Anal squamous carcinoma: a new AIDS-defining cancer? Case report and literature review

Squamous anal cell carcinoma is a rare malignancy that represents the 1.5% to 2% of all the lower digestive tract cancers. However, an increased incidence of invasive anal carcinoma is observed in HIV-seropositive population since the widespread of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Human papillomavirus is strongly associated with the pathogenesis of anal cancer. Anal intercourse and a high number of sexual partners appear to be risk factors to develop anal cancer in both sexes. Anal pain, bleeding and a palpable lesion in the anal canal are the most common clinical features. Endo-anal ultrasound is the best diagnosis method to evaluate the tumor size, the tumor extension and the infiltration of the sphincter muscle complex. Chemoradiotherapy plus antiretroviral therapy are the recommended treatments for all stages of localized squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal in HIV-seropositive patients because of its high rate of cure. Here we present an HIV patient who developed a carcinoma of the anal canal after a long time of HIV infection under highly active antiretroviral therapy with a good virological and immunological response.

Contribuição ao estudo da anatomia patológica dos corações de chagásicos falecidos subitamente

Foi feito o estudo anatomopatológico sistematizado de 106 corações de chagásicos falecidos subitamente os quais, tanto quanto se pode apurar, não apresentaram em vida sinais e/ou sintomas da doença. O estudo, macro e microscópico, destes corações demonstrou que no aspecto qualitativo, de um modo gerai, as lesões observadas são muito semelhantes às vistas no mesmo órgão de portadores da tripanossomíase que falecem após um período de insuficiência congestiva. Entretanto, do ponto de vista quantitativo, a intensidade das alterações nos chagásicos com morte súbita é, em geral, bem menor do que a observada nos tripanossómoticos com I.C.C. Baseados nos presentes resultados e, em dados da literatura, são discutidos os prováveis fatores responsáveis pela subitaneidade do óbito neste grupo de chagásicos. Concluem, os AA, que nem a miocárdite, nem a lesão do sistema nervoso autônomo intracardíaco e tampouco a presença de parasitos no miocàrdio são os responsáveis pelo evento. De outro lado encarecem a importância que certos achados, como por exemplo os fenômenos regressivos das miocélulas cardíacas, reação granu lama tosa, comportamento dos linfonodos intrapericárdicos e lesões do sistema excitocondutor, podem ter na elucidação do problema.

Morphometric study of the fibrosis and mast cell count in the circular colon musculature of chronic Chagas patients with and without megacolon

A morphometric study of the circular colon musculature was performed, in which the mast cell count was determined and the connective fibrous tissue in this layer was measured. The objective was to gain better understanding of Chagas megacolon morphology and contribute towards the knowledge of fibrosis pathogenesis in Chagas megas. An evaluation was made of 15 distal sigmoid rings from Chagas patients with megacolon (MCC), 15 without megacolon (CSMC) and 15 non-Chagas patients (NC). The rings were fixed in formol, embedded in paraffin, and 7mm thick sections were cut and stained using Azan-Heidenhain and Giemsa. The mast cell count and fibrosis were greater in the MCC group than in the CSMC and NC groups (p < 0.05; Kruskal-Wallis test) and there was no significant difference between the latter two. The fibrosis and increased mast cell count in the colon musculature of the MCC group possibly indicates that there is a relationship between mastocytosis and fibrosis, as has already been demonstrated in other pathologies.