Avaliação do Comprimento do Colo Uterino nas Posições Ortostática e Decúbito Horizontal nas Gestações Gemelares

Objetivo: avaliação ultra-sonográfica e comparação da medida do comprimento do colo uterino nas gestações gemelares com as pacientes nas posições de decúbito dorsal horizontal (DDH) e ortostática. Métodos: 50 gestações gemelares foram submetidas a avaliações ultra-sonográficas para medida do comprimento do colo uterino no período de maio de 1999 a dezembro de 2000. Os exames foram realizados pela via transvaginal com periodicidade de 4 semanas totalizando 136 avaliações. A cérvice uterina foi avaliada, segundo técnica normatizada, com a paciente nas posições de decúbito dorsal horizontal e ortostática. Resultados: as medidas do colo uterino nas posições DDH e ortostática na primeira avaliação apresentaram correlação inversa com a idade gestacional (DDH: r=-0,60; p<0,001; ortostático: r=-0,46; p=0,008). A média da medida do colo uterino em DDH foi de 35,2 mm (DP=9,9mm), e 33,4 mm (DP=9,5mm) na posição ortostática (p=0,06). Quando a diferença entre as medidas obtidas nas posiões ortostática e DDH era expressa como percentual da medida na posição DDH, não houve correlação significativa com a idade gestacional (p=0,07) e a média das diferenças percentuais foi de -2,9% (p=0,3). Comparando-se todas as avaliações, houve correlação significativa entre as medidas do colo nas posições DDH e ortostática (r=0,79; p<0,001). A média da medida do colo uterino em DDH foi de 33,5 mm (DP=10,8 mm) e 31,8 mm (DP=9,6mm) na posição ortostática (p=0,003). A diferença percentual não apresentou correlação significativa com a idade gestacional da avaliação (p=0,10) e a média das diferenças percentuais foi de -3,0% (p=0,10). Conclusão: as medidas do comprimento do colo uterino variam inversamente com a idade gestacional. Apesar de haver diferenças significativas entre as medidas absolutas em DDH e ortostática, quando essa diferença é expressa como percentual da medida do colo em decúbito, ela não foi significativa. Portanto, a avaliação cervical nas posições de decúbito e ortostática fornecem informações semelhantes.

Avaliação do risco para parto prematuro espontâneo pelo comprimento do colo uterino no primeiro e segundo trimestres da gravidez

Objetivos:avaliar, no primeiro e segundo trimestres da gravidez, a correlação entre o comprimento do colo uterino e a ocorrência de parto prematuro espontâneo. Métodos:em 641 grávidas do pré-natal geral, a medida do comprimento do colo uterino foi realizada em dois momentos: entre a 11ª e a 16ª e entre a 23ª e a 24ª semana da gravidez. A avaliação do colo uterino foi feita pela ultra-sonografia transvaginal, com a grávida em posição ginecológica e tendo realizado previamente esvaziamento da bexiga. O comprimento do colo uterino foi medido linearmente do seu orifício interno ao externo. A medida do comprimento do colo uterino foi correlacionada com a idade gestacional no momento do parto. Para comparação das médias do grupo de grávidas que tiveram parto prematuro e a termo utilizamos o teste t de Student. A sensibilidade, especificidade, taxa de falso-positivos, falso-negativos e acurácia para o parto prematuro foram calculadas para os comprimentos de colo menores ou iguais a 30 mm, 25 mm e 20 mm. Resultados:a medida do comprimento do colo uterino entre a 11ª e a 16ª semana de gestação não apresentou diferença significativa entre o grupo de parto prematuro e o grupo a termo (40,6 mm e 42,7 mm, respectivamente, p=0,2459). A diferença entre os grupos, no entanto, foi significativa quando o colo foi medido entre a 23ª e a 24ª semana de gravidez (37,3 mm para o grupo que evoluiu com parto prematuro e 26,7 mm para o grupo a termo, p=0,0001, teste t de Student). Conclusões:o comprimento do colo uterino entre a 11ª e a 16ª semana de gravidez não foi significativamente diferente entre as gestantes com parto prematuro ou a termo. No entanto, na 23ª e 24ª semana esta diferença foi significativa, podendo ser um método de predição da prematuridade.

Infecção cervical por papilomavírus humano: genotipagem viral e fatores de risco para lesão intraepitelial de alto grau e câncer de colo do útero

OBJETIVO: analisar, em mulheres com HPV em colo do útero, as características da infecção viral e os fatores de risco para lesão intraepitelial de alto grau e carcinoma cervical. MÉTODOS: realizou-se um estudo caso-controle com mulheres com HPV em colo do útero atendidas em serviço de Ginecologia de referência vinculado ao SUS, em Recife, Nordeste do Brasil. No grupo de casos (72 mulheres com lesão intraepitelial de alto grau ou carcinoma cervical) e de controles (176 mulheres com colpocitologia normal ou com alterações benignas), foram pesquisados seis genótipos virais (HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 6 e 11) em material da ecto- e endocérvice com primers MY09/MY11. As variáveis independentes foram hierarquizadas em três níveis de determinação: distal (sociodemográficas), intermediário (comportamentais) e proximal (realização anterior de colpocitologia). A homogeneidade das proporções foi testada (χ2). Obtiveram-se ORs não ajustadas e, na modelagem final, realizou-se regressão logística hierarquizada com o ajuste do efeito de cada variável sobre o desfecho pelas variáveis do mesmo nível e de níveis anteriores de causalidade. RESULTADOS: em 76,6% das 248 mulheres participantes do estudo, o genótipo viral da infecção cervical foi identificado. Predominaram genótipos de alto risco oncogênico (83,4% nos casos e 67,1% nos controles), principalmente HPV 16 e 31. Foram identificados como fatores de risco (a) distais: residir em zona rural (OR=2,7; IC95%: 1,1-6,2), menos de três anos de estudo (OR=3,9; IC95%: 2,0-7,5) e renda familiar inferior a dois salários mínimos (OR=3,3; IC95%: 1,0-10,5); (b) intermediário: número de gestações igual ou superior a quatro (OR=2,0; IC95%: 1,0-3,7); (c) proximal: ausência de colpocitologia anterior (OR=9,7; IC95%: 2,4-38,2). CONCLUSÕES: em mulheres usuárias do SUS do Nordeste do Brasil predominam os genótipos virais 16 e 31 em infecções cervicais por HPV, sendo que fatores socioeconômicos, reprodutivos e relacionados à ausência de rastreamento citológico representam risco para lesão intraepitelial de alto grau e câncer cervical.

Ultrassonografia do colo uterino versus índice de Bishop como preditor do parto vaginal

OBJETIVO: comparar a acurácia da mensuração ultrassonográfica transvaginal do colo uterino com o escore de Bishop para predição do parto vaginal após indução do trabalho de parto com misoprostol a 25 mcg. MÉTODOS: realizou-se estudo de validação de técnica diagnóstica com 126 gestantes com indicação para indução do trabalho de parto, as quais foram avaliadas pelo escore de Bishop e por ultrassonografia transvaginal para mensuração cervical. As pacientes foram submetidas, também, à ultrassonografia obstétrica transabdominal para avaliação da estática, pesos fetais e índice de líquido amniótico, e à cardiotocografia basal para avaliação da vitalidade fetal. Procedeu-se à indução do trabalho de parto com misoprostol vaginal e sublingual, um dos comprimidos contendo 25 mcg da droga e o outro apenas placebo. Os comprimidos foram administrados a cada seis horas, em um número máximo de oito. Construíram-se tabelas de distribuição de frequência e calcularam-se medidas de tendência central e de dispersão. Curvas ROC foram construídas para avaliação do escore de Bishop e da medida ultrassonográfica do colo uterino para predição de parto vaginal. RESULTADOS: obteve-se uma área sob a curva ROC de 0,5 (p=0,8) para medição do colo uterino pela ultrassonografia transvaginal, enquanto a curva ROC do escore de Bishop (ponto de corte ³4) apresentou área de 0,6 (p=0,02). O escore de Bishop ³4 apresentou sensibilidade de 56,2% e especificidade de 67,9% para predição de parto vaginal, com razão de verossimilhança positiva de 1,75 e negativa de 0,65. CONCLUSÕES: a medida ultrassonográfica transvaginal do colo uterino não foi boa preditora da evolução para parto vaginal em pacientes com trabalho de parto induzido com misoprostol. O escore de Bishop foi melhor preditor para parto vaginal nestas circunstâncias.

Abnormal proliferative response of the carotid artery of spontaneously hypertensive rats after angioplasty may be related to the depolarized state of its smooth muscle cells

Hypertension is one of the major precursors of atherosclerotic vascular disease, and vascular smooth muscle abnormal cell replication is a key feature of plaque formation. The present study was conducted to examine the relationship between hypertension and smooth muscle cell proliferation after balloon injury and to correlate neointima formation with resting membrane potential of uninjured smooth muscle cells, since it has been suggested that altered vascular function in hypertension may be related to the resetting of the resting membrane potential in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Neointima formation was induced by balloon injury to the carotid arteries of SHR and renovascular hypertensive rats (1K-1C), as well as in their normotensive controls, i.e., Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and normal Wistar (NWR) rats. After 14 days the animals were killed and the carotid arteries were submitted to histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses. Resting membrane potential measurements showed that uninjured carotid arteries from SHR smooth muscle cells were significantly depolarized (-46.5 ± 1.9 mV) compared to NWR (-69 ± 1.4 mV), NWR 1K-1C (-60.8 ± 1.6 mV), WKY (-67.1 ± 3.2 mV) and WKY 1K-1C (-56.9 ± 1.2 mV). The SHR arteries responded to balloon injury with an enhanced neointima formation (neo/media = 3.97 ± 0.86) when compared to arteries of all the other groups (NWR 0.93 ± 0.65, NWR 1K-1C 1.24 ± 0.45, WKY 1.22 ± 0.32, WKY 1K-1C 1.15 ± 0.74). Our results indicate that the increased fibroproliferative response observed in SHR is not related to the hypertensive state but could be associated with the resetting of the carotid smooth muscle cell resting membrane potential to a more depolarized state.

Photic driving in the electroencephalogram of children and adolescents: harmonic structure and relation to the resting state

In order to identify latent bioelectrical oscillators, 15 normal subjects (aged 9-17 years, 8 males, 7 females) were subjected to intermittent photic stimulation. The EEG amplitude spectra corresponding to the 11 fixed frequencies of stimulation presented (3-24 Hz) were combined to form "profiles" of the driving reaction in the right occipital area. The driving response varied with frequency, and was demonstrable in 70-100% of cases (using as criterion peak amplitudes 20% larger than those of the neighbors). The strongest responses were observed at the frequency closest to the alpha peak of the resting EEG. A secondary profile maximum was in the theta band. In 10 subjects, this maximum exceeded half the alpha peak (with an average of 72.4% of the alpha peak), while in the resting spectra, theta amplitudes were much lower than the alpha maxima. This responsiveness in theta activity seems to be characteristic of prepubertal and pubertal subjects. The profiles and resting EEG spectra showed a highly significant Pearson's correlation, with the peak in the theta band of the profiles being the main difference observed between them. The correlation coefficient was significantly correlated with the ratio of the maxima in the theta and alpha bands (R = -0.77, P<0.001). The correlation coefficient between profile and resting spectrum may be a useful indicator in screening methods used to reveal latent cerebral oscillators. Profiles for the second and third harmonics were correlated with those of the first harmonic (fundamental frequency), when considering the corresponding EEG frequencies. Peak frequencies in all three profiles were close to those of the individual's background alpha rhythm, and peak amplitudes in higher harmonics were not much lower than those of the fundamental frequency (mean values of 84 and 63%, for second and third harmonics, respectively).

Developmental norms for the Gardner Steadiness Test and the Purdue Pegboard: a study with children of a metropolitan school in Brazil

Norms for the Gardner Steadiness Test and the Purdue Pegboard were developed for the neuropsychological assessment of children in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro. A computer-generated unbiased sample of 346 children with a mean age of 9.4 years (SD = 2.76), who were attending a large normal public school in this urban area, was the subject of this study. Two boys were removed from the study, one for refusing to participate and the other due to severe strabismus. Therefore, the final sample contained 344 children (173 boys and 171 girls). Sex and age of the child and hand preferred for writing, but not ethnic membership or social class, had significant effects on performance in the Gardner Steadiness Test and the Purdue Pegboard. Girls outperformed boys. Older children performed better than younger children. However, the predictive relationship between age of the child and neuropsychological performance included linear and curvilinear components. Comparison of the present results to data gathered in the United States revealed that the performance of this group of Brazilian children is equivalent to that of US children after Bonferroni's correction of the alpha level of significance. It is concluded that sex and age of the child and hand preferred for writing should be taken into account when using the normative data for the two instruments evaluated in the present study. Furthermore, the relevance of neurobehavioral antidotes for the obliteration of some of the probable neuropsychological effects of cultural deprivation in Brazilian public school children is hypothesized.

Normal HC11 and ras-transformed mouse mammary cells are resistant to the antiproliferative effects of retinoic acid

The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of retinoic acid on the growth of the mouse mammary cells HC11 and HC11ras, which are a model for in vitro breast cancer progression. The expression of the two classes (RARs and RXRs) of retinoic acid receptor mRNAs was determined by Northern blot analysis. Receptor functional integrity was determined by testing whether RAR ß mRNA could be induced by retinoic acid. The effects of a 72-h exposure to 50 µM 13-cis retinoic acid on HC11 and HC11ras cell proliferation and HC11 cell differentiation were investigated by flow cytometric cell cycle analysis, and by determination of ß-casein mRNA expression, respectively. The possibility that retinoic acid would induce the expression of the vitamin D receptor and synergize with vitamin D, a known inhibitor of HC11 cell growth, was also investigated. HC11 cells expressed higher mRNA levels of both RAR a and RAR g when compared to HC11ras cells. In contrast, RAR ß, as well as RXR a, ß and g expression was low in both HC11 and HC11ras cells. In addition, RAR ß mRNA was induced by retinoic acid treatment in both cells. In spite of these observations, no effects were seen on cell proliferation or differentiation upon exposure to retinoic acid. Neither vitamin D receptor induction nor synergy with vitamin D on growth inhibition was observed. We conclude that the RAR expression profile could be related to the transformed state in HC11ras cells and that the retinoic acid resistance observed merits further investigation.

Are birth weight and maternal smoking during pregnancy associated with malnutrition and excess weight among school age children?

In the late 1980's child malnutrition was still prevalent in Brazil, and child obesity was beginning to rise in the richest regions of the country. To assess the extent of the nutritional transition during the period and the influence of birth weight and maternal smoking on the nutritional condition of schoolchildren, we estimated the prevalence of excess weight and malnutrition in a cohort of Brazilian schoolchildren from 1987 to 1989. We calculated the body mass index (BMI) of 8- to 10-year-old schoolchildren born in Ribeirão Preto in 1978/79. We considered children with a BMI <5th percentile (P5) to be malnourished, children with P5³BMInormal, and children with BMI ³P85 to be overweight. We evaluated the association of these nutritional disorders with birth factors (infant weight, sex, preterm delivery, number of pregnancies, maternal smoking during pregnancy, marital status, and schooling) and type of school using nominal logistic regression. A total of 2797 schoolchildren were evaluated. There was a significant prevalence of malnutrition (9.5%) and excess weight already tended to increase (15.7%), while 6.4% of the children were obese. Excess weight was more prevalent among children attending private schools (odds ratio, OR = 2.27) and firstborn children (OR = 1.69). Maternal smoking during pregnancy protected against malnutrition (OR = 0.56), while children with lower birth weight were at higher risk for malnutrition (OR = 4.23). We conclude that a nutritional transition was under way while malnutrition was still present, but excess weight and related factors were already emerging.

Do intrauterine growth restriction and overweight at primary school age increase the risk of elevated body mass index in young adults?

Obesity is one of the rising public health problems characterized as a risk factor for many chronic diseases in adulthood. Early life events such as intrauterine growth restriction, as well as life style, are associated with an increased prevalence of this disease. The present study was performed to determine if intrauterine growth restriction interacts with overweight at primary school age to affect body mass index (BMI) in young adults. From June 1, 1978 to May 31, 1979, 6827 singleton liveborns from Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil, corresponding to 98% of all births at the 8 maternity hospitals, were examined and their mothers were interviewed. Samples from the initial cohort were examined again at primary school age (8 to 11 years of age) and at the time of military service (18 years of age). There were 519 male individuals with complete measurements taken in the three surveys. Intrauterine growth-restricted individuals had a BMI 0.68 kg/m² lower than that of individuals who were not restricted (95%CI = -1.34 to -0.03) and overweight at primary school age showed a positive and strong effect on BMI at 18 years of age (coefficient 5.03, 95%CI = 4.27 to 5.79). However, the increase in BMI was much higher - 6.90 kg/m² - when the conscript had been born with intrauterine growth restriction and presented overweight at primary school age (95%CI = 4.55 to 9.26). These findings indicate that the effect of intrauterine growth restrictionon BMI at 18 years of age is modified by later weight gain during school age.