105 resultados para Ar exalado


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During the last two decades there has been increasing concern within the scientific community related to the effects of indoor air quality on health. Changes in building design devised to improve energy efficiency and new synthetic building materials have contributed to increase pollutant concentrations. These factors have generated poor air quality and caused the development of a lot of symptoms known as Sick Building Syndrome (SBS). In Brazil, there are few studies in this area, collected in this review to support researches and awareness of the need to adopt preventive measures to reach a better quality for the Indoor Environment.

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The sampling of volatile organic compounds using solid phase microextraction is reviewed and its principles are described. The development and application of solid phase microextraction in the sampling of VOCs are presented and discussed.

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In the begining of April 2004, concentrations of NHx (NH3 + NH4+) were measured in surface waters of the Guanabara Bay. Concentrations varied from 2 to 143 mmol L-1. Ammonia exchange at the air-sea interface was quantified using a numerical model. No measurement of NH3 concentration in air (c air) was performed. Thus, calculations of NH3 flux were based on the assumptions of c air = 1 and 5 µg m-3. Fluxes were predominantly from the water to the atmosphere and varied from -20 to almost 3500 µg N m-2 h-1.

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Leaves of Lippia alba were submitted to six different drying treatments, using air at ambient temperature and heated up to 80 °C. The essential oil was extracted by steam distillation and analyzed by GC-MS. For the dried leaves, the oil content was reduced by 12 to 17% when compared with the fresh plant (0.66%). The major oil component was citral, representing 76% for the fresh plant, and varying from 82 to 84% for the dried material. These results showed that L. alba can be submitted to a drying process of up to 80 ºC without degradation and/or loss of the major, [LC1] active component.

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An air quality evaluation of indoor environments with focus on lower carbonyls was carried out in 50 public places using TO-11A methodology. Formaldehyde levels (ranging from 12.5 to 1034 mg m-3) were above the threshold limit in 49 of 50 analyzed samples while acetaldehyde (ranging from 5.2 to 840 mg m-3) and acetone (ranging from 5.5 to 4839 mg m-3) were respectively bellow the limits of OSHA and NIOSH in all samples. However all samples were bellow the threshold limits suggested by the Brazilian legislation - NR-15. A correlation study between the carbonyls and temperature and humidity was also done.

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In Surface water concentrations of N2O were measured at 37 stations in Guanabara Bay and fluxes estimated across the air-sea interface. Concentrations averaged 8.2 ± 2.2 nmol L-1 and 90% of the stations showed supersaturation averaging 33%. N2O fluxes were estimated using a two-film model which is given by the product of the concentration difference across the film and the gas transfer coefficient (k w). Two parametrizations of k w were used which provided average fluxes of 0.3 and 3.0 µg N m-2 h-1. Flux measurements using floating chambers (not reported here) seem to agree with the upper limit of these estimates.

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Foliar analysis of biochemical parameters were carried out in order to investigate the influence of air pollutants on two tropical tree species (Licania tomentosa (Benth.) and Bauhinia forfícata (Link.)). Special attention was given to tropospheric ozone due to the fact that concentration levels in the region were found to be up to 140 µg m-3 for a 4 h average time, which is well above the value that can cause injuries to orchides and tobacco (59 µg m-3). Other pollutants such as nitrogen and sulphur oxides were measured and their ambient concentrations were also associated to biochemical alterations in the investigated species.

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This paper describes a project, construction and test of a low cost air pycnometer, developed to be used preferentially in pharmaceutical research. A complete discussion of the construction, test and calibration of this equipment is presented and some measurements are made using pharmaceutical powders and dry granulations. The equipment performance has been estimated through its calibration curve, and the obtained value to its volume resolution is about 1%. This equipment is accomplished at the Applied Nuclear Physics Laboratory of University of Sorocaba (LAFINAU) in Sorocaba, SP, Brazil and it was denominated "Picnômetro a Ar Uniso - PICNAU".

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Leaves and flower heads of P. brevipedunculata were submitted to four drying-air temperatures (room temperature, 40, 50 and 60 ºC). Room temperature (approximately 30 ºC) and higher temperature drying (50 and 60 ºC) had a deleterious effect on the essential oil content. The recommended drying-air temperature for the species is 40 ºC for it results in the same amount of essential oil observed in fresh cut plants. Overall, 13 components accounting for more than 92% of the total composition were identified. Citral was the major component, followed by α-pinene and limonene. The essential oil showed high toxicity against Artemia salina larvae.

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In this work, noise and aromatic hydrocarbons levels of indoor and outdoor karting circuits located in Rio de Janeiro were assessed. The sampling was perfomed using active charcoal cartridges, followed by solvent desorption and analysis by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection. This study demonstrated that the karting circuits, venues for entertainment, were a major source of air pollution with the detection of considerable amounts of these compounds (2.0 to 19.7 µg m-3 of benzene; 4.1 to 41.1 µg m-3 of toluene; 2.8 to 36.2 µg m-3 of ethylbenzene; 0.7 to 36.2 µg m-3 of xylenes) and high noise levels.

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An alternative system was tested for the determination of CO2 in air using recyclable materials. The results indicate that the proposed system allows for reliable, accurate, robust and efficient collection, comparable to the standard gravimetric method. Laboratory wastes are easily treated using a filtrate that can be discharged into the sewer and solids that can be reused. The proposed system is a simple and low-cost tool that encompasses important aspects of environmental education, which should be part of the education in chemistry of undergraduate students and technicians.

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Devido ao aumento da ocorrência e da intensidade de epidemias nos últimos anos, a giberela tem sido apontada como uma das doenças que mais danos causa em cereais de inverno. O principal inóculo do fungo patógeno (Giberella zeae) são os ascosporos produzidos em peritécios sobre os restos culturais da maioria das espécies cultivadas. Os esporos são transportados a longas distâncias pelo vento e depositados sobre as anteras causando infecção. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram quantificar a densidade de esporos no ar, a incidência da infecção em anteras de trigo (Triticum aestivum), a intensidade da doença no campo e elucidar o papel das anteras no processo infeccioso. Durante o período correspondente à antese do trigo, foram coletados, em média, 6,6 esporos/10 cm²/dia, em 1999 e 13,5 esporos/10 cm²/dia em 2000. No estádio de floração plena, a infecção por G. zeae foi de 11,8% nas anteras soltas e de 24,3% nas anteras presas. As condições ambientais após a antese influenciaram a intensidade da doença no campo. Os resultados reforçam que as anteras presas desempenham um papel importante no processo infeccioso e, portanto, devem ser os principais sítios de infecção a serem protegidos com fungicidas.

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A quantificação do inóculo de Diplodia macrospora e de D. maydis nos restos culturais do milho (Zea mays)é fundamental para demonstrar a importância desta fonte de inóculo, bem como servir de base para o desenvolvimento de estratégias alternativas de controle. Em experimentos conduzidos no campo, nas safras de verão de 1995/96 e 1996/97, quantificaram-se a quantidade de restos culturais do milho sobre o solo após a semeadura, a densidade de conídiosnos resíduos e o inóculo disseminado pelo ar, bem como a incidência de cada espécie de Diplodia nos grãos de milho colhidos. A quantidade de conídios nos restos culturais foi de 2,1 x 10(5), para D. macrospora, e de 1,0 x 10(5) para D. maydis, no primeiro ano e de 4,2 x 10(5) e 3,4 x 10(6) m-2, respectivamente, no segundo. A dispersão anemófila de conídios foi mais intensa da semeadura até a quarta semana para D. maydis, e da décima semana até a colheita para D. macrospora. O número médio de conídios por cirro foi de 865 para D. macrospora e de 685 para D. maydis. A incidência média nos grãos foi de 75,5% para D. macrospora e de 25,5% para D. maydis. Com este trabalho, observou-se a importância relativa das espécies de Diplodia envolvidas no processo infeccioso de espigas de milho, demonstrando-se que D. macrospora foi a mais freqüente. Comprovou-se também que os restos culturais são necessários à sobrevivência desses patógenos na área cultivada, servindo como fonte de inóculo à infecção da planta e espigas de milho.

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O fungo Magnaporthe grisea (Anamorfo Pyricularia grisea) é o agente causal da brusone do trigo (Triticum aestivum), uma doença limitante à cultura do trigo no Brasil em regiões produtoras localizadas acima do paralelo 24 °S. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar o efeito da temperatura e da umidade relativa do ar na esporulação de M. grisea. O número médio de conídios foi determinado em ráquis de plantas de trigo previamente colonizados com o fungo e expostos em câmaras de crescimento sob temperaturas de 23 e 28 ºC, e com umidade relativa do ar de 80, 85, 90, 95 e 100%. A determinação do número de conídios produzidos foi feita após 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas de exposição em cada combinação de temperatura e umidade. Os efeitos da temperatura e da umidade foram significativos (P<0.001), mas não o da interação. A produção de conídios também foi determinada sob condições naturais de ambiente onde se verificou flutuação da temperatura e da umidade relativa do ar. Os resultados do presente trabalho permitiram observar que quando a umidade relativa é elevada (> 90%) e a temperatura se encontra ao redor de 28 ºC, a produção de conídios de M. grisea é favorecida.