Failure to demonstrate experimental vertical transmission of the epidemic strain of Chikungunya virus in Aedes albopictus from La Réunion Island, Indian Ocean

Aedes albopictus was responsible for transmission in the first outbreak of chikungunya (CHIK) on La Réunion Island, Indian Ocean, in 2005-2006. The magnitude of the outbreak on this island, which had been free of arboviral diseases for over 30 years, as well as the efficiency of Ae. albopictus as the main vector, raises questions about the maintenance of the CHIK virus (CHIKV) through vertical transmission mechanisms. Few specimens collected from the field as larvae were found to be infected. In this study, Ae. albopictus originating from La Réunion were orally infected with a blood-meal containing 10(8) pfu/mL of the CHIKV epidemic strain (CHIKV 06.21). Eggs from the first and second gonotrophic cycles were collected and raised to the adult stage. The infectious status of the progeny was checked (i) by immunofluorescence on head squashes of individual mosquitoes to detect the presence of viral particles or (ii) by quantitative RT-PCR on mosquito pools to detect viral RNA. We analysed a total of 1,675 specimens from the first gonotrophic cycle and 1,709 from the second gonotrophic cycle without detecting any viral particles or viral RNA. These laboratory results are compared to field records.

Aedes aegypti on Madeira Island (Portugal): genetic variation of a recently introduced dengue vector

The increasing population of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes on Madeira Island (Portugal) resulted in the first autochthonous dengue outbreak, which occurred in October 2012. Our study establishes the first genetic evaluation based on the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes [cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4)] and knockdown resistance ( kdr ) mutations exploring the colonisation history and the genetic diversity of this insular vector population. We included mosquito populations from Brazil and Venezuela in the analysis as putative geographic sources. The Ae. aegypti population from Madeira showed extremely low mtDNA genetic variability, with a single haplotype for COI and ND4. We also detected the presence of two important kdr mutations and the quasi-fixation of one of these mutations (F1534C). These results are consistent with a unique recent founder event that occurred on the island of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes that carry kdr mutations associated with insecticide resistance. Finally, we also report the presence of the F1534C kdr mutation in the Brazil and Venezuela populations. To our knowledge, this is the first time this mutation has been found in South American Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. Given the present risk of Ae. aegypti re-invading continental Europe from Madeira and the recent dengue outbreaks on the island, this information is important to plan surveillance and control measures.

New distribution record of Cybocephalus kathrynae (Coleoptera, Cybocephalidae) on Mona Island, Puerto Rico

New distribution record of Cybocephalus Kathrynae (Coleoptera, Cybocephalidae) on Mona Island, Puerto Rico. A new record of Cybocephalus kathrynae T.R. Smith (Cybocephalidae) is reported for Puerto Rico. Adults were collected from the flowers of Mammillaria nivosa (Cactaceae) on Mona Island Reserve. Prior to this study, this beetle species was only reported for Monroe and Miami-Dade Counties, Florida, USA.

Solos sob vegetação de restinga na Ilha do Cardoso (SP): I - Caracterização e classificação

A vegetação de restinga é uma formação típica que ocorre nas planícies costeiras arenosas da costa brasileira, principalmente sobre solos quartzosos e pobres em nutrientes. Neste trabalho, foram estudados solos sob vegetação de restinga na Ilha do Cardoso (SP), com o objetivo de fornecer subsídios para melhor entendimento de sua gênese e contribuir para o aprimoramento do Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos (SiBCS). Para isso, realizou-se uma caracterização físico-química e morfológica detalhada desses solos. Os resultados mostraram solos hidromórficos, arenosos, muito ácidos, com teores variáveis de MO, sendo a podzolização o principal processo pedogenético presente. A presença de materiais sulfídricos também ocorre em conseqüência da influência de material subjacente diferenciado, não guardando relação com a podzolização. Os principais fatores que influenciaram a distribuição dos solos foram a idade de estabilização do material de origem e a microtopografia, que reflete a influência do lençol freático. Os Espodossolos estudados são holocênicos e a podzolização é diretamente influenciada pela hidromorfia, sendo este o fator decisivo na gênese do horizonte espódico. O SiBCS mostrou falhas na classificação da ordem Espodossolos a partir do segundo nível categórico (subordem), sobretudo no que diz respeito ao acúmulo de Fe no horizonte espódico. Como a presença de sulfetos pode afetar parte dos solos estudados, se drenados, gerando horizontes sulfúricos, sugere-se a inserção da denominação "tiônico" no quarto nível categórico desta ordem, além da adoção de um critério químico na distinção das subordens.

Solos sob vegetação de restinga na Ilha do Cardoso (SP): II - Mineralogia das frações silte e argila

A vegetação de restinga é uma formação típica que ocorre na costa brasileira em materiais de origem quartzosa e pobres em nutrientes. Os solos que ocorrem nesses ambientes são principalmente Espodossolos e Neossolos Quartzarênicos, com incipiente processo de podzolização. A podzolização é freqüentemente estudada em regiões de clima frio, sendo escassos os estudos mineralógicos de Espodossolos em clima tropical e material de origem quartzoso. Neste trabalho foram estudados solos sob vegetação de restinga na Ilha do Cardoso-SP, com o objetivo de identificar a assembléia mineralógica da fração silte e argila deles, no intuito de dar subsídios para melhor entendimento de sua gênese. Os principais minerais encontrados na fração argila foram quartzo e caulinita e, na fração silte, feldspato e quartzo. Isso indica que nesses solos a assembléia mineralógica é relativamente mais intemperizada do que os Espodossolos encontrados sob clima mais frio, e mesmo em relação a outros solos estudados no litoral brasileiro, devido ao próprio material de origem, pobre em minerais primários intemperizáveis, e à migração de complexos organometálicos insaturados, o que aumenta seu poder de dissolução. Em alguns horizontes (2Cgj) foram identificadas esmectitas, as quais podem ser herdadas ou neoformadas, e sua gênese é dissociada da podzolização.

Colonization by mites of glacier-free areas in King George Island, Antarctica

This work aimed to investigate the ratio of colonization by terrestrial mites on ice-free areas created by the ongoing climate-induced melting of Antarctic glaciers. Glacier retreat opens new ice-free areas for the colonization by vegetation and animals. The study was undertaken on the Antarctic Specially Protected Area no. 128 (West Coast of the Admiralty Bay, King George Island, South Shetlands Islands). Transects marked between the Ecology, Baranowski and Windy Glaciers, and a sea shore were used to collect soil samples. Oribatid mites were found only on near-shore areas, on patches of vegetation of more than 30 years of age. The colonization by mite communities is strongly determined by the presence of plants.

Community structures of soil animals and survival of land snails on an island of the Ogasawara Archipelago

On Chichijima, one of the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands located in the Western Pacific Ocean, land snails have declined, the suggested cause being predation pressure by an invasive flatworm (Platydemus manokwari). Soil fauna were investigated in areas where the snail survives, and where it has become extinct. Much of the fauna, dominated by introduced earthworms and ants, was undiminished, however, one undescribed but endemic carabid (Badister sp.), which selectively feeds on land snails, was absent in snail-extinct areas. The invasive flatworm P. manokwari has been reported to feed also on the carcasses of earthworms, as well as on live snails, and is therefore expected to occur in most parts of Chichijima Island. Among other groups, the density of isopods (also dominated by exotic species) was very low, in comparison with the reported ones 30 years ago. Community structure is currently reflected by dominance of earthworms and ants, decline of endemic isopods, and a high frequency of introduced or alien species.

Natural regeneration in abandoned fields following intensive agricultural land use in an Atlantic Forest Island, Brazil

The time required to regrowth a forest in degraded areas depends on how the forest is removed and on the type of land use following removal. Natural regeneration was studied in abandoned old fields after intensive agricultural land use in areas originally covered by Brazilian Atlantic Forests of the Anchieta Island, Brazil in order to understand how plant communities reassemble following human disturbances as well as to determine suitable strategies of forest restoration. The fields were classified into three vegetation types according to the dominant plant species in: 1) Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana (Melastomataceae) fields, 2) Dicranopteris flexuosa (Schrader) Underw. (Gleicheniaceae) thickets, and 3) Gleichenella pectinata (Willd.) Ching. (Gleicheniaceae) thickets. Both composition and structure of natural regeneration were compared among the three dominant vegetation types by establishing randomly three plots of 1 x 3 m in five sites of the island. A gradient in composition and abundance of species in natural regeneration could be observed along vegetation types from Dicranopteris fern thickets to Miconia fields. The gradient did not accurately follow the pattern of spatial distribution of the three dominant vegetation types in the island regarding their proximity of the remnant forests. A complex association of biotic and abiotic factors seems to be affecting the seedling recruitment and establishment in the study plots. The lowest plant regeneration found in Dicranopteris and Gleichenella thickets suggests that the ferns inhibit the recruitment of woody and herbaceous species. Otherwise, we could not distinguish different patterns of tree regeneration among the three vegetation types. Our results showed that forest recovery following severe anthropogenic disturbances is not direct, predictable or even achievable on its own. Appropriated actions and methods such as fern removal, planting ground covers, and enrichment planting with tree species were suggested in order to restore the natural forest regeneration process in the abandoned old fields.

Isosporoid Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) parasites of tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae) from the Marambaia Island, Brazil

In recent years some coccidian parasites of birds were recorded in Marambaia Island, which is a protected environment with a great biodiversity of birds, mainly tanagers. In this current study Isospora tiesangui, I. sepetibensis, I. ramphoceli, I. navarroi, I. cadimi and I. marambaiensis were identified according to their respective thraupid hosts of the Marambaia Island. These species were characterized with histograms, linear regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The main feature of identification was the morphology of the sporocyst, mainly Stieda and substieda bodies, since the morphometry did not provide sufficient differentiation. Besides, Dacnis cayana and Thraupis palmarum were reported as new hosts to I. sepetibensis and I. navarroi respectively.

Equine infectious anemia on Marajo Island at the mouth of the Amazon river

Abstract: Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is a transmissible and incurable disease caused by a lentivirus, the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). There are no reports in the literature of this infection in Equidae on Marajo Island. The objective of this study was to diagnose the disease in the municipalities of Cachoeira do Arari, Salvaterra, Santa Cruz do Arari and Soure, on Marajó Island, state of Pará, Brazil. For serological survey samples were collected from 294 horses, over 5-month-old, males and females of puruca and marajoara breeds and from some half-breeds, which were tested by immunodiffusion in Agar gel (AGID). A prevalence of 46.26% (136/294) positive cases was found. EIA is considered endemic in the municipalities studied, due to the ecology of the region with a high numbered population of bloodsucking insect vectors and the absence of official measures for the control of the disease.

Elementos minerais em folhas de espécies arbóreas de Mata Atlântica e Mata de Restinga, na Ilha do Cardoso, SP

(Elementos minerais em folhas de espécies arbóreas de Mata Atlântica e Mata de Restinga, na Ilha do Cardoso, SP). Os teores de macro e micronutrientes, Na e Al foram determinados no compartimento das folhas, representado pelas espécies arbóreas mais importantes ocorrentes em áreas cobertas com Mata Atântica e Mata de Restinga, na Ilha do Cardoso (25º12'S e 48º01'W), São Paulo, como parte de um estudo sobre ciclagem de nutrientes. Utilizaram-se, em cada área, as 10 espécies com maiores índices de valor de importância, cujas folhas compuseram amostras mistas, realizando-se duas coletas (jun/93 e dez/93). Todos os elementos analisados apresentaram concentrações mais elevadas nas folhas coletadas na Mata Atlântica, com exceção de B e Na. A concentração da maioria dos elementos minerais foi mais alta nas folhas vivas do que na serapilheira foliar produzida em cada ambiente, sendo evidenciadas estratégias de economia de nutrientes, em ambas as formações vegetais, porém mais acentuadas na Mata de Restinga, indicando sua alta eficiência na utilização de um pequeno estoque de nutrientes.

Temporal and spatial variations in the structure of macroalgal communities associated with mangrove trees of Ilha do Cardoso, São Paulo state, Brazil

Temporal and spatial variations in species composition and vertical distribution of macroalgal communities growing on mangrove trees were analyzed bimonthly in the Ilha do Cardoso State Park, São Paulo state (25°03'S and 47°55'W), Southeastern Brazil. The macroalgal communities from mangroves of Perequê and Sítio Grande rivers comprised 10 and 18 taxa respectively. Bostrychia radicans (Mont.) Mont. and B. calliptera (Mont.) Mont. were the predominant taxa, present almost throughout the year and in all the sites studied. The species composition of macroalgal communities from both mangroves presented temporal and spatial variations related to environmental factors. The highest number of taxa was observed during colder, drier months, coinciding with the highest means of high water neap and short periods of continuous emersion (April to August). Some mangrove algae such as B. calliptera, Rhizoclonium spp., Caloglossa spp., and Boodleopsis pusilla (Collins) W. Taylor, Joly et Bernatowicz showed a high degree of tolerance to desiccation, being able to tolerate continuous emersion up to six days. The spatial variations in species composition were related to light, as observed in Catenella caespitosa (Withering) L. Irvine, which occurred in well-lit sites. No pattern of vertical zonation was observed, since Rhizoclonium spp., B. radicans, and B. calliptera occur over the entire vertical range. Variations in the range of vertical distribution of macroalgae of Perequê mangrove were mainly related to the variations in the tidal levels (mean high water neap and/or mean high water spring) while those observed in Sítio Grande mangrove were related to salinity variations, except for B. calliptera and Caloglossa spp. related to tidal levels and high irradiance, respectively.

Estudo polínico das espécies de Aquifoliaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lecythidaceae, Malvaceae, Phytolaccaceae e Portulacaceae ocorrentes na restinga da Ilha do Cardoso (Cananéia, SP, Brasil)

A Ilha do Cardoso ocupa uma área de cerca de 22.500 ha no Município de Cananéia, litoral Sul do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, entre os paralelos 25°03’05’’ - 25°18’18’’ S e 47°53’48’’ - 48°05’42’’ W. Visando caracterizar morfologicamente os grãos de pólen de espécies ocorrentes na vegetação de restinga da Ilha do Cardoso, foram estudadas 20 espécies (uma delas incluindo duas variedades) pertencentes as famílias Aquifoliaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lecythidaceae, Malvaceae, Phytolaccaceae e Portulacaceae. Os materiais polínicos foram obtidos a partir de exsicatas depositadas no Herbário do Estado "Maria Eneyda P. Kauffman Fidalgo", (SP). Os grãos de pólen foram acetolisados, medidos e fotografados sob microscopia de luz e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. As famílias estudadas apresentaram grãos de pólen que variaram quanto à abertura, desde inaperturados, 3-colpados, 3-colporados, pantocolpados a pantoporados e, quanto à escultura da exina, desde psilados, rugulados, reticulados, clavados, padrão-Croton a espinhosos.

Ocurrence of Vibrio spp., positive coagulase staphylococci and enteric bacteria in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) harvested in the south bay of Santa Catarina island, Brazil

The aim of this study was to assess the contamination of oysters (Crassostrea gigas), harvested in six different regions of the South Bay of Santa Catarina Island, with Coliforms at 45 ºC, Escherichia coli, Vibrio spp., positive coagulase staphylococci, and Salmonella sp. over a period of one year. One hundred eighty oyster samples were collected directly from their culture sites and analyzed. Each sample consisted of a pool of 12 oysters. All of the samples analyzed showed absence of Salmonella, 18 (10%) samples showed presence of Escherichia coli, 15 (8.3%) samples were positive for V. alginolyticus, and Vibriocholerae was detected in 4 samples (2.2%). The counts of positive-coagulase staphylococci varied from <10 to 1.9 x 102 CFU.g-1, whereas the counts of Coliforms at 45 ºC and E. coli ranged from <3 to 1.5 x 102 MPN.g-1 and <3 and 4.3 x 10 MPN.g-1, respectively. Counts of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus ranged between <3 and 7 MPN.g-1, for both microorganisms. This suggests the need for monitoring these Vibrios contamination in oysters. Based on the results of the microbiological assays, the samples analyzed showed acceptable bacteriological quality, i.e., they were within the parameters established by Brazilian Legislation.