Uma avaliação do rastreômetro, um novo equipamento para triagem populacional da pressão arterial elevada, em países em desenvolvimento

OBJETIVO: Testar um novo dispositivo simplificado de medição chamado rastreômetro, que poderia ser usado pelos Agentes de Saúde. MÉTODOS: O rastreômetro foi desenvolvido a partir de um esfigmomanômetro aneróide convencional, no qual se cobriu o visor do aneróide com um adesivo, cujo desenho tem uma faixa vermelha, indicativa de pressões > 140 mmHg e uma faixa amarela, indicativa de pressões < 140 mmHg. O início das oscilações da agulha do esfigmomanômetro é considerado indicativo da pressão arterial sistólica. As medições pelo rastreômetro foram comparadas com aquelas realizadas pelo método auscultatório em 268 pacientes, por dois operadores. A influência, sobre os resultados, de variáveis que podem causar confusão, como idade, sexo, IMC, comprimento do braço, circunferência do braço, cor da pele e presença de tratamento anti-hipertensivo, foram levadas em consideração, assim como a variação intra e interobservador. RESULTADOS: No grupo como um todo, a sensibilidade foi de 95,1%, a especificidade foi de 63,1%, o valor preditivo positivo foi de 62,4% e o valor preditivo negativo foi de 95,3%. O tratamento anti-hipertensivo afetou significativamente a especificidade, de 32,7%, em comparação com 77,8%, no grupo não medicado. Os dois operadores melhoraram seus resultados ao longo do tempo. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo sugere que a técnica do rastreômetro, como método de triagem para hipertensão, tem boa sensibilidade. Quanto à especificidade, ela é aceitável se os pacientes não estiverem sob tratamento anti-hipertensivo regular. Nesse último caso, pode ser melhorada pela padronização adequada da leitura da pressão sistólica pelas oscilações da agulha. Além disto, o uso dessa técnica requer operadores bem treinados.

Avaliação da acurácia do rastreômetro: um novo equipamento para rastreamento de hipertensão arterial

Fundamento: A hipertensão arterial sistêmica é um dos principais fatores de risco cardiovascular afetando mais de um bilhão de pessoas. A baixa taxa de conhecimento da doença constitui uma das maiores dificuldades relacionadas à hipertensão. O rastreamento populacional para hipertensão é amplamente reconhecido como estratégia efetiva na detecção de casos novos, porém, até o momento, não se dispõe de nenhum instrumento que torne viável o rastreamento em massa da população. Objetivo: Avaliar a acurácia e a reprodutibilidade do Rastreômetro, um novo instrumento para o rastreamento de hipertensão arterial para agentes comunitários de saúde. Métodos: Estudo transversal com amostra de 436 indivíduos atendidos pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família. A avaliação foi feita comparando-se os resultados de pressão arterial obtidos pelo método oscilométrico e a leitura do Rastreômetro realizada pelos agentes comunitários de saúde. Resultados: o Rastreômetro apresentou sensibilidade de 81,3% e especificidade de 85,6% quando avaliado em relação aos valores de pressão sistólica. O desempenho dos operadores influenciou os resultados do Rastreômetro de forma independente (p = 0,0001). O Rastreômetro apresentou reprodutibilidade substancial (Kendall’s W 0,71). Conclusão: O Rastreômetro, quando operado por agentes comunitários de saúde, apresentou boa sensibilidade, especificidade e reprodutibilidade, especialmente quando avaliados à luz dos valores de pressão sistólica, tendendo a confirmar esse novo instrumento como método de rastreamento para hipertensão arterial na atenção primária a saúde.

Levantamento de microhimenópteros parasitóides de dípteros de importância, médico-veterinária no Brasil

De larvas e pupas de Musca domestica, Chrysomya albiceps, Cochliomyia homivorax, Stomoxys calcitrans e Syntesiomyia nudiseta coletadas em diversos ambiente, em São Paulo, Paraná, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul e Minas Gerais, foram obtidas dez espécies de microhimenópteros parasitóides da supermamília Chalcidoidea, algumas assinaladas pela primeira vez no Brasil.

Basic biochemical investigations as rationale for the design of original antimalarial drugs. An example of phospholipid metabolism

The future of antimalarial chemotherapy is particulary alarming in view of the spread of parasite cross-resistances to drugs that are not even structurally related. Only the availability of new pharmacological models will make it possible to select molecules with novel mechanisms of action, thus delaving resistance and allowing the development of new chemotherapeutic strategies. We reached this objective in mice. Our approach is hunged on fundamental and applied research begun in 1980 to investigate to phospholipid (PL) metabolism of intraerythrocytic Plasmodium. This metabolism is abundant, specific and indispensable for the production of Plasmodium membranes. Any drug to interfere with this metabolism blocks parasitic development. The most effective interference yet found involves blockage of the choline transporter, which supplies Plasmodium with choline for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, its major PL, this is a limiting step in the pathway. The drug sensitivity thereshold is much lower for the parasite, which is more dependent on this metabolism than host cells. The compounds show in vitro activity against P. falciparum at 1 to 10 nM. They show a very low toxicity against a lymphblastoid cell line, demonstrating a total abscence of correlation between growth inhibition of parasites and lymphoblastoid cells. They show antimalarial activity in vivo, in the P. berghei or P. chabaudi/mouse system, at doses 20-to 100-fold lower than their in acute toxicity limit. The bioavailability of a radiolabeled form of the product seemed to be advantageous (slow blood clearance and no significant concentration in tissues). Lastly, the compounds are inexpensive to produce. They are stable and water-soluble.

Biogeography of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Ecuador: implications for the design of control strategies

Chagas disease control strategies strongly depend on the triatomine vector species involved in Trypanosoma cruzi transmission within each area. Here we report the results of the identification of specimens belonging to various species of Triatominae captured in Ecuador (15 species from 17 provinces) and deposited in the entomological collections of the Catholic University of Ecuador (Quito), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Brazil), the Natural History Museum London (UK), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (UK), the National Institute of Hygiene (Quito), and the Vozandes Hospital (Quito). A critical review of published information and new field records are presented. We analysed these data in relation to the life zones where triatomines occur (11 life zones, excluding those over 2,200 m altitude), and provide biogeographical maps for each species. These records are discussed in terms of epidemiological significance and design of control strategies. Findings relevant to the control of the main vector species are emphasised. Different lines of evidence suggest that Triatoma dimidiata is not native to Ecuador-Peru, and that synanthropic populations of Rhodnius ecuadoriensis in southern Ecuador-northern Peru might be isolated from their sylvatic conspecifics. Local eradication of T. dimidiata and these R. ecuadoriensis populations might therefore be attainable. However, the presence of a wide variety of native species indicates the necessity for a strong longitudinal surveillance system.

Polymorphism of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Brazil: Genetic Characterization of the nef Gene and Implications for Vaccine Design

Most of the Brazilian HIV-1 samples have been characterized based on the structural genes (env, gag and pol) and no data concerning the variability of the accessory genes such as nef have been available so far. Considering the role of the nef on virus biology and the inclusion of this region in some HIV/AIDS vaccine products under testing, the purpose of this study was to document the genetic diversity of the nef gene in third-four HIV-1 Brazilian samples previously subtyped based on the env C2-V3 region. Although only few non-subtype B samples have already been analyzed so far, the cytotoxic Tlymphocyte epitopes encoded in this region were relatively conserved among the subtypes, with some amino acid signatures mainly in the subtype C samples. Considering the increasing of the non-B HIV-1 subtypes worldwide, in special the subtype C, more data should be generated concerning the genetic and antigenic variability of these subtypes, as well as the study of the impact of such polymorphism in HIV/AIDS vaccine design and testing.

Mapping the molecular characteristics of Brazilian human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 Env (gp46) and Pol amino acid sequences for vaccine design

This study was carried out to evaluate the molecular pattern of all available Brazilian human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 Env (n = 15) and Pol (n = 43) nucleotide sequences via epitope prediction, physico-chemical analysis, and protein potential sites identification, giving support to the Brazilian AIDS vaccine program. In 12 previously described peptides of the Env sequences we found 12 epitopes, while in 4 peptides of the Pol sequences we found 4 epitopes. The total variation on the amino acid composition was 9 and 17% for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and class II Env epitopes, respectively. After analyzing the Pol sequences, results revealed a total amino acid variation of 0.75% for HLA-I and HLA-II epitopes. In 5 of the 12 Env epitopes the physico-chemical analysis demonstrated that the mutations magnified the antigenicity profile. The potential protein domain analysis of Env sequences showed the loss of a CK-2 phosphorylation site caused by D197N mutation in one epitope, and a N-glycosylation site caused by S246Y and V247I mutations in another epitope. Besides, the analysis of selection pressure have found 8 positive selected sites (w = 9.59) using the codon-based substitution models and maximum-likelihood methods. These studies underscore the importance of this Env region for the virus fitness, for the host immune response and, therefore, for the development of vaccine candidates.

A clinical trial for uniform multidrug therapy for leprosy patients in Brazil: rationale and design

Leprosy will continue to be a public health problem for several decades. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that, for treatment purposes, leprosy cases be classified as either paucibacillary or multibacillary (MB). A uniform leprosy treatment regimen would simplify treatment and halve the treatment duration for MB patients. The clinical trial for uniform multidrug therapy (U-MDT) for leprosy patients (LPs) in Brazil is a randomised, open-label clinical trial to evaluate if the effectiveness of U-MDT for leprosy equals the regular regimen, to determine the acceptability of the U-MDT regimen and to identify the prognostic factors. This paper details the clinical trial methodology and patient enrolment data. The study enrolled 858 patients at two centres and 78.4% of participants were classified as MB according to the WHO criteria. The main difficulty in evaluating a new leprosy treatment regimen is that no reliable data are available for the current treatment regimen. Relapse, reaction and impaired nerve function rates have never been systematically determined, although reaction and impaired nerve function are the two major causes of nerve damage that lead to impairments and disabilities in LPs. Our study was designed to overcome the need for reliable data about the current treatment and to compare its efficacy with that of a uniform regimen.