71 resultados para Etanol combustível
Resumo:
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) requires membrane electrode assemblies (MEA) to generate electrical energy from hydrogen and oxygen. In this study a MEA production process by sieve printing and an ink composition were developed to produce catalyst layers of MEAs. The deposition of the exact catalyst content was possible on cathodes and anodes with only one print step. The optimal ink developed shown viscosity of 2.75 Pa s, density 1.27 g cm-3, total solid content of 33.76 % and tack of 92 U.T. The electrodes prepared in only one printing step showed higher performance than those prepared in several steps.
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This work propose a recursive neural network to solve inverse equilibrium problem. The acidity constants of 7-epiclusianone in ethanol-water binary mixtures were determined from multiwavelength spectrophotmetric data. A linear relationship between acidity constants and the %w/v of ethanol in the solvent mixture was observed. The proposed method efficiency is compared with the Simplex method, commonly used in nonlinear optimization techniques. The neural network method is simple, numerically stable and has a broad range of applicability.
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The catalytic performance of Ni/ZrO2 catalysts loaded with different lanthanum content for steam reforming of ethanol was investigated. Catalysts were characterized by BET surface area, X-ray diffraction, UV-vis spectroscopy, temperature programmed reduction, and X-ray absorption fine structure techniques. Results showed that lanthanum addition led to an increase in the degree of reduction of both NiO and nickel surface species interacting with the support, due to the higher dispersion effect. The best catalytic performance at 450 ºC was found for the Ni/12LZ catalyst, which exhibited an effluent gaseous mixture with the highest H2 yield.
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Sugarcane straw biomass accounts for 1/3 of the energy potential of sugarcane and represents a rich source of sugars. Studies have been intensified for the use of this biomass along with bagasse for the production of cellulosic ethanol. Development of this technological path will allow for taking full advantage of sugarcane, increasing ethanol production without expanding the area cultivated. However, in order for this technology to be viable certain challenges must be overcome, including establishment of appropriate conditions of pretreatment and hydrolysis of these materials for release of fermentable sugars.
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Developing mesoporosity in HZSM-5 zeolites is an alternative for improving their catalytic performance on chemical reactions. In this work, alkaline and thermal treatments were used to produce mesoporosity. These treatments increased mesoporous area and volume. They also influenced the acid properties of the samples. Concerning catalytic performance, treatments modified reaction product distribution. Whereas alkaline treatment favored formation of olefins and increased propene ratio in the beginning of the reaction, thermal treatment resulted in formation of only ethylene due to the low acidity of the sample.
Resumo:
The partial oxidation of ethanol on γ-Al2O3, CeO2, ZrO2 and Ce xZr1-xO2 supported rhodium catalysts was investigated by Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The catalysts were characterized by temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) and cyclohexane dehydrogenation. DRIFTS studies on the partial oxidation of ethanol showed that ethanol is adsorbed dissociatively, through O-H bond breaking, with the formation of ethoxy species, followed by successive dehydrogenation to acetaldehyde and acetyl species. Further oxidation to acetate and carbonate species lead to the formation of CO, CH4 and H2 by decomposition. The presence of CeO2 in the catalysts favored the oxidation steps due to its oxygen storage capacity.
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In this work the influence of variations in the borohydrate reduction method on the properties of PtRu/C electrocatalysts was investigated. The electrocatalysts were prepared using 1:1 ; 2:1; 5:1; 50:1 and 250:1 molar ratios of NaBH4 to metals. The reduction was also performed by dripping or by fast addition of the solution. The results showed that PtRu nanoparticles obtained by fast addition had the smallest crystallite sizes. It was also noted that the catalytic activity increased as the borohydrate:metal molar ratio increased. The PtRu/C electrocatalyst (50:1) obtained by fast addition presented the best catalytic activity for ethanol electro-oxidation.
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This paper reports the synthesis of nanostructured hydrogels of acrylamide by a two-step polymerisation process. The first step is performed by inverse microemulsion polymerization (water-in-oil) of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA), with these particles then added to aqueous solutions of acrylamide (AM), adding a crosslinking agent. The polymerization reaction is then initiated, thereby producing nanostructured hydrogels. We determined the capacity to absorb water, water and / or ethanol when nanostructured hydrogels were immersed in aqueous solutions with different concentrations of ethanol. It was found that the hydrogels were selective in absorbing water in all cases increasing with the ethanol concentration of the solutions.
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A sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for sulphate determination in automotive ethanol fuel. The method based on the reaction of the analyte with barium-dibromosulphonazo(III) complex lead to a decrease in the magnitude of the absorbance signals monitored at 649 nm. No sample pretreatment is required and the proposed method allows sulphate determination in the 0.45 - 6.50 mg L-1 range with R.S.D. < 2% and limit of detection of 0.14 mg L-1. The method has been successfully applied for sulphate determination in automotive ethanol fuel and the results agreed with the reference chromatographic method.
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The sugarcane industry has huge potential for biorefinery concept application, given its development in recent years. In this context, cane sugar straw has become an attractive raw material for biofuel production. This study aims to investigate the chemical composition of cane sugar straw from different regions of Brazil, and to optimize a hydrothermal pretreatment stage for cellulosic ethanol production. Results of chemical characterization of the cane sugar straw for the regions assessed indicated little influence of place on straw chemical composition. Hydrothermal pretreatment showed high efficiency in hemicellulose removal. Hydrothermal pretreatments operating with temperatures of 190 and 210 ºC presented satisfactory results, reaching values close to 100% hydrolysis.
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A new method using the headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technique was used to evaluate the infinite dilute activity coefficient (γ1∞) in an alcohol/water/salt system. The studied systems were ethanol and water with NaCl and NH4Cl at salt concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 30% m/v and temperatures of 303.15 and 313.15 K. The method was used to investigate the salt effect on vapor/liquid equilibrium in an ethanol/water system, yielding satisfactory results. The study focused on the rich side in ethanol. The data were compared with the literature infinite dilution data determined by other methods such as differential ebulliometry (EBUL), differential static cell equilibrium (STAT), and gas-liquid chromatography with no gas phase correction (GC). In this study, NaCl showed better separation rates than NH4Cl.
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A presença de metais pesados em álcool combustível origina-se na produção e armazenamento do álcool etílico, constituindo uma contaminação inorgânica. A análise quantitativa deste contaminante tem sido usualmente monitorada empregando-se técnicas convencionais de análise tal como espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. Tendo em vista a alta sensibilidade das técnicas voltamétricas de redissolução anódica para a quantificação de metais e que poucos estudos foram realizados para este tipo de matriz, este trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia eletroanalítica para a determinação de zinco em álcool combustível. A determinação eletroquímica para o zinco em meio aquoso utilizando-se a modalidade de varredura linear exibe uma corrente de pico anódica em um potencial de -1,12 V vs. ECS, apresentando uma dependência linear em relação à concentração de zinco no intervalo de 5,0x10-7 a 5,0x10-6 mol.L-1 com uma sensibilidade amperométrica de 1,2x10(6) miA.mol-1.L e um limite de detecção de 2,6x10-7 mol.L-1. A análise de íons zinco em amostra comercial de álcool combustível foi determinada pela adição de 200 miL de amostra em um volume final de 20 mL de eletrólito-suporte, sendo obtida a concentração de zinco na amostra pelo método de adição de padrão com um valor correspondente a 5,7± 0,19x10-5 mol.L-1 em zinco.
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O método empregado para a determinação de sódio por espectrometria de emissão atômica em chama, foi o das adições de analito sendo as intensidades de emissão representadas em função das concentrações de analito adicionadas às várias porções da amostra, numa faixa linear de 0 - 0,300 mg Na L-1, empregando-se 2,1 g K L-1 como supressor de ionização. Foram analisadas 20 amostras comerciais de álcool etílico hidratado combustível (AEHC), coletadas em diferentes postos de abastecimento, na cidade de Araraquara e os resultados obtidos encontram-se no intervalo, desde menor que o limite de detecção (0,0072 mg Na L-1) até 1,55 mg Na L-1. Os limites de detecção referentes à determinação de sódio em cada amostra situam-se entre 0,0026 e 0,0239 mg Na L-1. A porcentagem de recuperação variou no intervalo de 95 a 104 %. Os desvios padrão relativos (n=12) foram £ 4,1 % para as três adições de analito, nas 20 amostras de AEHC.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi empregar a análise exploratória de dados, no caso, a técnica de análise de componentes principais (PCA) como ferramenta na avaliação de modificadores químicos na determinação direta e simultânea de Al, As, Cu, Fe, Mn e Ni em álcool etílico combustível por espectrometria de absorção atômica em forno de grafite (GFAAS). Os modificadores químicos avaliados foram: Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2; W/Rh; W+ co-injeção de Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2 e para cada modificador foram utilizadas trintas amostras de álcool etílico combustível. Como dados experimentais foram utilizados os resultados dos testes de adição e recuperação dos analitos frente aos diferentes modificadores químicos estudados. O emprego da técnica de PCA possibilitou a separação dos tipos de modificadores em função do intervalo de recuperação do analito. Dentre os modificadores avaliados, W+ co-injeção de Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2 apresentou-se como a espécie de maior correlação positiva, pois apresenta os maiores teores de recuperação, e sendo assim, foi o escolhido para o desenvolvimento de metodologia para determinação direta e simultânea de Al, As, Cu, Fe, Mn e Ni em álcool etílico combustível por GFAAS.
Resumo:
Um método envolvendo a pré-concentração e redissolução anódica em condições de voltametria de pulso diferencial empregando um eletrodo de pasta de carbono modificado (EPCM) com uma resina de troca iônica Amberlite IR120 foi proposto para a determinação de íons chumbo em álcool combustível. O procedimento é baseado em um pico de oxidação do analito observado em -0,53 V(vs. Ag/AgCl) em solução de HCl. As melhores condições experimentais encontradas foram: 5% (m/m) da Amberlite IR120 para a construção do eletrodo, solução de HCl 0,1 mol L-1, velocidade de varredura de 10 mVs-1, tempo de pré-concentração de 15 min e amplitude de pulso de 100 mV. Utilizando essas condições, o EPCM apresentou uma resposta linear entre a corrente de pico anódica e a concentração de íons chumbo para o intervalo entre 9,9 x 10-9 e 1,2 x 10-6 mol L-1 e um limite de detecção de 7,2 x 10-9 mol L-1. Valores de recuperação entre 96 % e 102 % foram encontrados para amostras de álcool combustível enriquecidas com Pb2+ em níveis de 10-7 mol L-1. O efeito da presença de outros íons concomitantes sobre a resposta voltamétrica do eletrodo também foi avaliado.