Prevalência de triatomíneos (Hemíptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) infectados por Trypanosoma cruzi: sazonalidade e distribuição na região Ciénega do Estado de Jalisco, México

As características físico-geográficas da região Ciénega, Jalisco, México a tornam propícia para transmissão do Trypanosoma cruzi, causador da doença de Chagas. Este trabalho caracteriza a prevalência de triatomíneos infectados pelo parasita, sua sazonalidade e distribuição nesta região. Foram analisados 328 triatomíneos no período de janeiro de 2005 a junho de 2007 procedentes de 13 municípios da região, sendo abril, maio e junho os meses de maior captura. Dos triatomíneos analisados, 57,3% foram positivos para Trypanosoma cruzi, correspondendo 15,4% para a área urbana e 84,6% para a área rural. A espécie mais freqüente foi Triatoma longipennis e a mais parasitada foi Triatoma barberi com índice de infecção de 83,3% quando comparada a Triatoma longipennis (67,5%) (p<0,05). A infecção natural dos vetores capturados pode indicar alta exposição das pessoas ao Trypanosoma cruzi. O achado recente do Triatoma dimidiata positivo nesta região, sugere a adaptação de novas espécies às condições ecológicas destas populações.

Dos nuevas especies del grupo Drosophila onychophora (Diptera, Drosophilidae) en los bosques de Polylepis de Papallacta, Pichincha, Ecuador

A pesar de ser un país relativamente pequeño, Ecuador tiene una gran variedad de ecosistemas que han favorecido altos niveles de especiación. Uno de estos ecosistemas es el bosque de Polylepis. En estos bosques existe una gran diversidad de plantas, como las asteráceas (compuestas), cuyas flores hospedan una plétora de insectos, entre los que se encuentran las especies del grupo Drosophila onychophora. En este estudio, describimos dos nuevas especies de Drosophila recolectadas en un parche de bosque de Polylepis pauta en el Páramo de Papallacta a 4000 msnm. Ambas especies pertenecen al grupo D. onychophora: Drosophila yurag sp. nov. y Drosophila yuragshina sp. nov. Las dos especies presentan edeagos alargados, este carácter es propio de especies del grupo. Morfológicamente ambas especies son muy parecidas, la manera más fácil de distinguirlas consiste en la observación de las alas.

Descripción de cuatro especies nuevas del subgrupo Drosophila fasciola, gruporepleta (Diptera, Drosophilidae) en dos bosques nublados del Ecuador

RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se describen cuatro miembros nuevos del grupoDrosophila repleta capturados en dos bosques nublados del Ecuador. Las nuevas especies fueron agrupadas dentro del subgrupo D. fasciola basados en el patrón de pigmentación del tórax y la morfología de la genitalia masculina. Drosophila inti sp. nov.,D. nigua sp. nov. y D. yambe sp. nov. fueron capturadas con trampas de banano, mientras que D. carvalhoi sp. nov. fue recolectada en inflorescencias deAnthurium sp. La pigmentación del abdomen y la forma del edeago de D. nigua sp. nov., D. yambe sp. nov. y D. carvalhoi sp. nov. indicarían que están relacionadas entre ellas, mientras que D. inti sp. nov. sería más cercana aD. linearepleta Patterson & Wheeler, 1942.

Sarcophagidae do México, capturados pelo professor A. Dampf. (Diptera)

This paper is based on Sarcophagid flies taken by prof. A. DAMPF at CHAPULTEPEC (D.F.) and Cuernavaca (State of Morelos), mexico. The author examines 33 species and a subspecies belonging to 13 genera, including 6 new species and a new subspecies. One species of the genus Oxysarcodexia was found also at Texas, U. S. A. by Dr. H. J. Reinhard.

Nota prévia sôbre as primeiras comprovações sorológicas da doença de Chagas no México

Os autores, depois de recordar ràpidamente as pesquisas anteriores feitas no México sôbre doença de Chagas, devidas em grande parte a LUIS MAZZOTTI, relatam os primeiros resultados obtidos em breve excrusão científica, patrocinada pelo Insituto Nacional de Cardiologia dêsse país, a Apatzingán, Estado de Michoacán, na qual constataram elevado índice de parasitismo de Triatoma pallidipennis pelo Schizotrypanum cruzi (identificado por inoculação em camondongo e cobaias) e verificaram 4 casos de doença de Chagas diagnosticados pela reação de fixação do complemento (antígeno de cultura de S. cruzi).

Sarcophagidae do México capturados pelo prof. Dampf (2.ª nota) (Diptera)

The present paper is based on Sarcophagidae taken in Mexico by Prof. A. Dampf. Two new species were described, belonging to the genera Emdenimyia and Sarconeiva. Helicobia stellata (Wulp) and Helicobia rapax (Walker) were considered as different species.

Seroepidemiological Studies of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Campeche State of México

Seroepidemiological studies of cutaneous leishmaniasis were carried out on 169 individuals in a rural area of the Campeche state of México. Fifty showed cutaneous lesions suggestive of leishmaniasis, 70% were parasite positive and 96% skin test positive. An overall 40% positivity to skin test with Montenegro's antigen was found. Most of the affected individuals were males from 11 to 30 years-old. Antibodies were determined by immunofluorescent antibody test (IFA) and by Western blot. Two antigen preparations were used, one from a Leishmania mexicana strain which produced localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) and the other from a diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL). In the general population from the area of study 19% gave positive IFA tests with DCL antigen and 20% with LCL antigen while for the patients 67% gave positive IFA tests with DCL and 71% with LCL. By Western blot analysis most of the patients recognized more antigens in the DCL than in the LCL strain. In the DCL strain 78% of patients recognized a 105 kDa, 34% a 139 kDa, 28% a 117 kDa and 26% a 205 kDa MW antigen. In the LCL strain 40% of patients recognized a 205 kDa and 22% a 175 kDa antigens

Serotypes of Vibrio cholerae Non-O1 Isolated from Water Supplies for Human Consumption in Campeche, México and their Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern

The presence of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 in water supplies for human consumption in the city of Campeche and rural locality of Bécal was investigated. V. cholerae non-O1 was detected in 5.9% of the samples obtained in deep pools of Campeche. Studies conducted in Bécal and neighbourhood of Morelos in Campeche indicated that collected samples harbored V. cholerae non-O1 in 31.5% and 8.7% respectively. There was a particular pattern of distribution of V. cholerae non-O1 serotypes among different studied regions. Accordingly, V. cholerae non-O1 serotype O14 predominated in the deep pools of Campeche and together with V. cholerae non-O1, O155 were preferentially founds in samples taken from intradomiciliary faucets in the neighbourhood of Morelos. Samples from Bécal predominantly presented the serotype O112. 60% and 53.8% of all studied strains of V. cholerae non-O1 proved to be resistant to ampicillin and carbenicillin. 3.1%, 7.7% and 6.2% presented resistant to doxycycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and erythromycin respectively. The study showed the necessity of performing a strong epidemiologic surveillance for emergence and distribution of V. cholerae non-O1

Presence of Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) and Risk of Transmission of Chagas Disease in Colima, México

With the purpose of evaluating the risk of transmission of the Chagas disease in the State of Colima, México, an entomological survey was performed to obtain triatominae and the rate of infection by Trypanosoma cruzi determined by examination of its dejections. Two hundred eighteen houses located in 16 villages were sampled. In each house the intradomestic and peridomestic habitats were examined by the man-hour-house method, sensor boxes and mouse-baited traps. Also, 12 silvatic places were explored around the same areas using the same techniques as the ones sampled. In total, 456 specimens were captured, of which 139 correspond to Triatoma phyllosoma pallidipennis; 80 to T. p. longipennis; one specimen of T. dimidiata and 236 nymphs of Triatoma sp. Two hundred ninety seven insects were captured in the intradomestic habitat, 132 in the peridomestic and 26 in the silvatic. The index of positive houses was 27%, located in the central area of the state. The rate of natural infection with T. cruzi showed 25.6%. This results confirmed the presence of two important vectors of the Chagas disease in Colima. Its preference for the domestic habitat and its high levels of natural infection with T. cruzi suggested the existence of a significant risk for its transmission in this area of the country.

The opossum Didelphis virginiana as a synanthropic reservoir of Trypanosoma cruzi in Dzidzilché, Yucatán, México

In México, the role of mammals in the transmission cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi is poorly known. In the State of Yucatán, an endemic area of Chagas disease, both Didelphis virginiana and D. marsupialis occur sympatrically. However, until now, only the former species had been found infected with T. cruzi. To evaluate the role of D. virginiana in a peridomestic transmission, nine periods of capture-recapture were performed around the village of Dzidzilché, Yucatán. The sex, age, reproductive status, location, and presence of infection with T. cruzi were recorded for each opossum. The chromosome morphology was used to identify the opossum species. T. cruzi was identified by the presence of pseudocysts of amastigotes in cardiac muscle fibers of Balb/c mice inoculated with strains isolated from opossums. However, xenodiagnosis was the best diagnostic method. Triatoma dimidiata, the vector, were collected in and around the opossums' nests, and human dwellings; and were checked for T. cruzi. From 102 blood samples of D. virginiana examined 55 (53.9%) were positive to T. cruzi, the only two D. marsupialis captured were negative. Significant differences were found between infection, and both sex and reproductive condition. Eight out of 14 triatomines collected in peridomestic nests (57.1%), and 32 of 197 captured inside houses (16.3%) were found infected, suggesting a peridomestic transmission. The statistically high abundance of infected opossums and triatomines during the dry season (March to May) suggested the existence of a seasonality in the peridomestic transmission of T. cruzi in Dzidzilché.

Insecticide and community interventions to control Triatoma dimidiata in localities of the State of Veracruz, Mexico

Three different interventions to control Triatoma dimidiata in the State of Veracruz were implemented: X-1 = whole dwelling spraying, X-2 = middle wall spraying, X-3 = household cleaning. Cyfluthrin was sprayed 3 times with 8 month intervals. After each spraying, insects were collected and sent to the laboratory to be recorded and to determine genus and species of the adult triatomine bugs, and nymphs were counted. Trypanosoma cruzi presence was determined. With X-1, the infestation, colonization, and natural infection indexes were reduced to 0% in the 3 localities, with respect to t0. With X-2, the infestation index was reduced to 10% at t3 in 3 localities; the colonization index was reduced to 0% in only 1 locality at t3, and the natural infection index was reduced to 0% at t3. With X-3 the 3 indexes were not effectively reduced but they decreased with respect to the baseline study. Insecticide application to the whole dwelling is a more efficient intervention than its application to only the lower half of the walls and to the cleaning of houses.

Embarazo, parto y puerperio: creencias y prácticas de parteras en San Luis Potosí, México

OBJETIVO: Documentar las creencias y las prácticas de las parteras tradicionales respecto al embarazo parto y puerperio. MÉTODOS: Aprovechando un curso de capacitación de 160 parteras tradicionales locales de las regiones Media y Huasteca del Estado de San Luis Potosí, México, dos de las enfermeras-instructoras entrevistaron a 25 de los capacitandos, apoyadas por un miembro de las comunidades náhuatl y tenek. La identidad de los participantes se mantiene anónima y se obtuvo permiso para publicar los resultados mediante consentimiento informado. RESULTADOS: Las prácticas de las parteras (os) tradicionales son comunes en los grupos sociales que carecen de servicios de salud. Sus funciones no están limitadas al parto e incluyen nutrición, cuidados prenatales, del puerperio y la lactancia, así como apoyo afectivo emocional de las madres parturientas y sus familiares. En este estudio se registraron varios mitos y terapias tradicionales. CONCLUSIÓN: Los recursos de la terapia tradicional y de la atención primaria de la salud de las parteras Náhuatl y Tenek son útiles y benéficos para los cuidados perinatales.