CONSTITUENTS OF ESSENTIAL OIL AND HYDROLATE OF LEAVES OF Campomanesia viatoris LANDRUM

The chemical composition of the essential oil and hydrolates of Campomanesia viatoris Landrum were investigated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and a GC flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The major constituents were tasmanone (70.50, essential oil; 74.73%, hydrolate), flavesone (12.77, essential oil; 12.24%, hydrolate) and agglomerone (6.79, essential oil; 10.84%, hydrolate). Tasmonone was isolated and its structure was characterized by spectrometric analysis, specifically 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS). These findings supports the quimiotaxonomic relationship with Campomanesia and Eucalyptus genera.

A multicriteria model to assess tractors used in family agriculture

In recent years, public policy has been offering subsidized credit for machine purchase to family farmers. However, there is no methodological procedure to select a suitable tractor for these farmers' situation. In this way, we aimed to develop a selection model for smallholder farmers from Pelotas city region in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Building a multicriteria model to aid decisions is divided into three main stages: structuring stage (identifying stakeholders, decisional context and model creation), evaluation stage (stakeholder preference quantification) and recommendation stage (choice selection). The Multicriteria method is able to identify and value the criteria used in tractor selection by regional family farmers. Six main evaluation areas were identified: operational cost (weight 0.20), purchase cost (weight 0.22), maintainability (weight 0.10), tractor capacity (weight 0.26), ergonomics (weight 0.14) and safety (weight 0.08). The best-rated tractor model (14.7 kW rated power) also was the one purchased by 53.3% of local families.

Involvement of the caudal raphe nuclei in the feeding behavior of rats

Involvement of the caudal raphe nuclei (raphe pallidus, RPa; raphe magnus, RMg, and raphe obscurus, ROb) in feeding behavior of adult rats was studied by measuring c-Fos protein expression, in animals submitted to the "meal-feeding" model of food restriction in which the rats were fed ad libitum only from 7:00 to 9:00 h, for 15 days. The experimental groups submitted to chronic fasting, named 'search for food' (SF), 'ingestion of food' (IF) and 'satiety of food' (SaF) were scheduled after a previous study in which the body weight and the general and feeding behaviors were evaluated by daily monitoring. Acute, 48-h fasting (AF) was used as control. In the chronic group, the animals presented a 16% reduction in body weight in the first week, followed by a continuous, slow rise in weight over the subsequent days. Entrainment of the sleep-wake cycle to the schedule of food presentation was also observed. The RPa was the most Fos immunopositive nucleus in the chronic fasting group, followed by the RMg. The ANOVA and Tukey test (P<0.05) confirmed these results. The IF group was significantly different from the other three groups, as also was the number of labeled cells in the RPa in SF and IF groups. Nevertheless, no significant difference was observed between RMg and RPa, or RMg and ROb in the SaF and AF. However, it is interesting to observe that the groups in which the animals were more active, searching for or ingesting food, presented a larger number of labeled cells. These results suggest a different involvement of the caudal raphe nuclei in the somatic and autonomic events of feeding behavior, corroborating the functions reported for them earlier.

Germinação e vigor de sementes de melancia com diferentes ploidias submetidas a tratamentos pré-germinativos

Sementes triplóides e tetraplóides de melancia apresentam problemas de germinação, havendo a necessidade do emprego de tratamentos visando minimizar este problema. Técnicas para melhorar a germinação são importantes para aumentar o potencial de desempenho das sementes e, por conseguinte, a uniformidade das plantas em condições de campo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o efeito de tratamentos pré-germinativos em sementes diplóides, triplóides e tetraplóides de melancia. As sementes foram submetidas à maceração; escarificação mecânica + ácido giberélico (GA3); escarificação; ácido giberélico (GA3). Após a aplicação dos tratamentos, as sementes foram colocadas para germinar em rolos de papel germitest embebido com água destilada na proporção de 2,5 vezes seu peso e mantidas em germinador à temperatura de 25°C. Foram realizadas avaliações de porcentagem de germinação e crescimento de plântulas aos 5 e 12 dias. A avaliação da emergência de plântulas foi realizada no interior de uma casa-de-vegetação coberta com sombrite 50%, em bandejas plásticas com solo. Foram realizadas contagens diárias do número de plântulas emergidas até a estabilização da emergência das mesmas, considerando-se emergidas aquelas que apresentavam os cotilédones expostos. Foram determinadas as porcentagens de emergência e o índice de velocidade de emergência de plântulas. Apesar dos tratamentos pré-germinativos empregados nos três tipos de sementes não serem eficientes no aumento da germinação e emergência de plântulas de melancia, observou-se que o GA3 e a escarificação, empregados separadamente e em associação, promoveram maior crescimento de plântulas oriundas de sementes diplóides e tetraplóides e que a maceração também contribuiu para maior crescimento de plântulas tetraplóides.