Filosofia aberta, modelos de negócios e agências de fomento: elementos essenciais a uma discussão sobre o acesso aberto à informação científica

Com o objetivo de fomentar discussões a respeito da questão do acesso aberto à informação científica, o trabalho discorre sobre uma "filosofia aberta", a qual se refere ao movimento em direção ao uso de ferramentas, estratégias, metodologias e políticas que denotem um novo modelo de representar o processo de comunicação científica - especialmente no que concerne à publicação -, ao mesmo tempo em que serve de base para interpretá-lo. Esse novo modelo tem como fundamento a preocupação crescente com a disponibilidade, ao maior número possível de interessados, do conhecimento gerado como resultado tanto de pesquisas científicas (conhecimento científico) como da ação do homem na sociedade (herança cultural). O texto centra o foco nas questões relacionadas somente com o acesso aberto ao conhecimento científico. Nesse sentido, discorre sobre três questões: as principais iniciativas internacionais sobre acesso aberto; os novos modelos de negócios para o periódico científico, em resposta a essas iniciativas; e o papel que agências de fomento têm nesse contexto, com vistas a validar esses novos modelos. Introduz na discussão a questão das diferenças disciplinares, determinadas pelos padrões de comunicação das comunidades científicas, no que concerne à geração, disseminação e uso da informação. Conclui com uma análise breve dos impactos que o movimento em favor do acesso aberto provoca sobre os principais atores da comunicação científica, nomeadamente, universidades e seus pesquisadores, editores científicos e agências de fomento.

A utilização das estatísticas criminais no planejamento da ação policial: cultura e contexto organizacional como elementos centrais à sua compreensão

A utilização da informação no planejamento da atividade policial se coloca como uma das principais questões no debate sobre os paradigmas de segurança pública contemporâneos. Dessa forma, as estatísticas criminais situam-se como importante instrumento neste processo. Este artigo busca promover uma reflexão sobre o uso das estatísticas criminais pelos profissionais de segurança pública como uma fonte de informação para o planejamento de suas ações. Para tal, foram abordadas três variáveis consideradas centrais para o desenvolvimento da discussão: os paradigmas de policiamento contemporâneos, a utilização e as funcionalidades das estatísticas no planejamento da atividade policial, e a utilização das estatísticas criminais por parte dos profissionais de segurança pública tendo em vista o contexto organizacional no qual estão inseridos. A conclusão do artigo aponta para a necessidade de se observarem a cultura e a estrutura das instituições policiais como elementos centrais no desenvolvimento de um modelo de policiamento marcado pela inteligência, pró-atividade e prevenção à criminalidade.

Método para a espacialização dos elementos do balanço hídrico climatológico

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e avaliar um método de espacialização dos elementos do balanço hídrico climatológico (BHC). O método utiliza modelos digitais do terreno que contêm a distribuição espacial dos elementos climáticos de entrada do BHC. A avaliação foi feita com dados reais de BHC referentes a 110 estações pluviométricas do Estado do Espírito Santo. Comparou-se o desempenho do método proposto com o dos seguintes interpoladores espaciais: krigagem e inverso de uma potência da distância. O método proposto apresentou melhores estimativas espaciais de todos os elementos do balanço hídrico - evapotranspiração real, excedente, deficiência e disponibilidade hídrica.

Analysis of translational errors in frame-based and frameless cranial radiosurgery using an anthropomorphic phantom

Abstract Objective: To evaluate three-dimensional translational setup errors and residual errors in image-guided radiosurgery, comparing frameless and frame-based techniques, using an anthropomorphic phantom. Materials and Methods: We initially used specific phantoms for the calibration and quality control of the image-guided system. For the hidden target test, we used an Alderson Radiation Therapy (ART)-210 anthropomorphic head phantom, into which we inserted four 5mm metal balls to simulate target treatment volumes. Computed tomography images were the taken with the head phantom properly positioned for frameless and frame-based radiosurgery. Results: For the frameless technique, the mean error magnitude was 0.22 ± 0.04 mm for setup errors and 0.14 ± 0.02 mm for residual errors, the combined uncertainty being 0.28 mm and 0.16 mm, respectively. For the frame-based technique, the mean error magnitude was 0.73 ± 0.14 mm for setup errors and 0.31 ± 0.04 mm for residual errors, the combined uncertainty being 1.15 mm and 0.63 mm, respectively. Conclusion: The mean values, standard deviations, and combined uncertainties showed no evidence of a significant differences between the two techniques when the head phantom ART-210 was used.

Alguns aspectos históricos da classificação periódica dos elementos químicos

A history of the periodic table of the elements is presented, from the first tentative classifications, passing through Meyer and Mendeleev, up to recent speculations on super-heavy elements still to be synthesized. Many of the discussions and discoveries related to chemical elements and their proper periodic classification are also presented.

Determinação de elementos-traço: relatório de dois exercícios interlaboratoriais

Results of two intercomparison exercises are reported. In the first one, the participants were asked to determine Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, at the sub mg mL-1 level, in an acidified aqueous solution. In the second one, the participants were asked to determine mercury (total) in two homogeneous biological samples, hair and fish. The exercises were considered satisfactory and few reported results were discharged (3s criteria).

Elementos da dinâmica química ao nível da teoria variacional do estado de transição com correções interpoladas

In this article are presented some fundamental elements of the conventional and of the variational transition state theories which are needed to carried out calculations of semi-classical chemical dynamics. Some important bottlenecks in building reliable potential energy surfaces using electronic structure calculations are also discussed. It is put emphasis on the methodology of the variational transition state theory with interpolated corrections (VTST-IC), and its application in the calculations of the rate constants and of the kinetic isotope effect (KIE) of CH4 + Cl « CH3 + HCl reaction.

Sobre os nomes dos elementos químicos, inclusive dos transférmios

The names of the chemical elements in Brazilian portuguese are presented, including a discussion of corresponding Brazilian nomenclature rules and translation of some parts of the pertinent IUPAC rules. The rules for naming groups of elements in the periodic table, as well as those for the symbolic indication of atomic number, mass number and electric charge of atoms, are also presented.

Análise de cabelo: uma revisão dos procedimentos para a determinação de elementos traço e aplicações

Aspects related to the quality of human hair analysis are presented, such as sample collection, sample preparation, determination of trace elements and application examples. Also the hair morphology, the importance of this analysis and its uses and meanings are discussed.

Dissolução eletrolítica para a determinação de elementos de liga em aço ferramenta por ICP-AES

Different methods have been applied to solve special problems of metal analysis. First, the solid samples of tool steels were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence. Alternatively, an on-line electrodissolution implemented in a flow injection system and conventional dissolution procedure for determination of W, Mo, V and Cr in tool steels by ICP-AES is described. The resulting analyte solutions were compared with conventional dissolution procedure and determination by ICP-AES. The electrolytic procedure presented a good performance characterized by a sample throughput of 164 determinations per hour. Results were in agreement with those obtained by conventional acid dissolution.

Sobre a aplicabilidade da termogravimetria para a estimativa de parâmetros termoquímicos de compostos de coordenação: os elementos lantanídicos

By using thermochemical data reported for a series of chelates of the type [Ln(thd)3], thd = 2, 2, 6, 6 ­ tetramethyl- 3,5-heptanedione and Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Ho, Er, Tm and Yb, empirical correlations were found involving thermochemical parameters (e.g. dissociation enthalpy) and the thermodynamic temperatures of the beginning of thermal degradation of the chelates, t i. It is shown that t i values are of capital importance in the study of this all class of coordination compounds. Among others, the empirical equation is obtained: r3+ = (-0,013.Z + 1,36)/0,005, that relates the lanthanide cation radius (pm) with the atomic number of the element. The remarkable fact is that this equation is achieved by using thermogravimetric and calorimetric parameters. Is also shown that t i values are related with the P(M) function values, which are very close related with the energy difference, deltaE, between the lowest electronic energy level of the f n s²d¹ configuration and the lowest energy level of the f n+1s² configuration in the neutral gaseous atoms.

Intervalos de referência para elementos menores e traço em cabelo humano para a população da cidade do Rio de Janeiro - Brasil

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been used for the determination of twenty minor and trace elements in hair samples from an urban population group (N = 1775), aiming at the establishment of reliable hair reference intervals. Statistical evaluation of the data with respect to age, sex and anatomic region was performed by multivariant analysis and according to recommendations of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC). The results show that mainly age and anatomic region (scalp or pubis) influence significantly the concentration of several elements. Comparison of the here calculated reference intervals with those previously published and used by clinical laboratories for this population showed larger discrepancies and the need for an urgent revision of these data.

Avaliando a contaminação por elementos traço em atividades de maricultura: resultados parciais de um estudo de caso realizado na ilha de Santa Catarina, Brasil

Adopting the perspective of human health risk assessment, an interdisciplinary research group has been investigating since 1998 the quality of mussels and oysters cultivated in coastal zones of Santa Catarina State. Evaluation of physico-chemical parameters considered relevant in measuring the degree of eutrophication showed values compatible with the dynamics of well balanced environmental systems. Concentrations of metallic and semi-metallic elements in seawater and bivalves were found to be similar to or lower than those found in Chile, Greenland and the USA. Further investigations focusing upon sediments will provide new and useful data for the management of sustainable mariculture strategies in Brazil.

Gerenciamento de resíduos laboratoriais: recuperação de elementos e preparo para descarte final

This work shows some laboratory waste management developed in order to recover some elements or to prepare the waste for a correct final disposal. The 25 elements chosen cover basically all chemical behaviors found for the metals in the Periodic Table. The treatments adopted were based on the classical behavior in aqueous solution (wet chemistry) but an important condition for a full success was the previous knowledge of the qualitative composition of the wastes treated. Some general trends were found: the final liquid waste was always saline and normally presented a higher volume than the original waste; most original wastes were acid in nature; steps such as solid-liquid separation, washing, evaporating and calcining were currently performed. This work was also a very good experience in chemistry in solution for students and showed them the need of treating wastes for a better environment.

Referência geoquímica regional para a interpretação das concentrações de elementos químicos nos sedimentos da bacia do Lago Paranoá - DF

The present study aimed at determining a regional geochemical reference for sediment samples from Lago Paranoá watershed through the formulation of geoaccumulation indexes. The need for obtaining information from areas representing low human impact was the basis of this work. Systematic evaluations of sediment from Lago Paranoá will bring valuable information regarding the potential risk that this layer represents for aquatic organisms. Thus, despite the recent water quality improvements achieved in this ecosystem, contaminants incorporated in the sediments may be remobilized for alterations in the adjacent environment. The adsorption capacity of chemical elements in sediment samples was controlled through the variation in the amounts of organic matter, the mineralogical composition and the granulometric variation. By creating the Sediment Enrichment Index (SEI) through the normalization of analytical data it was possible to establish the magnitude of this enrichment relatively to naturally occurring concentrations all over the region of interest. Normalized values with organic matter were especially useful for the evaluation of lothic systems.