Hidrogenação de compostos orgânicos utilizando método eletroquímico para geração de hidrogênio in situ: hidrogenação eletrocatalítica

Electrocatalytic hydrogenation (HEC) may be compared to catalytic hydrogenation (HC). The difference between these methods is the hydrogen source: HC needs a hydrogen gas supply; HEC needs a source of protons (solvent) to be reduced at a cathode surface. HEC has presented interesting advances in the last decades due to investigation of the influence of the supporting electrolyte, co-solvent, surfactant, presence of inert gas and the composition of the electrode on the reaction. Several classes of organic compounds have been hydrogenated through HEC: olefins, ketones, aldehydes, aromatics, polyaromatics and nitro-compounds. This paper shows some details about the HEC which may be regarded as a promising technique for the hydrogenation of organic compounds both in industrial processes and in laboratories.

Construção de célula eletroquímica para observação de amostras in situ em estereomicroscópio

The electrochemical study of glass like tungsten oxide derivatives requires the construction of special electrodes due to the fact that these glasses are not conductive. Electrodes modified with WO3 change their color when submitted to some potential perturbation. The color change of the electrochromic materials was observed in situ by coupling an electrochemical cell to a stereomicroscope. The constructed cell is versatile and may represent a great contribution to the electrochemical studies of materials, especially in the systems where it is interest to observe the working electrode surface during the electrochemical experiment.

Produção de biodiesel através de transesterificação in situ de sementes de girassol via catálise homogênea e heterogênea

The objective of this work is to show the results of the in situ transesterification of sunflower seed oil with methanol on basic homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis for the production of biodiesel. In homogeneous catalysis, the activity of KOH and K2CO3 were evaluated using the same oil:methanol ratio of 1:90. KOH showed to be more active than K2CO3, leading to total conversion in biodiesel after 1h reaction time. In the heterogeneous catalysis the activity of K2CO3/Al2O3 was comparable to the activity of K2CO3 bulk: 53.0 and 66.6% resp. The properties of samples of biodiesel produced by homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis were evaluated and are in accordance with the recommended fuel properties.

Um sistema microcontrolado para o monitoramento on-line, in situ e remoto de pH, condutividade e temperatura de águas

A portable microcontrolled system is proposed to monitor conductivity, temperature and pH in on-line, in situ and remote way from a water reservoir faraway 200 m. The system comprises two modules: one for data reception (located in laboratory) and another for data acquisition/transmission (located near water reservoir). It uses a microcontroller and a transceiver to remote data transmission/reception by radio frequency. Variations of water parameters were simultaneously monitored without interruption during a period of ten hours with a relative error about 4.0 %. The developed system showed simple, stable, accurate, robust and low-cost to determine parameters of water in field.

In situ synthesis of nanoclay filled polyethylene using polymer supported metallocene catalyst system

In situ ethylene polymerizations were performed using bis(cyclopentadiene)titanium dichloride supported on polyethersulfone as catalyst. The bis(cyclopentadiene)titanium dichloride supported on polyethersulfone catalyst activity estimated by ethylene polymerization was 360 kgPE/molTi/h. During polymerization the fillers used were montmorillionite nanoclays having surface modifications with 35-45 wt% dimethyl dialkyl(14-18)amine (FA) and 25-30 wt% trimethyl stearyl ammonium (FB). These fillers were pretreated with methylaluminoxine (MAO; cocatalyst) for better dispersion onto the polymer matrix. The formation of polyethylene within the whole matrix was confirmed by FTIR studies. It was found that the nature of nanofiller did not have any remarkable effect on the melting characteristics of the polymer. TGA study indicates that nanoclay FB filled polyethylene has higher thermal stability than nanoclay FA filled polyethylene. The melting temperature of the obtained polyethylenes was 142 ºC, which corresponds to that synthesized by the polyether sulfone supported catalyst.

Construção de uma câmara para monitoramento in situ do processo de secagem de geis e sólidos porosos

The present work deals with the design and construction of an equipment for studying the drying process of gels and solids. The equipment was built using mainly a commercial oven and others peripherals for programmed control of temperature, humidity and data acquisition. The system allows the in situ monitoring of the gel drying, registering the weight loss, and the shrinkage of sample and the oven temperatures. This set of allowed parameters makes possible to establish the main steps involved in the drying of meso and nanostructured porous materials.

Construction and application of a portable microcontrolled turbidimeter for the in situ determination of sulfate

This study reports on the construction of a turbidimeter employing light emitting diodes as radiation source at a wavelength of 405 nm, a photodiode as detector, a temperature sensor and a microcontroller used for data acquisition and processing. The turbidimeter was applied to determine sulfate concentrations in natural water employing barium chloride as reagent. Potential interferences and recovery studies were performed and an interference of 3.5 % and a recovery between 97.8 and 108 % were estimated. The analytical performance of in situ turbidimeter for the determination of sulfate was evaluated and compared with two commercial spectrophotometers and a good agreement was obtained.

Desenvolvimento e avaliação de eletrodos de difusão gasosa (EDG) para geração de H2O2 in situ e sua aplicação na degradação do corante reativo azul 19

This work reports the development of GDE for electrogeneration of H2O2 and their application in the degradation process of Reactive Blue 19 dye. GDE produced by carbon black with 20% polytetrafluoroethylene generated up to 500 mg L-1 of H2O2 through the electrolysis of acidic medium at -0.8 V vs Ag/AgCl. Reactive Blue 19 dye was degraded most efficiently with H2O2 electrogenerated in the presence of Fe(II) ions, leading to removal of 95% of the original color and 39% of TOC at -0.8 V vs Ag/AgCl.

Preconcentration of copper from natural water samples using ligand-less in situ surfactant-based solid phase extraction prior to FAAS determination

In the present work, a simple and rapid ligand-less, in situ, surfactant-based solid phase extraction for the preconcentration of copper in water samples was developed. In this method, a cationic surfactant (n-dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide) was dissolved in an aqueous sample followed by the addition of an appropriate ion-pairing agent (ClO4-). Due to the interaction between the surfactant and ion-pairing agent, solid particles were formed and subsequently used for the adsorption of Cu(OH)2 and CuI. After centrifugation, the sediment was dissolved in 1.0 mL of 1 mol L-1 HNO3 in ethanol and aspirated directly into the flame atomic absorption spectrometer. In order to obtain the optimum conditions, several parameters affecting the performance of the LL-ISS-SPE, including the volumes of DTAB, KClO4, and KI, pH, and potentially interfering ions, were optimized. It was found that KI and phosphate buffer solution (pH = 9) could extract more than 95% of copper ions. The amount of copper ions in the water samples varied from 3.2 to 4.8 ng mL-1, with relative standard deviations of 98.5%-103%. The determination of copper in water samples was linear over a concentration range of 0.5-200.0 ng mL-1. The limit of detection (3Sb/m) was 0.1 ng mL-1 with an enrichment factor of 38.7. The accuracy of the developed method was verified by the determination of copper in two certified reference materials, producing satisfactory results.

Detecção in situ de espécies reativas de oxigênio em feijoeiro tratado com extratos de Pycnoporus sanguineus e inoculado com Colletotrichum lindemuthianum

Este trabalho teve como objetivo detectar in situ a formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO'S), particularmente peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) e radical superóxido (O2.- ), em plantas de feijão tratadas com extrato aquoso de micélio e de basidiocarpo de Pycnoporus sanguineus, em concentração de 5% (p/v), e inoculadas após 3 dias com Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. As avaliações foram realizadas às 48, 96 e 192 h após a inoculação (hai). Água destilada, azoxystrobin (40 mg i.a. L-1 ) e acibenzolar-S-metil (75 mg i.a. L-1 ) foram utilizados como tratamentos controle. Foi detectada formação de H2O2 em 48 hai apenas para o tratamento com extrato de basidiocarpo. Para O2. , foi detectada a formação principalmente para o tratamento com extrato de micélio em 48 hai. Em 192 hai todos os tratamentos apresentaram reação para H2O2 e O2.- nas células epidérmicas e do mesófilo, provavelmente em decorrência do processo infeccioso. Estes resultados indicam o potencial dos extratos de P. sanguineus na indução de ERO's em feijoeiro no início da infecção, o que pode contribuir para a redução da severidade de antracnose.

Simulação in Situ, uma Metodologia de Treinamento Multidisciplinar para Identificar Oportunidades de Melhoria na Segurança do Paciente em uma Unidade de Alto Risco

Introdução A simulação é uma metodologia usada para substituir ou amplificar experiências reais por experiências guiadas que evocam ou replicam aspectos do mundo real de maneira interativa. A simulação in situ leva essa técnica diretamente aos locais onde ocorrem atendimentos, com a própria equipe de saúde atuando em seu ambiente de trabalho em cenário simulado. Objetivo Descrever experiência piloto de simulação in situ realizada em unidade de pronto atendimento, destacando oportunidades de avaliação de sistema de atendimento, trabalho em equipe e detecção de ameaças latentes à segurança (ALS). Métodos Estudo aplicado na Unidade Ibirapuera do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein e realizado pelo Centro de Simulação Realística Albert Einstein. Foi apresentado cenário de paciente de 45 anos com síndrome coronariana aguda que evolui para parada cardiorrespiratória. Simulação híbrida de 30 minutos com uso de ator e simulador de alta fidelidade (SimMan 3G®).Utilizado checklist e filmagem para avaliar habilidades e atitudes, usados em debriefing estruturado com uma hora de duração. Resultados A experiência proporcionou avaliação técnica, comportamental e sistemas. Detectou quatro ALS e permitiu reflexão guiada sobre trabalho em equipe. Conclusão Este piloto contribuiu para o alcance dos objetivos propostos com o cenário e demonstrou oportunidades de treinamento e melhoria. A simulação in situ pode ser usada no futuro sistematicamente para treinamento contínuo de equipes, visando à melhoria da qualidade de atendimento e à segurança do paciente.

In vitro EVALUATION OF EUCALYPTUS ECTOMYCORRHIZAE ON SUBSTRATE WITH PHOSPHORUS DOSES FOR FUNGAL PRE-SELECTION

The benefit promoted by ectomycorrhizal depends on the interaction between symbionts and phosphorus (P) contents. Phosphorus effect on ectomycorrhizal formation and the effectiveness of these in promoting plant growth for fungal pre-selection were assessed under in vitro conditions. For P effect evaluation, Eucalyptus urophylla seedlings inoculated with four Pisolithus sp. isolates and others non-inoculated were grown on substrate containing 0.87, 1.16 and 1.72 mg P per plant. For evaluation of effectiveness and fungal pre-selection, other 30 isolates of Pisolithus sp., Pisolithus microcarpus ITA06 isolate, Amanita muscaria AM16 isolate, Scleroderma areolatum SC129 isolate were studied. D26 isolate promoted the highest plant heights for the three P doses, D51 at the lower dose and D72 at the intermediate dose. P doses did not influenced shoot fresh weight and fungal colonization. In the pre-selection of fungi, 14 isolates of Pisolithus sp., P. microcarpus ITA06 isolate and S. areolatum SC129isolate increased plant height and fresh weight. D82 isolate of Pisolithus sp. had effect singly on plant height while D17 and D58 on fresh weight. Of these, only D15, D17, D58 and ITA06 had typical ectomycorrhizae. The cultivation in vitro has shown adequate for pre-selection of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Colonization and benefits depend on species and isolate. D15, D17 and D58 of Pisolithus sp. and P. microcarpus isolate ITA06 are the most promising for nursery studies.

Perdas de solo e de água em sistemas de captação in situ no Semi-Árido brasileiro

Os sistemas de cultivo utilizados no semi-árido brasileiro apresentam riscos de perda devido à irregularidade das chuvas, devendo-se associá-los a práticas que propiciem maior infiltração e, conseqüentemente, menor erosão, o que pode ser obtido por meio de técnicas de captação de água de chuva in situ. Neste trabalho, teve-se o objetivo de avaliar as perdas de água e de solo em área cultivada com milho (Zea mays L.), submetida a diferentes sistemas de preparo do solo, correspondendo aos tratamentos Guimarães Duque (T1); aração profunda (T2); aração parcial (T3) e sulcos barrados (T4), comparados com o sistema tradicional (T5), que corresponde ao plantio sem preparo do solo. Após cada evento de chuva, a água e o solo escoados foram coletados e medidos. A umidade do solo em diferentes profundidades foi monitorada durante o ciclo de produção da cultura e avaliada a produtividade dos grãos por meio da análise de variância. A partir dos resultados, pode-se observar que o método Guimarães Duque (T1) proporcionou maiores perdas de água (6.696 L) e de solo (15.225 kg ha-1), enquanto as menores perdas foram obtidas com os sulcos barrados (T4), correspondendo a 1.066 L e 1.022 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Nesse tratamento (T4), também foi obtida a maior produtividade de grãos (606 kg ha-1), apresentando-se como o sistema mais indicado para as condições analisadas.

Application of x-ray computed tomography in the evaluation of soil porosity in soil management systems

The study aimed to evaluate a methodology to quantify the porosity of the soil using computed tomography in areas under no-tillage, conventional tillage and native forest. Three soil management systems were selected for the study: forest, conventional tillage and no-tillage. In each soil management system, undisturbed soil samples were collected in the surface layer (0.0 to 0.10 m). The tomographic images were obtained using a X-ray microtomography. After obtaining the images, they were processed, and a methodology was evaluated for image conversion into numerical values. The statistical method which provided the greatest accuracy was the percentile method. The methodology used to analyze the tomographic image allowed quantifying the porosity of the soil under different soil management. The method enabled the characterization of soil porosity in a non-evasive and non-destructive way.