mehlich (r=0,94**), e 4. Os dois extratores usados para o P orgânico deram correlações similares com a MVS e o P total nesta MVS (r=0,69**).

Extração de várias formas de fósforo em alguns solos do estado de São Paulo, utilizando vários métodos químicos

Vários métodos de extração para o P solúvel, o P orgânico e o P total foram comparados em 5 (cinco) solos do Estado de São Paulo, que são: a) areia quartzosa (Entissol); b) podzolisado vermelho amarelo, variação Lara (Ultissol); c) latossol vermelho (Oxissol); d) podzolisado vermelho amarelo, variação Piracicaba (Ultissol); e) terra Roxa Estruturada (Alfissol). De acordo com os dados, as seguintes conclusões foram tiradas: 1. Os melhores extratores para o P solúvel foram H2SO4 0,05 N (método -IAC) e H2SO4 0,025 N + HC1 0,05 N (método Mehlich). 2. Para remover e medir o P orgânico, os extratores foram equivalentes. 3. 0 método químico de Sommers e Nelson e aquele de Jackson foram os melhores para o P total no solo.

Deteccion de amastigotas en Leishmaniasis cutanea y mucocutanea por el metodo de inmunoperoxidasa, usando anticuerpo policlonal: sensibilidad y especificidad comparadas con metodos convencionales de diagnostico

Con el objeto de aumentar la sensibilidad del diagnóstico histopatológico de lesiones cutáneas y mucocutáneas causada por subespecies del complejo Leismania braziliensis y para lograr una mejor visualización de los parásitos en las lesiones, se evaluó el método de la inmunoperoxidas indirecta para localizar en forma rápida y específica los amastigotas en biopsia de tejido afectado. Los cortes de tejido se fijaron en formol y se incluyeron en parafina; después se evaluaron por inmunohistoquímica usando un antisuero policlonal producido en conejo, como reactivo primario, Se examinaron 265 biopsias de pacientes con lesiones sospechosas de leishmaniasis de la costa Pacífica y región suroriental colombiana. a 1983 (72.8%) pacientes se les estableció el diagnóstico por métodos clínicos y/o poarasitológicos. Los resultados obtenidos por la inmunoperoxidasa en el grupo de pacientes a los cuales se les confirmó la leishmaniasis se compararn con la histopatología convencional, el examen directo de frotis y el aislamiento del parásito por cultivo del aspirado de la lesión. La localización inmunoenzimática de las amastigotas fue más efectivas (61.3%) que la histopatología com hematoxilina y eosina (34.6%), y que el frotis (43,9%). En cambio, el cultivo de aspirado fue más sensible (89.8%). La eficiencia del método de inmunoperoxidasa fue mayor en las lesiones recientes (72.5%) positivos en los casos con menos de tres meses de evolución) que en las lesiones más antiguas (55.6, 37.5 y 21.1% para 3-5.9, 6-11 meses y mayores o iguales a 12 mese, respectivamente). La combinación de frotis e inmunoperoxidasa incrementó el porcentaje de caso diagnosticados a 72.0%, lo que indica la importancia de combinar métodos para obtener una mayor eficiencia de diagnóstico. La especificidad fue de 100% en controles sanos y 92.9% en pacientes con lesiones causadas por agentes etiológicos distintos a leishmania.

Evaluación de la respuesta de isotipos de inmunoglobulina especifica a Leishmania en leishmaniasis tegumentaria Americana

Con el fin de determinar las clases de anticuerpo producido contra el parásito y la cinética de los mismos en relación a la evolución de la infección, se estudiaron los sueros de 133 pacientes infectados con Leishmania del complejo braziliensis. Se utilizó la prueba de inmunofluorescencia indirecta y amastigotas de L. mexicana amazonensis como antígeno. En los sueros obtenidos al momento de consultar para el diagnóstico se encontró IgM en 54 de los sueros absorbidos con Straphylococcus aureus Cowan I y en 5 de los no absorbidos. La IgM sólo se encontro en los sueros de pacientes con tiempo devolución de las lesiones < o = de 2 meses. la IgG se detectó en todos los sueros no absorbidos. Los sueros tomados durante recurrencia y después de cicatrización sólo presentaron IgG. El uso combinado de la prueba de Montenegro y/o título de IgM específico, aumentó el porcentage de pacientes con un diagnóstico inmunológico positivo en aquéllos cuyas lesiones tenían un tiempo de evolución menor de 2 meses. En los sueros de los 10 individuos sanos no se detectó inmunoglobulina específica a Leishmania y ninguno presentó reacción positiva a la prueba de Montenegro. Entre los 16 pacientes con otra etiología, 3 con esporotricosis, mostraron en su suero IgG reactiva con Leishmania pero ninguno incluyendo 2 con menos de dos meses de evolución de las lesiones presentó IgM. concluimos que en pacientes infectados con L. braziliensis la presencia de IgM e IgG específica a Leishmania esta asociado con el tiempo de evolución de las lesiones y el estado primario recurrente de la infección; demás la detección de IgM anti-Leishmania combinada con la respuesta de Mn sería de potencial utilidad en el diagnóstico clínico de la leishmaniasis tegumentaria temprana.

Human and dogs Toxocara canis infection in a poor neighborhood in Bogota

Prevalence of Toxocara canis antibodies was studied in a poor community of Bogotá, Colombia. Two-hundred-sevem patients, from both sexes and all age groups, were studied. Positive Elisa titers were found in 47.5% of the population, a high prevalence compared with reports from developed countries. T. canis ova were positive in 43.6% of fecal samples from dog puppies. An endemic pattern of the disease is described: socioeconomic status, weathers, pollution, poor hygiene and a significant population of infected dogs. Neither the physical examination nor Elisa titers could detect any case of T. canis disease.

Life cycle and influence of age and feeding on the first mating of Triatoma mazzottii (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

A cohort of 100 eggs of Triatoma mazzottii Usinger was studied to obtain information on its life cycle. Egg incubation took 24 days; mean duration of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar nymphs was 27, 36, 39, 46 and 64 days respectively; mean time from egg to adult was 236 days. The total duration of the nymphal stages was 212 days. The total nymph mortality in cohort was 16.3% and the embryonic egg mortality was 14.0%. The grater mortality occured in the 2nd instar. The average number of eggs/female/week was 9.8 during 15 weeks of observation. Of the total eggs laid (2,514), only 58.7% hatched. The total of insects that achieved the adult stage (72), 38 were females (52.8%), and 34 were males (47.2%). The influence of age and feeding on the first mating of T. mazzottii were also studied. It was found that the first mating depended on the male's age and it was on the average 30 days after the last imaginal molt. The female could be mating since 2nd days after the imaginal life. The nutritional status did not play an important role in the capacity of the insect for the first mating.

On the mechanism of protective action of cold acclimatization against carbon tetrachloride - and ethionine-induced fatty liver

In this study the hepatic lipoprotein lipase (LPL), activity was evaluated in adult female mice acclimatized at 5-C and submitted to carbon tetrachloride (CCI) or ethionine, in order to determine the possible role of this enzuyme in the fatty liver. The results were compared with those obtained in mice kept at room temperature (27-C) that the same hepatoesteatosis inducing agent. In contrast to animals kept at room temperature, in cold aclimatized mice neither the enhancement of the LPL-liver activity by the action of CCI or ethionine occurred nor the development of fatty infiltration in the liver was observed. We conclude that the low temperature induced a protective effect against CCI or ethionine-induced fatty liver that was correlated with the no-increase of the hepatic LPL activity.

Aggregation pheromone in five species of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

An aggregation pheromone found in the faeces of 5th instar nymphs and adults of Triatoma mazzottii Usinger, Triatoma longipennis Usinger, Triatoma pallidipennis (Stal), Triatoma barberi Usinger and Rhodnius prolixus (Stal) was studied under laboratory conditions. Bioassays were performed using a 30 cm-diameter arena and wind tunnel. T. longipennis nymphs showed a stronger response than the other triatomine nymphs tested. There were no significant differences in faecal attractiveness to nymphs, but the faeces of T. longipennis and T. pallidipennis were most active. The responses of all species to male and female faeces of T. mazzottii was significantly different, but there was no significant difference in the responses of the development stages to male and female faeces of T. mazzottii. However, male faeces were more active than female faeces. The feeding status of nymphs did not affect the response.

Standardization and evaluation of ELISA for the serodiagnosis of amoebic liver abscess

An ELISA test for the serological diagnosisof amoebic liver abscess (ALA) was standardized and evaluated in sera from three groups of patients: (1) three patients with diagnosis confirmed by isolation of the parasite,(2) thirty seven patients with diagnosis established by clinical findings and ultrasound studies and (3) seven patients whose diagnosis were established by clinical findings and a positive double immunodifusion test. Ninety one serum samples from healthy subjects and 22 from patients with other liver or parasitic diseases were also included in the study. the optimum concentration of Entamoeba histolytica antigen was 1.25 µg/ml and optimum dilutions of serum and anti-human IgG-alkaline phosphatase conjugate were 1:400 and 1:4000 respectively. The cut-off point of the ELISA test in this study was an absorbance value of 0.34. The test parameters were: sensitivity = 95.7 per cent, specificty = 100 per cent, positive predictive value = 100 per cent and negative predictive value = 98.2 per cent.The ELISA test was found to be of great use as a diagnostic tool for the establishment of amoebic etiology in patients with clinical supposition of ALA. The test could also be used for seroepidemiological surveys of the prevalence of invasive amoebiasis in a given population, since it allows the processing of a greater number of samples at a lower cost tahn other serological tests.

Genetic variability and differentiation between populations of Rhodnius prolixus and R. pallescens, vectors of Chagas' Disease in Colombia

Enzyme polymorphism in Rhodnius prolixus and R. pallescens (Hemiptera, Reduviidae), principal vectors of Chagas' disease in Colombia, was analyzed using starch gel electrophoresis. Three geographic locations were sampled in order to determine gene flow between populations and to characterize intra- and interspecific differences. Of 25 enzymes assayed 10 were successfully resolved and then used to score the genetic variation. The enzymes PEPD, GPI, PGM and ICD were useful to differentiate these species and PGD, PGM and MDH distinguished between sylvatic and domiciliary populations of R. prolixus. Both polymorphism and heterozygosity indicated greater genetic variability in sylvatic habitats (H = 0.021) compared to domiciliary habitats (H = 0.006) in both species. Gene flow between sylvatic and domiciliary populations in R. prolixus was found to be minimal. This fact and the genetic distance between them suggest a process of genetic isolation in the domiciliary population.

Towards the Physical Map of the Trypanosoma cruzi Nuclear Genome: Construction of YAC and BAC Libraries of the Reference Clone T. cruzi CL-Brener

Strategies to construct the physical map of the Trypanosoma cruzi nuclear genome have to capitalize on three main advantages of the parasite genome, namely (a) its small size, (b) the fact that all chromosomes can be defined, and many of them can be isolated by pulse field gel electrophoresis, and (c) the fact that simple Southern blots of electrophoretic karyotypes can be used to map sequence tagged sites and expressed sequence tags to chromosomal bands. A major drawback to cope with is the complexity of T. cruzi genetics, that hinders the construction of a comprehensive genetic map. As a first step towards physical mapping, we report the construction and partial characterization of a T. cruzi CL-Brener genomic library in yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) that consists of 2,770 individual YACs with a mean insert size of 365 kb encompassing around 10 genomic equivalents. Two libraries in bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) have been constructed, BACI and BACII. Both libraries represent about three genome equivalents. A third BAC library (BAC III) is being constructed. YACs and BACs are invaluable tools for physical mapping. More generally, they have to be considered as a common resource for research in Chagas disease