Leishmania braziliensis: partial control of experimental infection by interleukin-12 p40 deficient mice

Resistance to infection by Leishmania major has been associated with the development of a Th1 type response that is dependent on the presence of interleukin 12 (IL-12). In this work the involvement of this cytokine in the response to infection by L. braziliensis, a less virulent species in the mouse model, was evaluated. Our results show that while interferon (IFN-g) deficient (-/-) mice inoculated L. braziliensis develop severe uncontrolled lesions, chronic lesions that remained under control up to 12 weeks of infection were observed in IL-12p40 -/- mice. IL 12p40 -/- mice had fewer parasites in their lesions than IFN-g-/- mice. Lymph node cells from IL-12p40 -/- were capable of producing low but consistent levels of IFN-g suggestive of its involvement in parasite control. Furthermore, as opposed to previous reports on L. major-infected animals, no switch to a Th2 response was observed in IL-12p40 -/- infected with L. braziliensis.

Macrophage elastase (MMP-12): a pro-inflammatory mediator?

As many metalloproteinases (MMPs), macrophage elastase (MMP-12) is able to degrade extracellular matrix components such as elastin and is involved in tissue remodeling processes. Studies using animal models of acute and chronic pulmonary inflammatory diseases, such as pulmonary fibrosis and chronic obstrutive pulmonary disease (COPD), have given evidences that MMP-12 is an important mediator of the pathogenesis of these diseases. However, as very few data regarding the direct involvement of MMP-12 in inflammatory process in the airways were available, we have instilled a recombinant form of human MMP-12 (rhMMP-12) in mouse airways. Hence, we have demonstrated that this instillation induced a severe inflammatory cell recruitment characterized by an early accumulation of neutrophils correlated with an increase in proinflammatory cytokines and in gelatinases and then by a relatively stable recruitment of macrophages in the lungs over a period of ten days. Another recent study suggests that resident alveolar macrophages and recruited neutrophils are not involved in the delayed macrophage recruitment. However, epithelial cells could be one of the main targets of rhMMP-12 in our model. We have also reported that a corticoid, dexamethasone, phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, rolipram and a non-selective MMP inhibitor, marimastat could reverse some of these inflammatory events. These data indicate that our rhMMP-12 model could mimic some of the inflammatory features observed in COPD patients and could be used for the pharmacological evaluation of new anti-inflammatory treatment. In this review, data demonstrating the involvement of MMP-12 in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis and COPD as well as our data showing a pro-inflammatory role for MMP-12 in mouse airways will be summarized.

Effect of sphingosine and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate on the growth and dimethylsulfoxide-induced differentiation in the insect trypanosomatid Herpetomonas samuelpessoai

We investigated the effect of two modulators of protein kinase C, sphingosine and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), on the growth and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-induced differentiation in Herpetomonas samuelpessoai. Sphingosine did not stimulate the transformation of undifferentiated-promastigotes in differentiated-paramastigotes. PMA alone or in association with DMSO increased the number of paramastigotes in comparison to control cells. DMSO inhibited the parasite growth (35%) and several unusual morphological features resembling aberrant cell division were observed. Sphingosine did not significantly reduce the growth in contrast to PMA. Collectively, our results demonstrated that the reduction of the proliferation translates in an increase of the differentiation rate in the insect trypanosomatid H. samuelpessoai.

Tracing lineage by phenotypic and genotypic markers in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- and Salmonella Typhimurium isolated in state of São Paulo, Brazil

Fifty-three Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- and 45 Salmonella Typhimurium strains were characterised using phage typing, plasmid profiles and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for comparison. The majority of the strains were subdivided into definitive type (DT) 41 (22.6%) and DT 193 (18%) and the 60-MDa plasmid was detected in 94.3% and 84.4% of strains, respectively. Genetic diversity was observed among all strains and 90% presented a > 70% similarity through PFGE analysis. These results suggest a close relationship between Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- and Salmonella Typhimurium at the serotype level.

HBV markers in haemodialysis Brazilian patients: a prospective 12-month follow-up

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and the incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) among haemodialysis (HD) subjects and to evaluate whether testing for serological markers at the time of admission is suitable for HBV screening in this population. One hundred twenty-three patients belonging to two HD centres from São Paulo, Brazil, were tested prospectively. HBV DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in each of the prospective subjects (n = 123) during one year. Additionally, all samples (n = 1,476) were analysed for HBV serological markers. The prevalence of hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV DNA were 34.1%, 15.4% and 8.1%, respectively, while the incidence was null. Fluctuation in HBV serology was observed in one patient. Only 37.8% (17/45) of cases responded to the HBV vaccine. Our results suggest that employing more than one HBV marker and repeated follow-up evaluations may improve HBV screening in HD units.

Estimativa da erodibilidade em entressulcos de latossolos do Rio Grande do Sul

Os modelos de predição e estimativa da erosão hídrica do solo geralmente necessitam de grande quantidade de propriedades, a maioria obtida com o uso de chuva simulada em campo e, ou, laboratório. O uso de propriedades de obtenção mais rápida, simples e de baixo custo, como textura, teor e tipo de óxidos e estabilidade dos agregados em água, pode contribuir para facilitar a estimativa do fator de erodibilidade do solo em entressulcos (Ki). Este estudo teve como objetivos: i) determinar o fator de erodibilidade em entressulcos (Ki) de alguns Latossolos do Rio Grande do Sul; ii) avaliar o uso do percentual de areia e de argila, conforme proposto pelo modelo WEPP, para a estimativa do fator Ki e iii) identificar quais as propriedades que melhor se correlacionam com o fator Ki. Foram estudados três Latossolos de diferentes classes texturais: 1) Latossolo Vermelho aluminoférrico (LVaf) com 721,9 g kg-1 de argila; 2) Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico (LVdf) com 629,4 g kg-1 de argila; 3) Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (LVd) com 215,1 g kg-1 de argila. A erosão em entressulcos foi determinada em laboratório, em solo mobilizado e descoberto, sob pré-umedecimento e chuva simulada com intensidade média de 88 mm h-1. Utilizou-se parcela experimental com área útil de 0,36 m² e declividade de 0,09 m m-1. Os solos com maior teores de argila e de óxidos de Fe e com maior estabilidade de agregados em água apresentaram menor susceptibilidade à erosão em entressulcos. O fator de erodibilidade do solo em entressulcos (Ki) foi de 0,76 x 10(6) kg s m-4, para o LVaf (Erechim); 0,97 x 10(6) kg s m-4, para o LVdf (Santo Ângelo), e 1,48 x 10(6) kg s m-4, para o LVd (Cruz Alta). O índice de estabilidade de agregados em água teve correlação altamente significativa (r=-0,90**) com o fator Ki. O uso dos teores de areia e de argila, conforme sugerido pelo modelo WEPP, não foi adequado para estimar o fator Ki. Os teores de argila e de óxido de Fe, extraído com oxalato amônio ácido (Fe o), explicaram 97 % (p <0,01) da variação no fator Ki dos Latossolos estudados.