Widespread distribution of CTX-M and plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases in Escherichia coli from Brazilian chicken meat

The dissemination of plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance genes may pose a substantial public health risk. In the present work, the occurrences ofblaCTX-M and plasmid-mediated ampCand qnrgenes were investigated in Escherichia colifrom 16 chicken carcasses produced by four commercial brands in Brazil. Of the brands tested, three were exporters, including one of organic chicken. Our study assessed 136 E. coli isolates that were grouped into 77 distinct biotypes defined by their origin, resistance profiling, the presence of β-lactamase and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polimerase chain reaction typing. TheblaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-2 andblaCTX-M-8 genes were detected in one, 17 and eight different biotypes, respectively (45 isolates). Twenty-one biotypes (46 isolates) harboured blaCMY-2.Additionally, blaCMY-2 was identified in isolates that also carried either blaCTX-M-2 orblaCTX-M-8. The qnrB and/orqnrS genes occurred in isolates carrying each of the four types of β-lactamase determinants detected and also in oxyimino-cephalosporin-susceptible strains. Plasmid-mediated extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC determinants were identified in carcasses from the four brands tested. Notably, this is the first description ofblaCTX-M-15 genes in meat or food-producing animals from South America. The blaCTX-M-8, blaCTX-M-15 andblaCMY-2 genes were transferable in conjugation experiments. The findings of the present study indicate that plasmid-mediated ESBL and AmpC-encoding genes are widely distributed in Brazilian chicken meat.

Functional complementation of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis AP endonuclease gene (lamap) in Escherichia coli mutant strains challenged with DNA damage agents

During its life cycle Leishmania spp. face several stress conditions that can cause DNA damages. Base Excision Repair plays an important role in DNA maintenance and it is one of the most conserved mechanisms in all living organisms. DNA repair in trypanosomatids has been reported only for Old World Leishmania species. Here the AP endonuclease from Leishmania (L.) amazonensis was cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli mutants defective on the DNA repair machinery, that were submitted to different stress conditions, showing ability to survive in comparison to the triple null mutant parental strain BW535. Phylogenetic and multiple sequence analyses also confirmed that LAMAP belongs to the AP endonuclease class of proteins.

Estudos de QSAR baseados em dados de atividade biológica obtidos por microcalorimetria: III interação de m-alcoxifenóis e p-hidroxibenzoatos de alquila com Escherichia coli

QSAR studies based on flow microcalorimetric bioassay data for interaction of homologous series of m-alkoxyphenols and p-hydroxybenzoates with E. coli cells were carried out applying factorial design. Results for both series showed a linear relationship between log(dose)max and log Po/w. Analysis of these data allows the identification of contributions toward the derived bioactivity from the parent structures (the molecule minus n-CH2 groups present in the side-chain) and the lipophilic groups, CH2. These results are discussed with respect to drug quantitative structure-relationship.

Inativação por oxidação fotocatalítica de Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas sp.

This study presents the bactericidal activity of titanium dioxide photocatalysis, using as model Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas sp. cells. It was observed that the process efficiency is related to initial cell concentration, light intensity, UV irradiation exposure time, TiO2 concentration increase. The ultimate removal efficiency was above 99.9%.

Preparação de copolímeros à base de 2-vinilpiridina com propriedades bactericidas

We report the development of two copolymers based on 2-vinylpyridine, styrene and divinylbenzene (2Vpy-Sty-DVB) with different porosity degrees. The copolymers were subsequently quaternized with methyl iodide. To prepare charge transfer complexes, the unmodified copolymers and their derivatives quaternized with methyl iodine were impregnated with iodine. The antibacterial properties of the polymers were evaluated in dilutions ranging from 10² to 10(7) cells/mL of the auxotrophic OHd5-K12 Escherichia coli strain. It was possible to obtain materials with complete antibacterial activity even in the highest cell concentrations tested.

Treated domestic sewage: kinetics of Escherichia coli and total coliform inactivation by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide has been used for decades in developed countries as an oxidizing agent in the treatment of water, domestic sewage and industrial effluents. This study evaluated the influence of the concentration of H2O2 and pH on the inactivation of Escherichia coli cells and the disinfection of sewage treated. The results showed that the inactivation rate increased with pH and H2O2. The presence of other contaminants dissolved in the effluent is probably the cause of these differences, because E. coli inactivation in synthetic wastewater was found to be much faster than in the real treated domestic sewage.

Expressão em Escherichia coli da proteína capsidial do Watermelon mosaic virus e produção de anti-soro

Um anti-soro policlonal específico para Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) foi produzido por meio da imunização de coelhos com proteína capsidial purificada, expressa in vitro em células de Escherichia coli. O gene cp foi amplificado via RT-PCR utilizando oligonucleotídeos específicos, a partir de RNA viral extraído de preparações virais concentradas. O fragmento amplificado foi clonado em pBLUESCRIPT KS+ e completamente seqüenciado para confirmação de sua identidade e integridade. Em seguida, o fragmento foi subclonado no vetor de expressão pRSET-A. Plasmídeos recombinantes foram utilizados para a expressão da proteína capsidial em E. coli BL21::DE3. A proteína foi purificada por meio de cromatografia de afinidade em coluna de Ni+-NTA, a partir de proteínas totais extraídas de E. coli. Uma vez purificada, a proteína foi quantificada e utilizada para imunização dos coelhos. O anti-soro foi testado quanto a sua especificidade e sensibilidade em testes de Western blot, DAS-ELISA, imunodifusão e ELISA indireto. Todos os testes demonstraram que o anti-soro produzido a partir da expressão in vitro da proteína capsidial é altamente específico para a detecção do WMV em extratos foliares, não tendo sido observada nenhuma reação heteróloga interespecífica.

Polyclonal antibodies to the coat protein of Apple stem grooving virus expressed in Escherichia coli: production and use in immunodiagnosis

The coat protein gene of Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) was amplified by RT-PCR, cloned, sequenced and subcloned in the expression vector pMal-c2. This plasmid was used to transform Escherichia coli BL21c+ competent cells. The ASGV coat protein (cp) was expressed as a fusion protein containing a fragment of E. coli maltose binding protein (MBP). Bacterial cells were disrupted by sonication and the ASGVcp/MBP fusion protein was purified by amylose resin affinity chromatography. Polyclonal antibodies from rabbits immunized with the fusion protein gave specific reactions to ASGV from infected apple (Malus domestica) cv. Fuji Irradiada and Chenopodium quinoa at dilutions of up to 1:1,000 and 1:2,000, respectively, in plate trapped ELISA. The ASGVcp/MBP fusion protein reacted to a commercial antiserum against ASGV in immunoblotting assay. The IgG against ASGVcp/MBP performed favorably in specificity and sensitivity to the virus. This method represents an additional tool for the efficient ASGV-indexing of apple propagative and mother stock materials, and for use in support of biological and molecular techniques.

Expression of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 coat protein gene in Escherichia coli and production of polyclonal antibodies

Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3), the main viral species of the grapevine leafroll complex, causes yield and quality reduction in grapes (Vitis spp.). The coat protein gene was RT-PCR-amplified from total RNA extracted from infected grapevine leaves and the amplified fragment was cloned and completely sequenced. The fragment was subsequently subcloned into the pRSET-C expression vector. The recombinant plasmid was used to transform Escherichia coli BL21:DE3 and express the capsid protein. The coat protein, fused to a 6 His-tag, was purified by affinity chromatography using an Ni-NTA resin. The identity of the purified protein was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. The in vitro-expressed protein was quantified and used for rabbit immunizations. The antiserum was shown to be sensitive and specific for the detection of GLRaV-3 in grapevine extracts in Western blot and DAS-ELISA assays, with no unspecific or heterologous reactions against other non-serologically related viruses being observed.

Water quality indicators for environmental and resistance profile of Escherichia coli strains isolated in Rio Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil

In this article it was evaluated the quality of water in the Cascavel river, in the city of Cascavel - Paraná using microbiological indicators, physical and chemical pollution and susceptibility / resistance in strains of Escherichia coli isolated antimicrobial trade. The water sampling was conducted between 2010-July and 2011-June at three points: a) near the source, b) urban area, c) rural area. The samples were analyzed for physical, chemical and microbiological variables: temperature, pH, color, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total nitrogen and total phosphorus, total coliforms (CT), fecal coliform (CTe) and Escherichia coli. Tests were also performed to nine antimicrobial commercial resistances. The variables studied indicated that the Cascavel river water was presented at disagreement with the resolution 357/2005 CONAMA (class I), ranking in the index as regular water quality. The physical, chemical and rainfall did not affect the growth of CT and CTe, with higher counts of E. coli in the urban area. The greatest resistance profiles of the strains of E. coli isolated from Cascavel river water was found in section 2, the urban area as a probable consequence of human influence on water quality.

Influência das operações sobre o baço na distribuição da escherichia coli no sistema mononuclear fagocitário

OBJETIVOS: Para se evitar o estado asplênico, muitas medidas preservadoras do baço têm sido propostas na literatura, como a esplenorrafia, a esplenectomia parcial com preservação dos vasos hilares e o auto-implante de tecido esplênico. A esplenectomia subtotal, com conservação do pólo superior do baço, nutrido apenas pelos vasos esplenogástricos é uma alternativa quando o pedículo esplênico precisa ser ligado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência das esplenectomias parcial, subtotal e total na distribuição da Escherichia coli no sistema mononuclear fagocitário. MÉTODO: Foram estudados 32 ratos divididos em 4 grupos: operação simulada (mantendo todo o baço), esplenectomia parcial, esplenectomia subtotal e esplenectomia total. Após cinco semanas da operação, uma alíquota de Escherichia coli marcada com 99m-tecnécio foi injetada por via venosa. Após 20 minutos, os animais foram mortos, e o baço, os pulmões e o fígado foram retirados para se verificar a distribuição das bactérias marcadas. RESULTADOS: A quantidade de Escherichia coli no tecido esplênico foi maior no grupo com o baço íntegro em comparação com os grupos esplenectomia parcial e subtotal. A distribuição da bactéria marcada pelo baço não diferiu nos grupos com esplenectomia parcial ou subtotal. A quantidade de bactérias no pulmão foi maior no grupo esplenectomia parcial do que a do grupo com esplenectomia subtotal. Após esplenectomia subtotal, a distribuição da bactéria marcada foi maior no fígado em comparação com a captação desse órgão nos demais grupos. CONCLUSÕES: O pólo superior do baço, suprido apenas pelos vasos esplenogástricos, tem capacidade de remover da circulação bactérias vivas, mostrando que, mesmo sem a vascularização pelo pedículo esplênico, há uma eficiente depuração sangüínea. A distribuição da Escherichia coli pelo sistema mononuclear fagocitário apresenta comportamentos diferentes, dependendo do tipo de esplenectomia a que o animal é submetido.

Distribuição de Escherichia coli nos órgãos do sistema mononuclear fagocitário após esplenectomia total isolada ou combinada com auto-implante esplênico em rato

OBJETIVO: O auto-implante esplênico parece constituir a única alternativa para preservação de tecido esplênico, após esplenectomia total. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a depuração de Escherichia coli pelos órgãos do sistema mononuclear fagocitário (SMF) após esplenectomia total e auto-implante esplênico. MÉTODO: Utilizou-se um modelo experimental com ratos Wistar jovens e adultos, de ambos os sexos, submetidos a esplenectomia total e auto-implante esplênico. O método de avaliação foi a inoculação intravenosa de suspensão de Escherichia coli marcada com tecnécio - 99m. Analisou-se a captação desta bactéria pelos órgãos do SMF e o remanescente bacteriano na corrente sangüínea. RESULTADOS: Dentro de cada grupo, não foi encontrado diferença entre animais jovens e adultos no que se refere à captação de bactérias pelos órgãos do SMF. Na comparação entre os grupos verificou-se que o percentual médio de captação pelo baço e pelo fígado de animais do Grupo-Controle foi maior que o dos auto-implantes. Embora a captação de bactérias pelo baço de animais do Grupo-Controle tenha sido maior que o dos auto-implantes esplênicos, o remanescente bacteriano no sangue não foi diferente. Animais submetidos a esplenectomia total isolada apresentam maior remanescente de bactérias na corrente sangüínea que animais do Grupo-Controle ou do grupo submetido a esplenectomia total combinada com auto-implante esplênico. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados indicam que o auto-implante esplênico é eficaz na depuração de bactérias, em rato, mediante a fagocitose por seus macrófagos, e não interfere na função de remoção bacteriana do fígado e do pulmão.

Occurrence of F42 colonization factor in Escherichia coli strains isolated from piglets with diarrhea

The objective of this study was to determine the presence of the colonization factor F42 in 168 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic stools of newborn piglets. The presence of F42 in 12 (7.1%) strains was detected with the agglutination test. Through the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) of F42 positive strains, gene encoding enterotoxins (ST-I, ST-II, LT-I and LT-II) were detected. The finding of ST-I/ST-II genes in 50% of the strains, ST-I (16%) and ST-II (25%) indicates a strong association of FC F42 with heat-stable enterotoxins (91%). In contrast, the thermolabile enterotoxin (LT-I and LT-II) genes were not detected. Serogroups of F42 positive strains were determined, serogroup O8 being the most prevalent (41,7%). Other serogroups, as there are O9, O11, O18, O32, O35, O98 and O101, were also identified. Thus, FC F42 was confirmed as an additional factor of virulence in the pathogenesis of porcine colibacillosis.

Caracterização epidemiológica, molecular e perfil de resistência aos antimicrobianos de Escherichia coli isoladas de criatórios suínos do sul do Brasil

A colibacilose é a enfermidade entérica de maior impacto na suinocultura, sendo ocasionada por cepas enterotoxigênicas de Escherichia coli. Quarenta isolados clínicos de suínos com diarréia e 13 isolados ambientais foram analisados quanto ao perfil genotípico, relação genética e resistência antimicrobiana. O gene que codifica para a toxina Stb foi identificado em 50% dos isolados clínicos, seguido por Sta e Lt, com 35%. Dentre os fatores de adesinas pesquisados, a F18 foi encontrada em 27,5% das amostras. A técnica de ERIC-PCR utilizada para caracterização epidemiológica dos isolados, não demonstrou poder discriminatório esperado, e apesar de permitir a separação dos isolados em grupos, estes não evidenciaram grupos relacionados aos fatores de virulência. No teste de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana a maior resistência foi observada à tetraciclina, em 88,6%. O índice de resistência múltipla aos antimicrobianos (IRMA), variou entre 0 a 0,69.

Typing of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strains by REP-PCR

In the present study the repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to establish the clonal variability of 49 avian Escherichia coli (APEC) strains isolated from different outbreak cases of septicemia (n=24), swollen head syndrome (n=14) and omphalitis (n=11). Thirty commensal strains isolated from poultry with no signs of these illnesses were used as control strains. The purified DNA of these strains produced electrophoretic profiles ranging from 0 to 15 bands with molecular sizes varying from 100 bp to 6.1 kb, allowing the grouping of the 79 strains into a dendrogram containing 49 REP-types. Although REP-PCR showed good discriminating power it was not able to group the strains either into specific pathogenic classes or to differentiate between pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains. On the contrary, we recently demonstrated that other techniques such as ERIC-PCR and isoenzyme profiles are appropriate to discriminate between commensal and APEC strains and also to group these strains into specific pathogenic classes. In conclusion, REP-PCR seems to be a technique neither efficient nor universal for APEC strains discrimination. However, the population clonal structure obtained with the use of REP-PCR must not be ignored particularly if one takes into account that the APEC pathogenic mechanisms are not completely understood yet.