The role of triple infection with hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type-1 on CD4+ lymphocyte levels in the highly HIV infected population of North-Central Nigeria

We set out to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C among human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infected individuals in North-Central Nigeria to define the influence of these infections on CD4+ lymphocytes cells among our patients as access to antiretroviral therapy improves across the Nigerian nation. The CD4+ values of 180 confirmed HIV-1 infected individuals were enumerated using a superior fluorescence-activated cell sorter system. These patients were tested for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen and anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) using third generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Fifty (27.8%) patients had active hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection while 33 (18.3%) tested positive for anti-HCV antibody. Of these infections, 110 (61.1%), 37 (20.6%), and 20 (11.1%) had HIV only, HBV/HIV-only, and HCV/HIV-only respectively. A HBV/HCV/HIV coinfection prevalence of 7.2% (13 patients) was recorded. Patients coinfected with HIV/HBV/HCV appeared to have lower CD4+ counts (mean = 107 cells/µl; AIDS defining) when compared to HBV/HIV-only (mean = 377 cells/µl), HCV/HIV-only (mean = 373 cells/µl) and patients with mono HIV infection (mean = 478 cells/µl). Coinfection with HBV or HCV is relatively common among HIV-infected patients in Nigeria and should be a big consideration in the initiation and choice of therapy.

Effect of sphingosine and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate on the growth and dimethylsulfoxide-induced differentiation in the insect trypanosomatid Herpetomonas samuelpessoai

We investigated the effect of two modulators of protein kinase C, sphingosine and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), on the growth and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-induced differentiation in Herpetomonas samuelpessoai. Sphingosine did not stimulate the transformation of undifferentiated-promastigotes in differentiated-paramastigotes. PMA alone or in association with DMSO increased the number of paramastigotes in comparison to control cells. DMSO inhibited the parasite growth (35%) and several unusual morphological features resembling aberrant cell division were observed. Sphingosine did not significantly reduce the growth in contrast to PMA. Collectively, our results demonstrated that the reduction of the proliferation translates in an increase of the differentiation rate in the insect trypanosomatid H. samuelpessoai.

Prevalence and genotyping of hepatitis C virus in blood donors in the state of Pará, Northern Brazil

Given the scarcity of epidemiological information on hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Northern Brazil, we determined the prevalence and genotypic frequency in blood donors in the state of Pará (PA). Blood samples from all of the blood donors at the Fundação HEMOPA (blood bank of PA) from 2004-2006 were screened for the presence of antibodies to anti-HCV and samples seroreactive to anti-HCV were further tested for HCV RNA using real-time PCR. In total, 116 HCV-RNA samples were genotyped, based on maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses, using BioEdit, Modelgenerator, PHYML and FigTree software. The population consisted of 242,726 volunteers who donated blood from 2004-2006; the most common subgroup was males between the ages of 18-29 years old (37.30%). Within the whole group, 1,112 blood donors (0.46%) had indeterminate or positive serology; among these, 28.78% were males whose ages ranged from 18-29 years. A diagnosis of chronic HCV infection was confirmed for 304 donors (60.20% males; 66.45% were 30-49 years old), resulting in a prevalence of HCV RNA in 0.13% of the samples (304 of 242,726). HCV genotyping revealed a high frequency of genotype 1 (108/116) followed by genotype 3 (8/116). This study found HCV infection to be relatively infrequent in PA; genotype 1 was most commonly isolated. This information can help guide prevention and control policies aimed at efficient diagnosis and control measures.

Correlation of biological serum markers with the degree of hepatic fibrosis and necroinflammatory activity in hepatitis C and schistosomiasis patients

Liver biopsy is the gold-standard method to stage fibrosis; however, it is an invasive procedure and is potentially dangerous. The main objective of this study was to evaluate biological markers, such as cytokines IL-13, IFN-γ, TNF-α and TGF-β, platelets, bilirubins (Bil), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total proteins, γ-glutamil transferase (γ-GT) and alkaline phosphatase (AP), that could be used to predict the severity of hepatic fibrosis in schistosomiasis and hepatitis C (HC) as isolated diseases or co-infections. The following patient groups were selected: HC (n = 39), HC/hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (HSS) (n = 19), HSS (n = 22) and a control group (n = 13). ANOVA and ROC curves were used for statistical analysis. P < 0.05 was considered significant. With HC patients we showed that TNF-α (p = 0.020) and AP (p = 0.005) could differentiate mild and severe fibrosis. With regard to necroinflammatory activity, AST (p = 0.002), γ-GT (p = 0.034) and AP (p = 0.001) were the best markers to differentiate mild and severe activity. In HC + HSS patients, total Bil (p = 0.008) was capable of differentiating between mild and severe fibrosis. In conclusion, our study was able to suggest biological markers that are non-invasive candidates to evaluate fibrosis and necroinflammatory activity in HC and HC + HSS.

Spontaneous hepatitis C viral clearance and hepatitis C chronic infection are associated with distinct cytokine profiles in Mexican patients

The mechanisms related to the spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) have been primarily studied in regions where the infection is endemic. Results of prior studies have been extrapolated to populations with low endemicity, such as Mexico. Herein, we determined the cytokine profiles in serum samples from Mexican patients who spontaneously cleared HCV and patients chronically infected with HCV genotype 1a. Chronic HCV-infected patients displayed increased interleukin (IL)-8 and regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (CCL-5) secretion, whereas patients who spontaneously cleared HCV showed augmented levels of IL-1 alpha, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta, monocyte chemoattractant protein-2 (CCL-8), IL-13 and IL-15. Our study suggeststhat cytokine profiles may predict disease outcome during HCV infection.

Mineralização do C e do N em amostras armazenadas de solo cultivado com cana-de-açúcar, ao longo de dez anos, com e sem fertilização nitrogenada

As taxas de mineralização do C e do N foram estimadas em amostras de um Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo latossólico álico textura arenosa, retiradas nas profundidades de 0-20, 20-40 e 40-60 cm, ao longo dos 10 anos de um experimento de campo com cana-de-açúcar, de parcelas com e sem fertilização nitrogenada (60 kg ha-1 de N na forma de uréia). A mineralização do N foi medida por meio da técnica de incubação com percolação periódica e a do C pela quantidade de C-CO2 absorvida em solução de NaOH 1 mol L-1, por titulação potenciométrica. Em geral, apenas na camada superficial, o N total mineralizado acumulado durante as 20 semanas de incubação foi maior, 13% a mais no tratamento fertilizado que no não fertilizado. Entre épocas de amostragem, ao longo dos 10 anos, dentro de cada tratamento, houve diferenças significativas nas três profundidades. No entanto, as épocas de maiores mineralizações não foram as mesmas para todas as profundidades e tratamentos e não mostraram nenhuma tendência mais consistente. O C total mineralizado não diferiu significativamente entre os tratamentos (fertilizado e não fertilizado). As curvas de mineralização de C seguiram uma tendência mais linear que as do N, indicando uma possível estabilização nas taxas de mineralização entre 8 e 20 semanas. Os valores de produção média de C e N mineralizados foram de 611 e 26, 411 e 17 e 427 e 15 mg kg-1 de solo, para as profundidades de 0-20, 20-40 e 40-60 cm, respectivamente. O resultado mais importante foi a manutenção do potencial de mineralização de N do solo ao longo dos 10 anos de cultivo com cana, mesmo nas amostras provenientes das parcelas sem fertilização.

Cultivo consorciado de aveia e ervilhaca: relação C/N da fitomassa e produtividade do milho em sucessão

A aveia e a ervilhaca são as principais culturas de cobertura de solo utilizadas durante o inverno na região sul do Brasil. O cultivo consorciado dessas duas espécies, estratégia ainda pouco utilizada, pode potencialmente resultar numa fitomassa com relação C/N mais equilibrada do que aquela proveniente das culturas solteiras, bem como proporcionar resíduos culturais que atuem, simultaneamente, na proteção do solo contra os agentes erosivos e no suprimento de N ao milho. Com o objetivo de avaliar esta hipótese, realizou-se este trabalho, durante o ano agrícola de 1992/93, em área do Departamento de Solos da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, num Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico (Hapludalf). Os tratamentos constaram de diferentes proporções de densidade de semeadura de ervilhaca comum (E) e aveia preta (A): T1: 100% E (80 kg ha-1de sementes); T2: 90% E (72 kg ha-1) + 10% A (8 kg ha-1); T3: 75% E (60 kg ha-1) + 25% A (20 kg ha-1); T4: 50% E (40 kg ha-1) + 50% A (40 kg ha-1); T5: 25% E (20 kg ha-1) + 75% A (60 kg ha-1) e T6: 100% A (80 kg ha-1). Além desses, foram utilizados dois tratamentos, nos quais o solo permaneceu em pousio durante o inverno: no primeiro tratamento, foram aplicados 75 kg ha-1 de N-uréia no milho (T7) e, no segundo, a cultura foi plantada sem adubação nitrogenada (T8). Em sucessão à ervilhaca como cultura solteira, com relação C/N de 13,5, a produtividade de grãos de milho chegou a 5,44 t ha-1, não diferindo do tratamento em pousio com aplicação de N-uréia. Todavia, a ervilhaca foi rapidamente decomposta e, seis meses após o seu manejo, apenas 19,5% da fitomassa inicial encontrava-se na superfície do solo. Com a inclusão da aveia em consórcio com a ervilhaca ocorreu um aumento gradativo na relação C/N da fitomassa, diminuindo o fornecimento de N ao milho e aumentando a persistência dos resíduos culturais. O consórcio que apresentou melhor equilíbrio entre produção de fitomassa, proteção do solo pelos resíduos culturais e fornecimento de N ao milho foi o que continha 10% de aveia + 90% de ervilhaca (relação C/N = 18,6).

Phosphorus transformation in poultry litter and litter-treated Oxisol of Brazil assessed by 31P-NMR and wet chemical fractionation

Large quantities of poultry litter are being produced in Brazil, which contain appreciable amounts of phosphorus (P) that could be of environmental concern. To assess the immediate environmental threat, five poultry litters composed of diverse bedding material were incubated for 43 days under greenhouse conditions. The litters consisted of: coffee bean husk (CH); wood chips (WC); rice husk (RH); ground corn cobs (CC) and ground napier grass (NG) (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.), in which the change in forms of soluble P was evaluated using 31P NMR spectroscopy. On average, 80.2 and 19.8 % of the total P in the extract, respectively, accounted for the inorganic and organic forms before incubation and 48 % of the organic P was mineralized to inorganic P in 43 days of incubation. Wide variation in the organic P mineralization rate (from 82 % -WC to 4 % - NG) was observed among litters. Inorganic orthophosphate (99.9 %) and pyrophosphate (0.1 %) were the only inorganic P forms, whereas the organic P forms orthophosphate monoesters (76.3 %) and diester (23.7 %) were detected. Diester P compounds were mineralized almost completely in all litters, except in the CH litter, within the incubation period. Pyrophosphates contributed with less than 0.5% and remained unaltered during the incubation period. Wood-chip litter had a higher organic P (40 %) content and a higher diester: monoester ratio; it was therefore mineralized rapidly, within the first 15 days, achieving steady state by the 29th day. Distinct mineralization patterns were observed in the litter when incubated with a clayey Oxisol. The substantial decrease observed in the organic P fraction (Po) of the litter types followed the order: CH (45 %) > CC (25 %) > RH (13 %) ≈ NG (12 %) > WC (5 %), whereas the Pi fraction increased. Incubation of RH litter in soil slowed down the mineralization of organic P.