Sexual and asexual reproduction in Didemnum rodriguesi (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae)

Sexual and asexual reproduction and associated population dynamics were investigated in the colonial ascidian Didemnum rodriguesi Rocha & Monniot, 1993 (Didemnidae) in southern Brazil. Investment in sexual (production of new individuals) and asexual (colony growth) reproduction was compared between seasons. Permanently marked quadrats were repeatedly photographed to measure changes in colonies. Eggs and larvae were counted monthly in collected colonies. This species alternates seasonally between sexual (summer) and asexual (winter) reproduction. In summer, colonies were smaller, brooded eggs and larvae and recruitment rates were greater, while in winter, colony size was larger and eggs and larvae were absent. There is a relationship between fecundity and colony area. Fragmentation and fusion of colonies were similar in summer and winter, as well as mortality. In conclusion, D. rodriguesi has a lifecycle usual for high latitude ascidians with a limited time length for sexual reproduction and alternate investment in sexual and asexual reproduction along the year.

Classes de comprimento e proporção sexual em Diplodon expansus (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Hyriidae) no rio Piraquara, Paraná, Brasil

O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a distribuição de classes de tamanho e proporção sexual ampliando o conhecimento do comportamento reprodutivo de Diplodon expansus (Küster, 1856) e da biodiversidade dos corpos de água da Área de Proteção Ambiental do Piraquara, Paraná, Brasil. A área de estudo corresponde a um trecho do rio Piraquara de águas lóticas, e mata ciliar relativamente bem preservada. Foram realizadas quatro coletas no período de março de 2006 a dezembro de 2006. No rio Piraquara o D. expansus ocorre em substratos arenoso e lodoso. O comprimento dos exemplares variou entre 17 mm e 65 mm, sendo que a maior frequência de classes de comprimento foi registrada para as classes intermediárias. A análise histológica das gônadas possibilitou a determinação de uma razão sexual 1:1, não tendo sido identificado nenhum exemplar hermafrodita, caracterizando uma população tipicamente dióica. Análises qualitativas e quantitativas demonstram uma gametogênese contínua, com picos de liberação larval no verão.

Maturidade sexual morfológica de Aegla platensis (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura) no Lajeado Bonito, norte do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

O tamanho da primeira maturação sexual (TPM) em Aegla platensis Schmitt, 1942 foi estimado através das mudanças nas proporções de dimensões corporais dos animais. Para isso, foram realizadas coletas mensais, de julho de 2007 a junho de 2008 no Lajeado Bonito (27º25'27''S, 53º24'39''W), um tributário de primeira ordem do Rio da Várzea, município de Frederico Westphalen, Rio Grande do Sul. Foram utilizados 437 machos com comprimento de cefalotórax (CC) variando de 6,00 mm a 31,75 mm e 368 fêmeas, com tamanhos entre 6,08 mm e 27,92 mm de CC. As seguintes dimensões corporais foram mensuradas em todos os indivíduos coletados: comprimento do cefalotórax (CC), largura do abdome (LA), comprimento do própodo do quelípodo direito (CPD) e comprimento do própodo do quelípodo esquerdo (CPE). Após o registro dessas medidas, os animais foram devolvidos ao mesmo local de captura. As análises de maturidade sexual morfológica foram realizadas com auxílio do software Mature 2, nas quais foram utilizadas as medidas de CC, considerada como variável independente e relacionada com as demais dimensões. As relações que melhor se ajustaram para estas análises, em machos, foram CPD x CC (TPM: CC=18,2 mm) e CPE x CC (TPM: CC=20,1 mm) e LA x CC (TPM: CC=16,5 mm) nas fêmeas.

Determinação da maturidade sexual de Ucides cordatus (Crustacea, Brachyura, Ucididae) em duas áreas de manguezal do litoral sul de Pernambuco, Brasil

Este estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de determinar o tamanho da maturidade morfológica e fisiológica de machos e fêmeas em duas populações de Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) de Tamandaré, Pernambuco, Brasil. Os caranguejos foram coletados mensalmente (abril/2008 a março/2009) nos manguezais dos rios Ariquindá e Mamucabas, por um catador, através da técnica de braceamento, durante a maré baixa em três áreas distintas de 25 m² cada. Os caranguejos capturados foram separados por sexo e medidos (largura da carapaça, comprimento do própodo do quelípodo dos machos e largura do 5º somito abdominal das fêmeas). Além disso, os caranguejos foram caracterizados em relação ao estágio de desenvolvimento gonadal. Os caranguejos com gônadas imaturas e rudimentares foram considerados jovens, enquanto os demais foram classificados como adultos (gônada em desenvolvimento, desenvolvida, avançada ou esgotada). O tamanho da largura da carapaça no qual 50% da população de U. cordatus foi considerada madura morfologicamente foi de 38,0 mm (machos) e 35,4 mm (fêmeas) em Ariquindá, enquanto para Mamucabas estes valores foram de 37,3 e 32,9 mm, respectivamente. Na determinação da maturidade sexual fisiológica, os machos e fêmeas de Ariquindá foram considerados maduros com 38,5 e 37,8 mm, respectivamente, enquanto em Mamucabas os tamanhos obtidos foram de 36,2 e 35,8 mm. A maturidade morfológica dos machos ocorreu com tamanho superior ao das fêmeas, provavelmente devido ao seu maior investimento em crescimento somático, enquanto as fêmeas investem mais no processo reprodutivo. Os caranguejos provenientes do manguezal de Mamucabas atingiram a maturidade sexual com tamanhos inferiores aos de Ariquindá, provavelmente devido ao maior impacto verificado para este manguezal.

Relative growth and sexual maturity of the freshwater shrimp Palaemon pandaliformis (Crustacea, Palaemonidae) in northeastern of Brazil (Canavieiras, Bahia)

This study comprises the description of relative growth and sexual maturity of a population of Palaemon pandaliformis Stimpson, 1871 in Salsa River (Northeastern Brazil). Samples were collected monthly between September 2009 and August 2010. Females were larger, heavier, and showed a greater allometric coefficient (b) than male specimens. Only carapace length vs. pleura length in females presented a significant difference in the relative growth pattern, indicating a puberty moult. This relationship is strictly correlated to reproduction and its success rate in female shrimps. Estimated carapace length in 50% of mature females (CL50) was 4.53 mm. It was not possible to compare obtained CL50 results due to a lack of studies on this species. Comparison was based on the size of the smallest captured ovigerous female (3.81 CL mm), which is within the scope of recorded size for estuaries located in higher latitudes. This study reveals the lack of research on this genre in freshwater environments on a national and global scale.

The relative growth and sexual maturity of the freshwater crab Dilocarcinus pagei (Brachyura, Trichodactylidae) in the northwestern region of the state of São Paulo

The aim of the present study was to determine the size at sexual maturity in the freshwater crab Dilocarcinus pagei Stimpson, 1861, from a population located in Mendonça, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The crabs were sampled monthly (July 2005 to June 2007), at Barra Mansa reservoir. The specimens were captured manually or in sieves passed through the aquatic vegetation. The crabs were captured and separated by sex based on morphology of the pleon and on the number of pleopods. The following dimensions were measured: carapace width (CW); carapace length (CL); propodus length (PL); and abdomen width (AW). The morphological analysis of the gonads was used to identify and categorize individuals according to their stage of development. The morphological maturity was estimated based on the analysis of relative growth based on the allometric equation y = ax b. The gonadal maturity was based on the morphology of the gonads by the method CW50 which indicates the size at which 50% of the individuals in the population showed gonads morphologically mature to reproduction. The biometric relationships that best demonstrated the different patterns of growth for the juvenile and adult stages were CW vs. PL for males and CW vs. AW for females (p<0.001). Based on these relationships, the estimated value to morphological sexual maturity was 21.5 mm (CW) in males and 19.7 mm (CW) in females. The determination of the size at sexual maturity and the adjustment of the data based on the logistic curve (CW50) resulted in a size of 38.2 mm for males and 39.4 mm for females (CW). Based on the data obtained for sexual maturity for D. pagei, we can estimate a minimum size for capture of 40 mm (CW). This minimum size allows at least half of the population to reproduce and retains the juveniles and a portion of the adults in the population.

Sexual dimorphism in Amphisbaena nigricauda (Reptilia, Squamata, Amphisbaenidae) from Southeastern Brazil

Amphisbaena nigricauda Gans, 1966 is a small, poorly known amphisbaenid endemic to the restinga of the states of Espírito Santo and Bahia, Brazil. We analyze 178 specimens collected in Vitória municipality, state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, to investigate whether this species show sexual dimorphism in pre-cloacal pores and in morphological characters. Sex was determined by a ventral incision and direct inspection of gonads. A PCA analysis was performed to generate a general body size measurement. A T test and the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test were used to assess whether this species show sexual dimorphism on five morphometric and five meristic characters, respectively. Sex could not be determined in 36 specimens because they were mutilated in the posterior portion of their bodies. The diagnosis of the species is redefined based on this sample size: the smallest number of body annuli changes from 222 to 192, the number of dorsal and ventral segments in an annulus in the middle of the body changes to 9-11/13-16 (instead of 10/16), and the autotomic tail annulus lies between annulus 7-10 (instead of 6-9). The number of tail annuli remained within the known range of variation of the species (19-24). None of the 80 females analyzed showed pre-cloacal pores, whereas within males 59 out of 62 specimens displayed four and two specimens displayed five pre-cloacal pores. A single male did not possess pre-cloacal pores, but showed irregular scales on its cloacal region. Sex-based difference based on presence or absence of pre-cloacal pores as well as males with wider head was seen in other Neotropical amphisbaenids. However, a pattern of body size differences between males and females has not been identified so far in the few amphisbaenid species studied in this regard. Further studies on this taxonomic group are still needed to elucidate the existence of general patterns of sexual dimorphism and to identify the selective pressures driving these patterns.

Contribuição ao estudo dos Embiídeos: IV. Polimorfismo sexual da região cefálica de Embolyntha batesi Mac lachlan, 1877 (Embiidina, Embiidae)

Em continuação as pesquisas que vimos realizando nos Embiídeos é feito um estudo comparado das peças bucais entre machos e fêmeas de Embolyntha batesi. A cabeça é prognata recoberta por diminutas cerdas. É a região mais resistente do inseto, devido proteger, além de outros órgãos, principalmente, o sistema nervoso. Varia de tamanho nos dois sexos com os índices (comprimento : largura) na fêmea de 1,06 e nos machos de 1,36; a cabeça da fêmea é achatada, enquanto que a dos machos é alongada. Quase tôdas as suturas são visíveis nos sexos, com excessão de algumas, como é o caso da coronal e post-frontal dos machos. De tôdas as suturas, a temporal é a mais interessante, limita a região do vertex com as genas, ao mesmo tempo que origina um sulco profundo, que penetra na cápsula craniana fazendo parte do esqueleto interno da cabeça, e sendo responsável pelo aspecto diferente das mesmas. A sutura temporal, na região ventral, separa as genas das subgenas. A sutura hipostomal, em ambos os sexos, é muito acentuada, e na sua parte mais interna, vêm se inserir os ramos posteriores do tentório, e, ainda lateralmente, as maxilas. O tentório é primitivo, tendo um corpo central, de forma quadrangular e, de cada ângulo parte um ramo; dois anteriores, menores, que se dirigem para a região dorsal onde se bifurcam, indo ter próximo á base das antenas e mandíbulas, e dois ramos posteriores que seguem a direção ventral, indo ter á região hipostomal. As antenas são filiformes, variando o número de segmentos. Os olhos dos machos são reniformes, salientes e grandes, enquanto que os das fêmeas são pequenos, ovais e achatados. O número de omatídeos de macho é 34, e, na fêmea é 41, em uma determinada área. O clípeo quase não se diferencia da fronte, porém encontra-se dividido em anti-clípeo e post-clípeo. A sutura do clípeo-labro é bem acentuada, deixando transparecer, após a diafanização do material, um espessamento da cutícula na sua região mais interna, destinada a implantação dos músculos que movimentam o labro. Na parte ventral o labro apresenta sensilas, que variam quanto a forma, tamanho e estrutura nos dois sexos. As mandíbulas apresentam-se muito diferentes devida sua função, isto é, trituradora nas fêmeas e preensora nos machos. Pela simples morfologia das mandíbulas podemos identificar o sexo nos Embiídeos. Em ambos temos dentes incisivos e molares, porém mais acentuados nas fêmeas. Nos machos a região interna da mandíbula tem a forma côncava, com cutícula...

Sexual distinction between 5th instar nymphs of six species of Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)

The aim of this paper is to present the analysis of sexual morphological differences observed in 5th instar nymphs of the following species: Panstrongylus megistus; Rhodnius neglectus; Triatoma brasiliensis; T. infestans; T. matogrosensis and T. tibiamaculata. Male and female nymphs were examined and photographed with a Scanning Electron Microscope. The 9th segment dimensions of dorsal and ventral faces were determined through a Profile Projector. Results and statistical analysis showed significant differences: the 9th sternite is significantly broader in male than female nymphs, while in five species; tergites in female nymphs are broad and in male are narrow.

Sexual behaviour and stridulation during mating in Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

Factors affecting mating behaviour in the bug Triatoma infestans were quantitatively studied in the laboratory. Experimental conditions were established so that the probability of copulation increased with the time elapsed since the first adult meal. Copulatory attempts by males did not vary as a function of time, but rejections by females became significantly less frequent with the post feeding time. Non-receptive females displayed four types of rejection behaviour, i.e. flattening, stridulation, evasion and abdominal movements. The occurrence of stridulation performed by females in a sexual context was observed in a regular fashion and was quantified for the first time in this species.

Changes in the Sexual Dimorphism of Triatominae in the Transition from Natural to Artificial Habitats

A shift from large to small average sizes was observed in Triatoma infestans and Rhodnius domesticus between field and domestic (or laboratory) conditions of life. It was more pronounced in the female specimens, leading to a subsequent reduction of sexual size dimorphism. This feature is discussed in terms of genetic and populational changes occurring from natural to artificial habitats, in particular those related to population densities. Sexual size dimorphism is then recommended as a new character to be used in the study of species of Triatominae adapting to domestic ecotopes.

The trypanosomatid evolution workshop London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine

The trypanosome evolution workshop, a joint meeting of the University of Exeter and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, focused on topics relating to trypanosomatid and vector evolution. The meeting, sponsored by The Wellcome Trust, The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Disease of World Health Organization and the British Section of the Society of Protozoologists, brought together an international group of experts who presented papers on a wide range of topics including parasite and vector phylogenies, molecular methodology and relevant biogeographical data.

The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: a new century of malaria research

The global malaria situation has scarcely improved in the last 100 years, despite major advances in our knowledge of the basic biology, epidemiology and clinical basis of the disease. Effective malaria control, leading to a significant decrease in the morbidity and mortality attributable to malaria, will require a multidisciplinary approach. New tools - drugs, vaccine and insecticides - are needed but there is also much to be gained by better use of existing tools: using drugs in combination in order to slow the development of drug resistance; targeting resources to areas of greatest need; using geographic information systems to map the populations at risk and more sophisticated marketing techniques to distribute bed nets and insecticides. Sustainable malaria control may require the deployment of a highly effective vaccine, but there is much that can be done in the meantime to reduce the burden of disease.