Histological and endoscopic features of the stomachs of patients with Chagas disease in the era of Helicobacter pylori

Introduction Most studies that have evaluated the stomachs of patients with Chagas disease were performed before the discovery of Helicobacter pylori and used no control groups. This study compared the gastric features of chagasic and non-chagasic patients and assessed whether gastritis could be associated with Chagas disease. Methods Gastric biopsy samples were taken from patients who underwent endoscopy for histological analysis according to the Updated Sydney System. H. pylori infection was assessed by histology, 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR), serology and the 13C-urea breath test. Patients were considered H. pylori-negative when all of these diagnostic tests were negative. Clinical and socio-demographic data were obtained by reviewing medical records and using a questionnaire. Results The prevalence of H. pylori infection (70.3% versus 71.7%) and chronic gastritis (92.2% versus 85%) was similar in the chagasic and non-chagasic groups, respectively; such as peptic ulcer, atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. Gastritis was associated with H. pylori infection independent of Chagas disease in a log-binomial regression model. However, the chagasic H. pylori-negative patients showed a significantly higher grade of mononuclear (in the corpus) and polymorphonuclear (PMN) (in the antrum) cell infiltration. Additionally, the patients with the digestive form of Chagas disease showed a significantly lower prevalence of corpus atrophy than those with other clinical forms. Conclusions The prevalence of H. pylori infection and of gastric histological and endoscopic features was similar among the chagasic and non-chagasic patients. Additionally, this is the first controlled study to demonstrate that H. pylori is the major cause of gastritis in patients with Chagas disease.

Frequency of histopathological changes in Howler monkeys ( Alouatta sp.) naturally infected with yellow fever virus in Brazil

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Due to the importance that Howler monkeys have on the yellow fever (YF) epidemiological sylvatic cycle in Brazil, more accurate morphological diagnostic criteria needs to be established, especially considering the differences that may exist between the genera of Brazilian non-human primates (NHPs) involved in yellow fever virus (YFV) epizootics. METHODS: Records of YF epizootics in NHPs in Brazil between 2007 and 2009 were obtained from the Brazilian Ministry of Health database to select YF positive (n=98) Howler monkeys (Alouatta sp.) for this study. The changes described in the histopathological reports were categorized by organ and their frequencies calculated. RESULTS: The most frequent lesions observed in the animals with YF were hepatocyte apoptosis (Councilman body formation), midzonal hepatocyte necrosis, steatosis, liver hemorrhage, inflammatory mononuclear cell infiltration of the liver, renal acute tubular necrosis and interstitial nephritis. Midzonal hepatocyte necrosis, steatosis and hemorrhage presented positive correlations with apoptosis of hepatocytes, suggesting strong YFV pathogenic effect association; they were also the main histopathological changes in the Alouatta sp. A pronounced negative correlation between apoptosis of hepatocytes and hepatic mononuclear cell infiltration pointed to significant histopathological differences between YFV infection in Howler monkeys and humans. CONCLUSIONS: The results warn that NHPs may exhibit different response patterns following YFV infection and require a more careful diagnosis. Presumptive diagnosis based on primate histopathological lesions may contribute to public health service control.

Parasitic thyroid nodule in a patient with Hashimoto's chronic thyroiditis

A case of parasitic thyroid nodule is presented. The patient was a non symptomatic 53-year-old white woman, on irregular course of L-thyroxine to treat hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Without a history of thyroid trauma or surgery, she presented a 1.6 x 0.7 x 0.5cm right pre-laryngeal lymph node-like mass which, on ultrasonography, appeared distinct from the gland. TSH, thyroid peroxidase antibody and thyroglobulin antibody serum levels were elevated and T4-free level was normal. Thyroid and total body 99mTc isonitrile scintiscan showed a topic thyroid without radionuclide uptake in the nodule. Fine-needle aspiration of the nodule showed epithelial cells with nuclear atypia and oncocytic changes plus intense lymphoid infiltration and germinative center formation, simulating lymph node metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Conventional biopsy revealed a parasitic thyroid nodule with Hashimoto's chronic thyroiditis. Parasitic thyroid nodule must always be remembered so that unnecessary surgical assessment and undesirable sequels may be avoided.

Kidney function after left renal vein ligation in the dog

The ligature of the left renal vein is an alternative whenever this vessel is injured. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capacity of the affluents of the left renal vein, proximal to the ligature, to maintain tissue vitality and function of the left kidney. Fifteen mongrel male dogs were divided in 3 groups of 5 dogs: Group I (control) - a laparotomy was performed, and the abdominal structures were only identified; Group II - the left renal vein was tied, close to vena cava; Group III - the same procedure as for Group II and a right nephrectomy. Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels were measured before the procedure, and every 3 days during 4 weeks in the postoperative period. Renal arteriography and an excretory urogram were performed on the animals that survived 60 days. Thereafter, or immediately after precocious death, the kidneys were removed for histological examination. All the animals of Group III died before two months (mean = 10.5 +-3.2 days), while the animals of Group II survived during that period. There was a complete exclusion of the left kidney in all dogs that underwent renal vein ligature. In the animals of Group II, the renal cortico-medullary limits could not be identified. At microscopy, the aspect was suggestive of nephrosclerosis. In the animals of Group III, the left kidney was enlarged, and a great amount of intravascular and intrapelvic blood clots were observed. At microscopy, extensive areas of necrosis, inflammatory infiltration, and hemorrhage were identified. In conclusion, the tributaries of the renal vein were not sufficient to maintain the tissue vitality and function of the left kidney after ligature of its main vein.

Um método prático para germinar sementes de pupunha (Bactris gasipaes H. B. K.)

The pejibaye heart of palm is becoming an agro-industrial export crop in Latin America. The nurseryman needs an efficient, cheap method for germinating large quantities of seed that are currently difficult to obtain. A new method is described for germinating large quantities of seed, in small areas, with 90+% germination within a month. This is better than previously used methods and is recommended for agro-industry scale enterprises.

Caracterização e avaliação do potencial agronômico e nutricional de etnovariedades de cubiu (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal) da Amazônia

O cubiu (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal) é um importante recurso genético para o povo da Amazônia, porque produz frutos tradicionalmente utilizados como alimento, medicamento e cosméticos. Por se tratar de um excelente produto para o agro-negócio, aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a espécie, será uma contribuição de grande valia para a sociedade da região. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de caracterizar e avaliar o potencial de diferentes etnovariedades (ETNs) por meio de descritores agronômicos e minerais dos seus frutos. O Experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental de Hortaliças do INPA, em Manaus, em solo Podzólico vermelho-amarelo, álico, textura arenosa e de baixa fertilidade. Adotou-se um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com 28 tratamentos (as ETNs) em quatro repetições. Os seguintes descritores agronômicos e minerais dos frutos foram avaliados: forma dos frutos, número de frutos, comprimento do fruto, largura do fruto, peso médio do fruto, espessura da polpa, potássio, zinco, manganês, sódio, ferro, magnésio e cálcio. As análises de variância detectaram diferenças significativas entre as etnovariedades para todos os caracteres. As 28 ETNs puderam ser classificadas em nove formatos diferentes de frutos. As plantas produziram em média 4 a 89 frutos, variando em peso de 18,5 a 301 g. Entre os micro-elementos analisados a concentração de ferro variou de 97,3 a 352,7 mg em 100g da polpa in natura. Destacou-se em conteúdo deste elemento, a ETN3, originária de Barcelos (AM). Entre os macro-elementos, o potássio (variando entre 54,6 a 563,5 mg em 100g da polpa in natura) apresentou maior concentração nas 28 ETNs avaliadas. A ETN9, originária de Lábrea (AM), foi a que produziu os frutos mais ricos nesse elemento. De maneira geral, as ETNs estudadas apresentam variabilidade genética ampla para ser explorada em programa de melhoramento do cubiu.

Ciclo de vida y aspectos poblacionales de Edessa aff. aulacosterna Stal, 1872 (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) chinche del fruto del camu camu (Myrtaceae) en zona de restinga, Ucayali, Perú

El camu camu es uno de los frutales nativos con gran potencial económico para la agroindustria y agro exportación. Edessa es una de las plagas del camu camu que provoca sequedad en los brotes, y en los frutos una mancha decolorada con círculos concéntricos bien marcados y un punto central al alimentarse. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el ciclo biológico bajo condiciones de laboratorio y la fluctuación poblacional de Edessa aff. aulacosterna "Chinche del fruto del camu camu" durante enero a noviembre del 2004 en el cultivo de camu camu, en parcelas en desarrollo y producción ubicadas en áreas de restinga inundables en Pucallpa, Ucayali, Perú. Se colectaron huevos, ninfas y adultos procedentes del distrito de Yarinacocha, Pucallpa, Ucayali, Perú para iniciar la crianza artificial. El tiempo de duración del huevo al I estadio ninfal fue 5,1 días. Se encontró un 94,6% de eclosión de los huevos, variando entre 12 hasta 14 huevos por postura. El tiempo transcurrido desde el huevo hasta II estadío fue de 37,3 días y del III al V estadío ninfal fue de 81,9 días. El porcentaje de mortalidad del primer estadio ninfal a adulto fue de 98,1%. Los adultos colectados se localizaron preferentemente sobre las ramas y el tallo de la planta, mientras que las ninfas se encontraron en los brotes tiernos. Con relación a su fluctuación poblacional, solo se registró posturas a lo largo del año en parcelas en producción. No se encontraron diferencias entre ninfas I a V, y adultos de Edessa aff. aulacosterna, entre plantaciones en producción y desarrollo de camu camu. Solo se encontró diferencias entre la época seca y lluviosa en las ninfas de III a V estadio en las plantas de camu camu en desarrollo. Edessa aff. aulacosterna presentó mayormente una distribución contagiosa. El adecuado conocimiento de la bioecología nos permite mejorar la estrategia de control de esta plaga.

Tramadol Alleviates Myocardial Injury Induced by Acute Hindlimb Ischemia Reperfusion in Rats

AbstractBackground:Organ injury occurs not only during periods of ischemia but also during reperfusion. It is known that ischemia reperfusion (IR) causes both remote organ and local injuries.Objective:This study evaluated the effects of tramadol on the heart as a remote organ after acute hindlimb IR.Methods:Thirty healthy mature male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into three groups: Group I (sham), Group II (IR), and Group III (IR + tramadol). Ischemia was induced in anesthetized rats by left femoral artery clamping for 3 h, followed by 3 h of reperfusion. Tramadol (20 mg/kg, intravenous) was administered immediately prior to reperfusion. At the end of the reperfusion, animals were euthanized, and hearts were harvested for histological and biochemical examination.Results:The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were higher in Groups I and III than those in Group II (p < 0.05). In comparison with other groups, tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in Group II were significantly increased (p < 0.05), and this increase was prevented by tramadol. Histopathological changes, including microscopic bleeding, edema, neutrophil infiltration, and necrosis, were scored. The total injuryscore in Group III was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) compared with Group II.Conclusion:From the histological and biochemical perspectives, treatment with tramadol alleviated the myocardial injuries induced by skeletal muscle IR in this experimental model.

Cardite rheumatica especifica com nodulos necroticos macroscopicos

In einem Falle von Rheumatismus infectiosus specificus, der bei einem 10 Jahre alten Kinde in kaum 2 Monaten sich abwickelte, konnten wir ausser dem typischen histologischen Bilde einer spezifischen rheumatischen Karditis auch das Vorhandensein von makroskopischen nekrotischen Knoetchen feststellen, die bei der Veroeffentlichung der vorliegenden Arbeit das Hauptinteresse beanspruchen. Die rheumatischen Veraenderungen finden sich sowohl im Myokard als auch im Peri-und Endokard. Die im Myokard vorgefundenen Veraenderungen lassen sich wie folgt einteilen: 1) Schaedigungen einer spezifischen knoetchenfoermigen Myokarditis, die durch die Gegenwart von zahlreichen, zwischen den Muskelfasern und in der Umgebung der Gefaesse gelegenen, typischen Aschoff'schen Knoetchen ausgepraegt sind. (Fig. 2-3). 2) Schaedigungen einer akuten exsudativen herdfoermigen Myokarditis mit Aschoff'schen Knoetchen. (Fig. 5-6). Derartige Veraenderungen offenbaren sich durch das Vorhandensein von polymorphonukleaeren neutrophilen und besonders eosinophilen Leukocyten, und zwar in nicht zusammenhaengenden Herden zerstreut mit Zerstoerung von Herzfasern. In den entzuendlichen Herden kommen noch typische Aschoff'sche Zellen vor, die sich manchmal in Aschoff'sche Knoetchen umorganisieren. (Fig. 5). Weder narbenfoermige Herde noch Verschwielung werden in irgend einem Teile des Herzmuskels angetroffen. 3) Makroskopisch sichtbare nekrotische Knoetchen. - Diese Knoetchen sind der wichtigste Befund der vorliegenden Arbeit. Bei der makroskopischen Betrachtung des Herzens, findet man an verschiedenen Stellen der Innenseite des linken Ventrikels Knoetchen vorliegen, deren gelbliche Faerbung lebhalf von der der benachbarten Muskulatur absticht. Wenn auch an der Oberflaeche des Endokards leicht hervorragend, sind diese Gebilde glatt, von derber Konsistenz, wobei die groessten 1 mm im Durchmesser aufweisen. (Fig. 1). Aehnliche Knoetchen werden im verdickten Teil der beiden Papillarmuskel der Mitratis angetroffen, jedoch weisen diese groessere Dimensionen und einem Durchmesser von 4 mm auf. Die Trikuspidal-und Mitralklappe sind frei, zart und elastisch, bei makroskopischer Betrachtung sind keinerlei aeltere oder juengere warzenfoermige Auflagerungen festzustellen Indessen die mikroskopische Untersuchung der Mitralis ergab einen akuten entzuendlichen Prozess mit reichlichen polymorphonukleaeren neutrophilen und eosinophilen Zellen, jedoch ohne Aschoff'sche Knoetchen. Die vorgefundene Veraenderung entspricht also dem Bilde einer akuten unspezifischen Valvulitis. Die Knoetchen praegen sich durch das Vorhandensein einer zentral gelegenenn nekrotischen Masse, umgeben von einer durch epithelioide Zellen gebildeten Schicht aus. Eines dieser im verdickten Abschnitt des linken Ventrikels angetroffenen Knoetchen misst in seinen groessten Durchmessern 1700 - 1200 µ (Fig. 7). Die ihn befallende Nekrose ist eine typische Verkaesungsnekrose, mit einer Ausdehnung von 700 - 1000 µ in ihren verschiedenen Durchmessern. In einem bestimmten Abschnitt hat sich die Nekrose noch nicht vollstaendig ausgebildet, wobei zahlreiche Kerne sich in dem Zustand von Karyorhexis befinden. Zwischen dem Rand der nekrotisierten Schicht und der Peripherie des Knoetchens sieht man zahlreiche epithelioide Zellen. (Figs. 7-12), unter denen einige zweikernige, den Aschoff'schen aehnliche Gebilde zu erkennen sind. In der Umgebung des Knoetchens sind weder tuberkuloese Follikel noch milliare Gummata zu beobachten. Aschoff'sche Knoetchen sind in dem Teile, dem das Endokardknoetchen am naechsten liegt, nachzuweisen. Anstossend an die epithelioiden, das Knoetchen in einem regelmaessigen Streifen umgebenden Zellen besteht lymphocytaere Infiltration, wobei auch polymorphonukleaere eosinophile und neutrophile Leukocyten sich vorfinden. Auf gleicher Hoehe des nekrotisierten Knoetchens sind die Herzfasern zum groessten Teil zerstoert. Die noch erkennbar sind, sind zersplittert und nekrotisch, wobei von der Querstreifung nichts mehr zu bemerken ist und ein hyalines und homogenes Aussehen Platz greift. Die bei der makroskopischen Untersuchung am verdickten Teil der Papillarmuskeln der Mitratis festgestellten Knoetchen erscheinen durch Verschmelzung verschiedener anderer kleinerer Knoetchen entstanden und zwar konnten wir bis zu vier solcher Knoetchen nachweisen. (Fig. 9) Diese Knoetchen haben eine laengliche Form, ihre Ausdehnung schwankt in ihren groessten Durchmesser zwischen 700 bis 1200 µ. in ihren kleinsten zwischen 180 bis 400 µ. Ihr morphologischer Aufbau ist dem des bereits geschilderten knoetchens sehr aehnlich. Sie weisen gleichfalls eine zentrale nekrotische Schicht, umgeben von einer anderen epithelioider Zellen, auf, wobei an der Peripherie Infiltration von Lymphocyten und polymorphonuklearen neutrophilen und eosinophilen Zellen besteht. Die nekrotische Schicht indessen laesst nicht deutlich das Bild der Verkaesungsnekrose erkennen. Es sind noch veraenderte, homogene Muskelfasern unter Beibehaltung lineaerer Anordnung zu beobachten. An anderen Stellen wiederum ist die Muskelfaser nicht mehr zu erkennen, es finden sich dann nekrotisierte Gebilde von granulierten Aussehen. Die Herzfasern zeigen, nach Massgabe der Entfernung von der Mitte des Knoetchens, ebenfalls homogenes Aussehen, wobei sie eine gleichmaessige durch Eosin bewirkte Rosafaerbung aufweisen. Die histologischen Unterschiede zwischen den genannten Knoetchen und dem geschilderten ersten Knoetchen beruhen nur darauf, dass sich in den erstaren noch keine staerkere Nekrose abgespielt hat, so dass es den Anschein hat als ob das Entstehen der Knoetchen juengeren Datums sei. Den gleichen Unterschied des nekrotischen Bildes bieten sogar die verschiedenen Knoetchen ein und desselben Abschnittes dar, wobei eine wahrhafte Abstufung in den nekrotischen Herden, die in einigen Knoetchen mehr fortgeschritten, in anderen kaum begonnen erscheint, sich feststellen laesst. Unter Anwendung geeigneter Methodiik konnten wir weder das Vorhandensein von Treponemas, Bakterien, noch von saeurefesten Keimen in keinen der Knoetchen nachweisen. Diese fraglichen Knoetchen muessen als eine weite fortgeschrittene rheumatische Schaedigung aufgefasst werden. An dieser Ansicht halten wir fest, wobei wir uns auf aeusserst bedeutungsvolle Befunde stuetzen, wie den Nachweis der Knoetchen in einem typischen Falle von rheumatischer Myokarditis, den Aufbau der erwaehnten Knoetchen auf Kosten von, den Aschoff'schen Zellen morphologisch aehnlichen Zellen; schliesslich halten die Knoetchen immer eine unmittelbare Beziehung zum Endokard aufrecht, wo die Aschoff'schen Knoetchen sich zahlreich vorfinden. Tuberkuloese Follikel sind nicht anzutreffen noch sind Gummatas oder sonstige Veraenderungen syphílítíscher Art vorhanden. Ausserdem fehlen saeurefeste Keime und Spirochaeten. Aus diesen Gruenden muss die Hypothese, als ob es sich hier um tuberkuloese oder syphilitische Gebilde handle, fallen gelassen werden.

Ascaridiose hepatica

The author describes a case of liver ascaridiasis in a girl, 1 year old, who also presented intestinal parasitism by 54 adult specimens pf Ascaris lumbricoides. The hepatic lesions consisted in several abscesses containing living adult worms along with dead specimens and in the formation of an inflammatory condition with pronounced production of fibrous connective tissue and lymphocytic infiltration. Special attention is attracted by the fact of the existence of numerous eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides in the innermost of the inflammatory tissue. The inflammatory foci met with are closely connected with the biliary ducts; the presence of eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides is found even within the epithelium. Apart from the zones affected by the process of ascaridiasis, the hepatic tissue is seen to be well preserved.

Alterações cutâneas do cão no Kala-Azar sul-americano

According to E. Chagas (1938), South-American Kala Azar is a widespread disease from the jungle, several cases being reported from North Brazil (Estado do Pará: Marajó Island, Tocantins and Gurupi river valleys; Estados do Piauí and Ceará: coast and hinterland). Other cases were found in Northeast Brazil (Estados de Pernambuco, Alagôas and Sergipe: coast and hinterland; Estado da Bahia: hinterland). A few cases were described from Estado de Mato-Grosso (Brazil), Provincia de Salta and Território do Chaco (Argentine), and Zona contestada do Chaco (Paraguai-Bolívia). A well defined secondary anemia associated with enlargement of the liver and spleen are the chief symptoms. Death usually occurs in cachexia and with symptoms of heart failure. Half the patients were children aged less than ten years (CHAGAS, CASTRO & FERREIRA, 1937). Quite exhaustive epidemiological researches performed by CHAGAS, FERREIRA, DEANE, DEANE & GUIMARÃES (1938) in Municipio de Abaeté (Estado do Pará, Brazil) gave the incidence of 1.48% for the natural infection in human, 4.49% in dogs, and 2.63% in cats. The infection was arcribed (CUNHA & CHAGAS, 1937) to a new species of Leishmania (L. chagasi). Latter CUNHA (1938) state, that it is identical to L. infantum. ADLER (1940) found that so far it has been impossible to distinguish L. chagasi from L. infantum by any laboratory test but a final judgment must be reserved until further experiments with different species of sandflies have been carried out. Skin changes in canine Kala Azar were signaled by many workers, and their importance as regards the transmission of the disease is recognized by some of them (ADLER & THEODOR, 1931, 2. CUNHA, 1933). Cutaneous ulcers in naturally infected dogs are referred by CRITIEN (1911) in Malta, by CHODUKIN & SCHEVTSCHENKO (1928) in Taschkent, by DONATIEN & LESTOCQUARD (1929) and by LESTOCQUARD & PARROT (1929) in Algeria, and by BLANC & CAMINOPETROS (1931) in Greece. Depilation is signaled by YAKIMOFF & KOHL-YAKIMOFF (1911) in Tunis, by YAKIMOFF (1915) in Turkestan. Eczematous areas or a condition described as "eczema furfurace" is sometimes noted in the areas of depilation (DONATIEN & LESTOCQUARD). The skin changes noticed by ADLER & THEODOR (1932) in dogs naturally infected with Mediterranean Kala Azar can be briefly summarized as a selective infiltration of macrophages around hair follicles including the sebaceous glands and the presence of infected macrophages in normal dermis. The latter phenomenon in the complete absence of secondary infiltration of round cells and plasma cells is the most striking characteristic of canine Kala Azar and differentiates it from L. tropica. In the more advanced stages the dermis is more cellular than that of normal dogs and may even contain a few small dense areas of infiltration with macrophages and some round cells and polymorphs. The external changes, i. e., seborrhea and depilation are roughly proportional to the number of affected hair follicles. In dogs experimentally infected with South-American Kala Azar the parasites were regularly found in blocks of skin removed from the living animal every fortnight (CUNHA, 1938). The changes noticed by CUNHA, besides the presence of Leishmania, were perivascular and diffuse infiltration of the cutis with mononuclears sometimes more marked near hair follicles, as well as depilation, seborrhea and ulceration. The parasites were first discovered and very numerous in the paws. Our material was obtained from dogs experimentally infected by Dr. A. MARQUES DA CUNHA< and they were the subject of a previous paper by CUNHA (1938). In this study, however, several animals were discarded as it was found that they did develop a superimposed infection by Demodex canis. This paper deals with the changes found in 88 blocks of skin removed from five dogs, two infected with two different canine strains, and three with two distinct human strains of South-American Kala Azar. CUNHA'S valuable material affords serial observations of the cutaneous changes in Kala Azar as most of the blocks of skin were taken every fortnight. The following conclusions were drawn after a careful microscopic study. (1) Skin changes directly induced in the dog by the parasites of South-American Kala Azar may b described as an infiltration of the corium (pars papillaris and upper portion of the reticular layer) by histocytes. Parasites are scanty, at first, latter becoming very numerous in the cytoplasm of such cells. Sometimes the histocytes either embedding or not leishman bodies appear as distinct nodes of infiltration or cell aggregations (histocytic granuloma, Figs. 8 and 22) having a perivascular distribution. The capillary loops in the papillae, the vessels of the sweat glands, the subpapillary plexus, the vertical twigs connecting the superficial and deep plexuses are the ordinary seats of the histocytic Kala Azar granulomata. (2) Some of the cutaneous changes are transient, and show spontaneous tendency to heal. A gradual transformation of the histocytes either containing or not leishman bodies into fixed connective tissue cells or fibroblasts occut and accounts for the natural regression just mentioned. Figs. 3, 5, 18, 19 and 20 are good illustrations of such fibroblastic transformation of the histocytic Kala Azar granulomata. (3) Skin changes induced by the causative organism of South-American Kala Azar are neither uniform nor simultaneous. The same stage may be found in the same dog in different periods of the disease, and not the same changes take place when pieces from several regions are examined in the same moment. The fibroblastic transformation of the histocytic granulomata marking the beginning of the process of repair, e. g., was recognised in dog C, in the 196th as well as in the 213rd (Fig. 18) and 231st (Fig. 19) days after the inoculation. (4) The connective tissue of the skin in dogs experimentally infected with South-American Kala Azar is overflowed by blood cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) besides the proliferation in situ of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. A marked increase in the number of cells specially the "ruhende Wanderzellen" (Figs. 4 and 15) is noticed even during the first weeks after inoculation (prodomal stage) when no leishman bodies are yet found in the skin. Latter a massive infiltration by amoeboid wandering cells similar to typical blood monocytes (Fig. 21) associated to a small number of lymphocytes and plasma cells (Figs. 9, 17, 21, and 24) indicates that the emigration of blood cells...

Leucose linfóide hemocitoblástica da galinha

The author presents two cases of hemacytoblastic lymphoid leukosis of the hen. The lesion is principally characterized by big enlargement in size of the liver and by intense lymphocytic infiltration. The cells are classified as hemocytoblastic cells, because they produce erythrocytes, myelocytes and lymphocytes.

As condições ecológicas da Cephaelis ipecacuanha Rich

The present paper is a simple introduction to the ecological requirements of Cephaelis ipecacuanha and only a few preliminary conclusions are reached. Cephaelis ipecacuanha has the habit of a forest plant, which is closely connected with the meteorological and floristic factors. This makes it very necessary to study its ecolo-gical relationships carefully, so as to understand its productivity in accordance with its mi¬croclimatic and microedaphic reactions. Conclusions: 1 — Within the ecological range of Cephaelis ipecacuanha, some zones show more fa¬vourable phytosociological conditions than other zones. Consequently, the vegetative and biological types must be investigated in different associations. a — The most favourable vegetative and biological types encountered, in regard to the phytosociological characteristcs of Cephaelis ipecacuanha, were found respectively in the rain forest on the slopes of the Serra dos Parecis and in the serclimax of the river Galera and its tributaries. b — The phytosociological optimum of Cephaelis ipecacuanha was seen in the Vochysietum (Vochysia sp.) which corresponds to number 11 of the original text. It can be defined as follows: shading by vegetation approximately 90%, as the herbaceous sinusium covers 90% of the area worked in, though the arboreal and arbustive coverture is only 65% and 60% respectviely. The inclination is pratically nil (less than 5°) but the drainage is good because the soil is deep and silicous-humous, thus facilitating infiltration by the rain water which inundates the ground temporarily during the periods of floods. The pH oscillates between 5 and 6, denoting a slightly acid soil.

Miocardite na forma aguda da doença de Chagas

The autopsy of a case of CHAGAS'S disease or American tryponosomiasis (a girl, 5 years old), dead in the 22nd day of illness is reported. The anatomic diagnosis was a follows: Acute diffuse chagasic nyocarditis. Chagasic encephalitis. Chagasic lymphadenitis of the right posterior auricular node. Tuberculosis of the bronchial and pulmonary nodes. Chronic passive hyperemia and atelectasia of the lungs. Chronic passive congestion and hemorrhages of the spleen. Serous hepatitis. Parotiditis. Edema of the right eyelids. Bilateral hydrothorax. Hydropericardium. Hydroperitoneum. The morphology of Schizotrypanum cruzi in the myocardium is considered. Besides agglomerates with typical small oval or round intracellular bodies, pre-flagellate and flagellate organisms, others are found in which the great amount of parasites and marked pressure exerted by them against each other render very difficult their identification; sometimes the similitude of such agglamerates to Toxoplasma is striking (Fig. 1 and 1 A). In such a case, the structure of the blepharoplast (Fig. 1 and IA), usually preserved, is profitable and allows the identification of the pre-flagellate and flagellate forms of Schizotrypanum cruzi. Most of the small sensitive nerves in the epicardium shows mononuclear infiltration of the perineurium (perineuritis, Figs. 12-14). Microscopically there is extensive Zenker's degeneration (Figs. 6-8) and parasitism of the heart muscle fibers, marked cellular infiltration of the interstitial connective tissue, which are found in the ordinary musculature of every chamber of the heart (Figs. 10-11) as well as in Tawara's node (Fig. 9), main bundle (Fig. 2) and right (Fig. 4) and left (Fig. 5) septal divisions of the bundle of His, and perineuritis. Those anatomic changes are associated to an abnormal electrocardiogram presenting some similitude to that of an anemic infarct of the anterior wall of the heart and which will be discussed elsewhere (unpublished paper by Dias, Nobrega & Laranja).

Miocardite no macaco Cebus após inoculações repetidas com Schizotrypanum cruzi

Transmission of Chagas disease is realized through contamination of ocular conjunctiva, mucosa or skin with infected dejections eliminated by the insect vectors of Schizotrypanum cruzi (Triatoma infestans, Panstrongylus megistus and Rhodnius prolixus). The triatomid bugs live in holes and craks in the walls, in beds, behind trunks, etc. Found in primitive mud huts covered with thatched roofs, and so the human dwellers have many chances to contract the disease, reinfections being reasonably more to expect than a single inoculation. Experimental work reproducing those natural conditions is welcomed as some important features in the pathologic picture of the disease such as the extensive myocardial fibrosis seen in chronic cases are still incompletely known. Microscopic changes were studied in the heart muscle of seven Cebus monkeys infected by S. cruzi. This animal survives the acute stage of the disease and so is particularly suited to experiments of long duration in which several inoculations of S. cruzi are performed. Three different strains of S. cruzi isolated from acute cases of Chagas' disease were employed. One monkey was injected in the skin with infected blood and necropsied after 252 days. Two monkeys were three times, and one, eight times infected in skin, one of them with contaminated blood, and two with contaminated blood and dejections from infected bugs. The necropsies were performed after 35, 95 and 149 days. One monkey was three times inoculated through the intact ocular conjunctiva (one time with infected blood, two times with dejections from infected bugs), and one time through the wounded buccal mucosa, and necropsied after 134 days. Another monkey was six times inoculated, four times through the intact ocular conjunctiva (one time with contaminated blood, three times with dejections from infected bugs) and two times injected in the skin with infected blood, and necropsied after 157 days. Finally, another monkey was nine times inoculated, four times through the intact ocular conjunctiva (one time with infected blood, and three times with dejections from infected bugs), and five times injected in the skin (four times with contaminated blood, and one time with dejections from infected bugs), and necropsied after 233 days. The microscopic picture was uniform presenting, however, considerable individual variations, and was represented by diffuse interstitial myocarditis, frequently more (marked in the right ventricle base of the heart), accompanied by lymphatic stasis. The infiltration consists of macrophages, plasma cells and lymphocytes, the cellular reaction having sometimes a perivascular distribution, involving the auriculo-ventricular system of conduction, endocardium, epicardium and cardiac sympathetic gangliae. The loss of cardiac muscle fibers was always minimal. Leishmanial forms of S. cruzi in myocardial fibers are scanty and, in two cases, absent. Fatty necrosis in the epicardium was noted in two cases. Obliterative changes of medium-sized branches of coronary arteries (hypersensitivity reaction?) and multiple infarcts of the myocardium was found in one instance. The diffuse myocarditis induced by S. cruzi in several species of monkeys of the genus Cebus observed after 233 days (several inoculations) and 252 days (single inoculation) is not associated with disseminated fibrosis such as is reported in chronic cases of Chagas' disease. Definite capacity of reversion is another characteristic of the interstitial myocarditis observed in the series of Cebus monkeys here studied. The impression was gained that repeated inoculation with S. cruzi may influence the myocardial changes differently according to the period between the reinoculations. A short period after the first inoculation is followed by more marked changes, while long periods are accompanied by slight changes, which suggests an active immunisation produced by the first inoculation. More data are required, however before a definite statement is made on this subject considering that individual variations, the natural capacity of reversion of the interstitial myocarditis and the employement of more than a species of Cebus monkeys probably exerts influence also in the results here reported.