Influence de l'anhydrobiose sur l'infestation de Biomphalaria glabrata par un miracidium de Schistosoma mansoni

Sur 410 B. glabrata infestées par 1 miracidium de S. mansoni, 300 ont été placées dans des boîtes aérées, sur de la terre humide, et soumises à 6 semaines de dessiccation progressive. Au terme de l'expérience, il y avait 71 survivantes (23.66%), dont 9 positives. Les 110 autres planorbes ont cosntitué le lot témein, avec 106 survivantes (96.36%) à la première semaine d'apparition des cercaires. L'étude hebdomadaire des émissions cercariennes a montré des variations périodiques pour les deux sexes, une plus grande production de certaines femelles chez les témoins, mais une production de cercaires mâles ou femelles semblable chez les mollusques ayant subi l'anhydrobiose. Le faible nombre de ces dernies n'a pas permis une étude comparée significative de la survie des porteurs de formes larvaires mâles et femelles. La durée du développement du parasite chez son hôte ne semble pas modifiée si l'on tient compte de la phase d'estivation.

The Epidemiological Impact of Antimeningococcal B Vaccination in Cuba

The incidence of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) before (1984-1988) and after (1989-1994), a nationwide intervention with VA-MENGOC-BC vaccination started in 1989, was compared. The prevaccination period incidence density (ID> 8.8/ 105 year-person) was higher than the postvaccination ID (ID< 6.5/ 105 year-person). The percentage proportional differences from the start to the end of each period of ID in the vaccinal period was higher (87%) than the prevaccinal (37%) with significant differences among vaccinated groups (< 25 years old). A break-point (Chow test) was confirmed by the decrease in the ID between 1989 and 1990 in children under 1 year old, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19 and 50-54 years. Comparison of ID using maps showed a decrease in IMD in all municipalities during the postvaccination period. These findings support the epidemiological impact of VA-MENGOC-BC vaccination in the reduction of IMD morbidity.

Re-infestation of houses by Triatoma dimidiata after intra-domicile insecticide application in the Yucatán peninsula, Mexico

In most countries, Chagas disease transmission control remains based on domestic insecticide application. We thus evaluated the efficacy of intra-domicile cyfluthrin spraying for the control of Triatoma dimidiata, the only Chagas disease vector in the Yucatán peninsula, Mexico, and monitored potential re-infestation every 15 days for up to 9 months. We found that there was a re-infestation of houses by adult bugs starting 4 months after insecticide application, possibly from sylvatic/peridomicile areas. This points out the need to take into account the potential dispersal of sylvatic/peridomestic adult bugs into the domiciles as well as continuity action for an effective vector control.

Rotavirus and adenovirus in Rondônia

Acute gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases in humans worldwide. Viral gastroenteritis is a global problem in infants and young children. In this study the incidence of diarrhea was assessed in 877 hospitalized children under five years old, over a period of 24 months and distributed in 470 cases of diarrhea and 407 age-matched group with other pathologies, as control group. Two antigen detection techniques based on enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and latex particles were used for detection of rotavirus and adenovirus. Rotavirus A was a major cause of gastroenteritis with 23.6% of cases, being 90% of these cases in young children. Adenovirus infections was detected by EIA with frequency of 6.4%. Rotavirus and adenovirus were detected in 10.1 and 1.7% of stools from control group, respectively. Interestingly, the frequency of the youngest children in the control group excreting Rotavirus A was comparable to that detected in stools from diarrheic children. We cannot rule out the existence of other enteric viruses because the etiology of 171 cases of diarrhea was not determined and active search for astrovirus and calicivirus was not done. This is the first study that shows the presence of enteric viruses in the infantile population from Western Brazilian Amazonia and it was important to help physicians in the treatment of viral gastroenteritis.

Characterization of Shigella spp. by antimicrobial resistance and PCR detection of ipa genes in an infantile population from Porto Velho (Western Amazon region), Brazil

The incidence of Shigella spp. was assessed in 877 infants from the public hospital in Rondônia (Western Amazon region, Brazil) where Shigella represents the fourth cause of diarrhea. Twenty-five isolates were identified: 18 were Shigella flexneri, three Shigella sonnei, three Shigella boydii and one Shigella dysenteriae. With the exception of S. dysenteriae, all Shigella spp. isolated from children with diarrhea acquired multiple antibiotic resistances. PCR detection of ipa virulence genes and invasion assays of bloody diarrhea and fever (colitis) were compared among 25 patients testing positive for Shigella. The ipaH and ipaBCD genes were detected in almost all isolates and, unsurprisingly, all Shigella isolates associated with colitis were able to invade HeLa cells. This work alerts for multiple antibiotic resistant Shigella in the region and characterizes presence of ipa virulence genes and invasion phenotypesin dysenteric shigellosis.

Occurrence of blaOXA-23 gene in imipenem-susceptible Acinetobacter baumannii

The aim of the current study was to describe the occurrence of the blaOXA-23 gene and the ISAba1 element in imipenem-susceptible Acinetobacter baumannii strains. By performing the polymerase chain reaction mapping using combinations of ISAba1 forward primers and the blaOXA-23-like gene reverse primers, we demonstrated that the ISAba1 element did not occur upstream of the blaOXA-23 gene in five of 31 isolates, which explained the lack of resistance to imipenem despite the presence of the blaOXA-23 gene. All of the blaOXA-23-positive isolates were susceptible to imipenem and meropenem with minimal inhibitory concentration < 4 µg/mL. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis revealed four genotypes among the five blaOXA-23-positive isolates. The current report of the blaOXA-23 gene in imipenem-susceptible isolates provided evidence that this gene may be silently spread in a hospital environment and highlighted the threat of undetected reservoirs of carbapenemase genes.

Malaria on the Guiana Shield: a review of the situation in French Guiana

In a climate of growing concern that Plasmodium falciparum may be developing a drug resistance to artemisinin derivatives in the Guiana Shield, this review details our current knowledge of malaria and control strategy in one part of the Shield, French Guiana. Local epidemiology, test-treat-track strategy, the state of parasite drug resistance and vector control measures are summarised. Current issues in terms of mobile populations and legislative limitations are also discussed.

Atlas of Mexican Triatominae (Reduviidae: Hemiptera) and vector transmission of Chagas disease

Chagas disease is one of the most important yet neglected parasitic diseases in Mexico and is transmitted by Triatominae. Nineteen of the 31 Mexican triatomine species have been consistently found to invade human houses and all have been found to be naturally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. The present paper aims to produce a state-of-knowledge atlas of Mexican triatomines and analyse their geographic associations with T. cruzi, human demographics and landscape modification. Ecological niche models (ENMs) were constructed for the 19 species with more than 10 records in North America, as well as for T. cruzi. The 2010 Mexican national census and the 2007 National Forestry Inventory were used to analyse overlap patterns with ENMs. Niche breadth was greatest in species from the semiarid Nearctic Region, whereas species richness was associated with topographic heterogeneity in the Neotropical Region, particularly along the Pacific Coast. Three species,Triatoma longipennis, Triatoma mexicana and Triatoma barberi, overlapped with the greatest numbers of human communities, but these communities had the lowest rural/urban population ratios. Triatomine vectors have urbanised in most regions, demonstrating a high tolerance to human-modified habitats and broadened historical ranges, exposing more than 88% of the Mexican population and leaving few areas in Mexico without the potential for T. cruzitransmission.

Teoria das relações interpessoais de Peplau: análise fundamentada em Barnaum

O uso de teorias na Enfermagem reflete um movimento da profissão em busca da autonomia e da delimitação de suas ações. Torna-se, portanto, de extrema relevância que as teorias possam ser analisadas quanto à sua aplicabilidade na prática. Objetivamos realizar um estudo analítico-descritivo da Teoria das Relações Interpessoais de Peplau a partir do modelo de análise proposto por Barbara Barnum. Dentre os componentes estruturais que podem ser analisados em uma teoria selecionamos o elemento "processo", método preconizado para o desenvolvimento das ações de enfermagem, submetendo-o ao critério de utilidade de Barnum. A avaliação revelou que os pressupostos teóricos de Peplau são operacionalizáveis e podem servir de base em quaisquer situações nas quais os enfermeiros possam comunicar-se e interagir com seus pacientes.

O papel das relações familiares na iniciação ao uso de drogas de abuso por jovens institucionalizados

O estudo objetivou analisar o papel das relações familiares na iniciação ao uso de drogas de abuso por parte de jovens cumprindo medidas sócio-educativas, considerando a gravidade dos problemas que o uso de drogas acarretou ao jovem e à sua família. Estudo do tipo descritivo e transversal, com delineamento de série de casos. Foi desenvolvido nos municípios de Rolândia e Cambé-PR, no Centro de Recuperação Vida Nova, com jovens institucionalizados e seus responsáveis, no mês de março de 2007. Como fonte de dados, utilizou-se os prontuários institucionais, e como instrumento de coleta de dados, dois formulários para entrevista. A análise foi feita pela comparação dos dados, seguindo a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Foram estudadas 11 famílias. Sinais de negligência e abandono, agressão física e falta de diálogo familiar e, principalmente, a cultura do uso de drogas no ambiente familiar determinaram a iniciação ao uso de drogas de abuso.

Avaliação do estado nutricional de crianças menores de 10 anos no município de Ferros, Minas Gerais

A sociedade brasileira vivencia, além da desnutrição e fome, problemas relacionados à obesidade - a transição nutricional. Este trabalho é um estudo transversal com amostra de 1322 crianças menores de 10 anos, residentes no município de Ferros, Minas Gerais, e cadastradas no SISVAN. Observou-se que 20,7% das crianças apresentaram alguma alteração nutricional (10,1% risco nutricional, 3,8% desnutrição e 6,7% sobrepeso). Fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de desnutrição foram pesquisados: baixo peso ao nascer, RP=3,57, IC 95% (1,96-6,52); baixa estatura RP=19,36, IC 95% (11,53-32,52); aleitamento materno ausente RP=2,23, IC 95% (1,19-4,18); renda familiar de até R$ 95, RP = 2,39, IC 95% (1,10-5,16). Destaca-se maior prevalência de sobrepeso em relação à desnutrição. Enquanto a população rural apresentou maior prevalência de desnutrição e risco nutricional, a urbana destacou-se pelo sobrepeso. Esses resultados são importantes para mostrar que intervenções nutricionais são necessárias e devem considerar os problemas específicos apontados.

Evaluation of the Primary Care in leprosy control: proposal of an instrument for users

Objective Developing an instrument to evaluate the performance of primary health care in the leprosy control actions, from the perspective of users and do the face and content validation. Method This is a methodological study carried out in four stages: development of instrument, face and content validation, pre-test, and analysis of test-retest reliability. Results The initial instrument submitted to the judgment of 15 experts was composed of 157 items. The face and content validation and pre-test of instrument were essential for the exclusion of items and adjustment of instrument to evaluate the object under study. In the analysis of test-retest reliability, the instrument proved to be reliable. Conclusion The instrument is considered adequate, but further studies are needed to test the psychometric properties.


Updated list of ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) recorded in Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil, with a discussion of research advances and priorities

Updated list of ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) recorded in Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil, with a discussion of research advances and priorities. A first working list of ant species registered in Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil was published recently. Since then, many studies with ants have been conducted in the state. With data compiled from published studies and collections in various regions of the state, we present here an updated list of 366 species (and 17 subspecies) in 70 ant genera in Santa Catarina, along with their geographical distribution in the seven state mesoregions. Two hundred and seven species are recorded in the Oeste mesoregion, followed by Vale do Itajaí (175), Grande Florianópolis (150), Norte (60), Sul (41), Meio Oeste (23) and Planalto Serrano (12). The increase in the number of records since 1999 results from the use of recently adopted sampling methods and techniques in regions and ecosystems poorly known before, and from the availability of new tools for the identification of ants. Our study highlights the Meio Oeste, Planalto Serrano, Sul and Norte mesoregions, as well as the deciduous forest, mangrove, grassland and coastal sand dune ecosystems as priority study areas in order to attain a more complete knowledge of the ant fauna in Santa Catarina State.

Nitrogênio, carbono e atividade da biomassa microbiana do solo em plantações de eucalipto

Grande parte das plantações de eucalipto no Brasil situa-se em solos de baixa fertilidade, para os quais a técnica de fertilização e o processo de ciclagem de nutrientes são fundamentais para elevar e manter a produção florestal. Os ganhos de produtividade dessas plantações em resposta à aplicação de N têm sido relativamente baixos, o que indica que o solo tem sido capaz de suprir boa parte da demanda deste nutriente para as plantas. O N da biomassa microbiana é tido como uma fração facilmente disponível, mas pouco se sabe sobre como fatores bióticos e abióticos afetam a sua dinâmica em plantações de eucalipto no Brasil. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variação do N (NBM) e C (CBM) da biomassa microbiana do solo e de outras características com elas relacionadas em plantações de eucalipto com sete anos de idade, cultivadas em várias condições edafoclimáticas do sudeste brasileiro. Amostragens do solo foram realizadas durante quatro épocas, de março a novembro de 1995. O teor de NBM variou de 9,17 a 103,71 µg g-1 solo, sendo significativamente influenciado pela época de amostragem. Essa variação foi explicada pela combinação da precipitação pluviométrica com o teor de C orgânico ou N total. O teor de argila dos solos estudados foi outra característica de grande importância nessa variação. Dentre outras características avaliadas, verificou-se que a forma de N mineral predominante foi N-NH4+ e que os teores de C orgânico e do CBM (carbono da biomassa microbiana) variaram de 2,78 a 12,32 g kg-1 e de 43,39 a 401,06 µg g-1 solo, respectivamente. A RA (respiração acumulada do solo) foi de 14,57 a 79,42 µg g-1 solo e o qCO2 (quociente metabólico) de 862 a 8026 µg g-1 h-1 . O CBM foi também afetado significativamente pela época de amostragem, ao contrário dos teores de C orgânico e N total. As regressões lineares simples do teor de N-NO3-, C orgânico, N total, CBM e NBM com o teor de argila permitiram um modelo preditivo que explicasse a variação destes atributos nos diferentes municípios. A umidade atual do solo explicou 87% da variação dos teores de N-NO3- e de N total; em torno de 71% do C orgânico e de 48 e 55% da variação do CBM e NBM, respectivamente. As regressões simples do N-NO3- com o CBM ou NBM apresentaram baixa capacidade preditiva, porém, quando conjugadas com os teores de C orgânico ou N total, por meio de regressão linear múltipla, aumentaram a capacidade preditiva da mineralização do N.