Desenvolvimento e aplicação de sistema passivo de coleta de poluentes atmosféricos para monitoramento de Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn e particulados totais

The objective of this study was to assess a new monitoring technique of particulate and trace metals in the atmosphere via the use of a passive sampler of air pollutants in the city of Goiânia. The average particulate weight and average concentrations of metals Fe, Cr, Zn, Pb, Cu, Mn, and Cd were 0.1104 g and 257.5; 23.4; 17.8; 6.7; 1.9; 0.8; 0.2 μg/m²/day, respectively. Higher Pb and Cr concentrations were obtained in areas with intense traffic. This study revealed that it is possible to monitor trace metals with passive sampling, developed at a low cost and operational facility.

Emissão de óxido nitroso de estação de tratamento de esgoto de lodos ativados por aeração prolongada - estudo preliminar

Nitrous oxide emissions from an activated sludge plant which serves a research institute in Rio de Janeiro city were estimated from six unit processes (grit tank, sand trap, aeration tank, secondary settling tank, sludge recirculation line and aerobic digester sludge tank) and also from the plant effluent. Total estimated annual flux was 3.2 x 10(4) g N2O yr-1 of which about 90% was from the aeration tank. Emission factors estimated from population served, wastewater flow and nitrogen load (conversion ratio) were 13 g N2O person-1 yr-1, 9.0 x 10-5 g N2O Lwastewater-1 and 0.14%.

Alteração da atividade enzimática em organismos aquáticos por poluentes de origem agrícola: uma abordagem geral e sobre a suscetibilidade da fosfatase ácida

The input of agrochemicals in the aquatic compartment can results in biochemical injuries for living organisms. In this context, the knowledge of alterations of enzymatic activities due the presence of agriculture pollutants contributes for the elucidation of the mechanisms of toxicity, implementation of economic methods for monitoring purposes and establishment of maximum allowed concentrations. In the present work, the above considerations are discussed, and data concerning changes in enzymatic function by pesticides and fertilizer contaminants are reviewed. Also, we focused on the acid phosphatase due its susceptibility to several pollutants and diversity in cellular functions.

Uma análise do coeficiente de remoção de poluentes em função do espectro de gotas de chuva em diferentes localidades no Brasil e Alemanha

The pollutant transference among reservoirs atmosphere-hydrosphere, relevant to the atmospheric chemistry, depends upon scavenging coefficient (Λ) calculus, which depends on the raindrop size distribution as well as on the rainfall systems, both different to each locality. In this work, the Λ calculus will be evaluated to gas SO2 and particulate matter fine and coarse among five sites in Germany and two in Brazil. The results show three possible classifications in function of Λ, comparable to literature, however with a greater range due to the differences of rainfall system sites. This preliminary study supports future researches

Alternativas verdes para o preparo de amostra e determinação de poluentes fenólicos em água

The restricted availability of water sources suitable for consumption and high costs for obtaining potable water has caused an increase of the conscience concerning the use. Thus, there is a high demand for "environmentally safe methods" which are according to the principles of Green Chemistry. Moreover, these methods should be able to provide reliable results for the analysis of water quality for various pollutants, such as phenol. In this work, greener alternatives for sample preparation for phenol determination in aqueous matrices are presented, which include: liquid phase microextraction, solid phase microextraction, flow analysis, cloud point extraction and aqueous two-phase systems.

Construção de espectrômetro de emissão atômica com atomização eletrotérmica em filamento de tungstênio (WCAES)

It is here discussed the development of a low cost analytical instrument with capacity for metals determination using atomic emission measurements in an electrothermal atomization system with a tungsten coil atomizer. The main goal was to show a new frontier for using this atomizer and to demonstrate that the simple instrumental arrangement here proposed has potential for portability and for solving analytical tasks related to metals determination. Atomic emission of calcium was selected for the adjustment of instrumental parameters and to evaluate the main characteristics of the lab-built instrument. Cobalt was determined in medicines and one alloy to demonstrate its feasibility.

Aplicações de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência para o estudo de poluentes orgânicos emergentes

Emerging organic pollutants (EOP) include many environmental contaminants based on commercial products such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, detergents, gasoline, polymers, etc. EOP may be candidates for future regulation as they offer potential risk to environmental and human health due to their continual entrance into the environment and to the fact that even the most modern wastewater treatment plants are not able to totally transform / remove these compounds. High performance liquid chromatography is recommended to separate emerging organic pollutants with characteristics of high polarity and low volatility, especially pharmaceuticals, from environmental matrices.

Avaliação do efeito de gases poluentes na corrosão metálica: um experimento para o ensino da corrosão

In this work one proposes a didactic experience to simulate atmospheric corrosion of copper and nickel, due to sulfur dioxide presence. This is an opportunity to understand some basic aspects of atmospheric corrosion, by using fundamental concepts in chemistry, reactions of extraction and characterization of pollutants, as well as their participation in corrosion process. This subject opens a space for discussion about necessity of pollutant gases emissions control for preservation of materials and the environment.

Inventário de emissão de fontes veiculares da Região Metropolitana de Campinas, São Paulo

The degradation of air quality in great urban centers is noted by frequent critical episodes of air pollution and public health issues, and vehicles are a great source of pollutant emissions, mainly derived from combustion processes. A database is needed to direct mitigation of emissions. The main objective of this work is to present it as an emissions inventory. The results show that vehicular sources of CO, HC and NOx represent over 75% of total emissions in the MRC. Besides, the proposed methodology presented results consistent with the literature

Estudo da emissão por fluorescência de ultravioleta na quantificação de um inibidor de corrosão do tipo sal de amônio quaternário em água

Quaternary ammonium salts are the corrosion inhibitors most frequently used by the oil industry. In this study, the ultraviolet fluorescence technique was evaluated for the analysis of a quaternary ammonium salt in water as a corrosion inhibitor. The comparison with standard salt showed that an alkyl aryl quaternary ammonium salt is the main fluorophore, with emission maxima at 306 and 593 nm. The best instrumental parameters were: width of excitation and emission slits of 10 and 15 nm, respectively, and scan rate of 10 nm min-1. The presence of aromatic compounds and biocides affects the analysis of corrosion inhibitors.

Degradação de poluentes emergentes por processos Fenton e foto-Fenton

A continuous photochemical treatment system was developed for aiming the treatment of aqueous solutions containing relevant micro-pollutants (microcystin-LR, sulfamethoxazole and 17-b estradiol). The continuous photo-Fenton process provided high degradation efficiency. However, contact time between samples and the irradiated region is short relative to total treatment time, indicating that observed changes are predominantly due to the Fenton process. Higher degradation efficiency was observed in systems operated using two treatment cycles, the first involving a batch Fenton process and the second a continuous photo-Fenton treatment.

Bioluminescência de fungos: distribuição, função e mecanismo de emissão de luz

The emission of light by living organisms, bioluminescence, has been studied since the nineteenth century. However, some bioluminescent systems, such as fungi, remain poorly understood. The emitter, the two enzymes involved, and the reaction mechanism have not yet been unraveled. Moreover, the ecological role and evolutionary significance for fungal luminescence is also unknown. It is hoped that comprehensive research on fungal bioluminescent systems will generate knowledge and tools for academic and applied sciences. This review discusses the distribution of bioluminescent fungi on Earth, attempts to elucidate the mechanism involved in light emission, and presents preliminary results on the evolution and ecological role of fungal bioluminescence.

APLICAÇÃO DE ÓXIDOS DE FERRO NANOESTRUTURADOS COMO ADSORVENTES E FOTOCATALISADORES NA REMOÇÃO DE POLUENTES DE ÁGUAS RESIDUAIS

New techniques for treating wastewater, particularly the removal or degradation of organic pollutants and heavy metals, among other pollutants, have been extensively studied. The use of nanostructured iron oxides as adsorbent and photocatalyst for the removal of these contaminants has proved a promising approach, not only because of their high treatment efficiency, but also for their cost-effectiveness, having the flexibility for in situ and ex situ applications. In this review, we briefly introduced the most used kinds of iron oxide nanoparticles, some synthesis techniques for iron oxide nanostructure formation, their potential benefits in environmental clean-up, and their recent advances and applications in wastewater treatment. These advances range from the direct applications of synthesized nanoparticles as adsorbents for removing toxic contaminants or as catalysts to oxidize and break down noxious contaminants (including bacteria and viruses) in wastewater, to integrating nanoparticles into conventional treatment technologies, such as composite photocatalytic filters (membranes, sand and ceramic) that combine separation technology with photocatalytic activity. Finally, the impact of nanoparticles on the environment and human health is briefly discussed.

SÍNTESE DE DERIVADOS DE FENANTRIDINONAS POR ARILAÇÃO DIRETA. CARACTERIZAÇÃO DOS ESPECTROS DE ABSORÇÃO E EMISSÃO DE EXEMPLOS REPRESENTATIVOS

The phenanthridinone heterocyclic system has attracted considerable attention in recent years due to the diverse array of physical, chemical and pharmacological properties demonstrated by natural and synthetic derivatives. As a consequence there has been considerable development of synthetic methodology for the synthesis of this and related heterocyclic ring systems. The synthetic literature is discussed and is compared with a direct arylation methodology for the intramolecular cyclization of tertiary (2-iodo)benzoylamides to generate the biaryl bond of these compounds. The efficient methodology allowed the synthesis of a number of previously unknown phenanthridinone products. The photoluminescent properties of representative examples were characterized and it is proposed that the previously unknown compound 1s reveals dual fluorescence in a manner similar to the known compound 1r.

Avaliação do método das adições de analito para a determinação de sódio em álcool combustível por espestrometria de emissão atômica em chama

O método empregado para a determinação de sódio por espectrometria de emissão atômica em chama, foi o das adições de analito sendo as intensidades de emissão representadas em função das concentrações de analito adicionadas às várias porções da amostra, numa faixa linear de 0 - 0,300 mg Na L-1, empregando-se 2,1 g K L-1 como supressor de ionização. Foram analisadas 20 amostras comerciais de álcool etílico hidratado combustível (AEHC), coletadas em diferentes postos de abastecimento, na cidade de Araraquara e os resultados obtidos encontram-se no intervalo, desde menor que o limite de detecção (0,0072 mg Na L-1) até 1,55 mg Na L-1. Os limites de detecção referentes à determinação de sódio em cada amostra situam-se entre 0,0026 e 0,0239 mg Na L-1. A porcentagem de recuperação variou no intervalo de 95 a 104 %. Os desvios padrão relativos (n=12) foram £ 4,1 % para as três adições de analito, nas 20 amostras de AEHC.