Ultrastructural alterations of intracellular stages and effects on blood forms of Trypanosoma cruzi induced in vivo by 2-amino-5-(1-methyil-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl)-1,3,4 - Thiadiazole

An electron microscopy study shows that the administration of a single dose (500 mg/kg, p.o.) of 2-amino-5-(1-methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl)-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole induces in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi results in degenerative lesions of the intracellular stages. Ultrastructural alterations are detected as early as 6 hours after the drug administration and destruction of the parasites occurs within 18 - 36 hours. Trypomastigotes are cleared from the bloodstream 4 to 6 hours after treatment. The combined effect on both developmental stages is apparently responsible for the in vivo ejfects of this drug which is the most active drug ever tested in our laboratory in experimental Chagas' disease.

Acidente por serpentes do gênero Bothrops: série de 3.139 casos

Em avaliação dos prontuários médicos de 3.139 pacientes picados por serpentes do gênero Bothrops atendidos no Hospital Vital Brazil (HVB), de 1981 a 1990, observou-se maior acometimento do sexo masculino (75,7%). Em 1.412 casos (45,0%) a serpente foi identificada, sendo 1.376 B. jararaca, 20 B. jararacussu, 11 B. neuwiedi, 2 B. moojeni, 2 B. alternatus e 1 B. pradoi. As regiões anatômicas mais comumente picadas foram: pé (47,5%) e mão (21,3%). O torniquete foi realizado em 38,2% dos casos e sua freqüência diminuiu durante esse período (p < 0,001). As manifestações clínicas mais freqüentes foram: dor (95,6%), edema (95,4%), equimose (56,1%), bolha (13,8%), necrose (16,5%), abscesso (11,0%), sangramento extratecidual (12,3%), insuficiência renal (1,6%) e choque (0,7%). A coagulação sanguínea foi avaliada em 2.990 casos e estava alterada em 1.730 (57,9%). Ocorreram 21 amputações (0,7%) e 9 óbitos (0,3%). A dose de soro administrada no HVB diminuiu ao longo desse período (p < 0,001).

Species distribution and in vitro fluconazole susceptibility of clinical Candida isolates in a Brazilian tertiary-care hospital over a 3-year period

INTRODUCTION: In this study, we aimed at identifying Candida isolates obtained from blood, urine, tracheal secretion, and nail/skin lesions from cases attended at the Hospital Universitário de Londrina over a 3-year period and at evaluating fluconazole susceptibilities of the isolates. METHODS: Candida isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using species-specific forward primers. The in vitro fluconazole susceptibility test was performed according to EUCAST-AFST reference procedure. RESULTS: Isolates were obtained from urine (53.4%), blood cultures (19.2%), tracheal secretion (17.8%), and nail/skin lesions (9.6%). When urine samples were considered, prevalence was similar in women (45.5%) and in men (54.5%) and was high in the age group >61 years than that in younger ones. For blood samples, prevalence was high in neonates (35%) and advanced ages (22.5%). For nail and skin samples, prevalence was higher in women (71.4%) than in men (28.6%). Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated in the hospital, but Candida species other than C. albicans accounted for 64% of isolates, including predominantly Candida tropicalis (33.2%) and Candida parapsilosis (19.2%). The trend for non-albicans Candida as the predominant species was noted from all clinical specimens, except from urine samples. All Candida isolates were considered susceptible in vitro to fluconazole with the exception of isolates belonging to the intrinsically less-susceptible species C. glabrata. CONCLUSIONS: Non-albicans Candida species were more frequently isolated in the hospital. Fluconazole resistance was a rare finding in our study.

Primary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and its control implications in the State of Amazonas, Brazil: report of 3 cases

The occurrence of tuberculosis with first-line multidrug resistance leads to the use of alternative medications, often at higher costs, longer treatment periods, and greater clinical complexity. Here, we report 3 patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. One patient with human immunodeficiency virus died before the sensitivity test was performed. The early diagnosis of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and appropriate treatment should be priorities of the National Tuberculosis Control Program in order to break the chain of transmission. In addition, the possibility of substituting the proportion method with more modern and faster techniques should be urgently evaluated.

Do differences exist between chronic hepatitis C genotypes 2 and 3?

Introduction Six genotypes of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) have been identified thus far, and their distribution is well defined. Genotype 1, which is the most prevalent worldwide, is always compared to genotypes 2 and 3, particularly in terms of treatment response. However, little is known about the differences between genotypes 2 and 3 because these genotypes are analyzed together in most studies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate differences in the clinical, epidemiological, laboratory, and histological parameters between HCV-2 and HCV-3. Methods Patients with chronic hepatitis C infected with genotypes 2 and 3 were studied retrospectively and compared according to clinical, laboratory, and histological aspects. Hepatitis C virus-ribonucleic acid (HCV-RNA) was analyzed quantitatively by TaqMan® real-time PCR, and the HCV genotype was determined by sequencing the 5′-untranslated region. Results A total of 306 patients with chronic HCV-2 (n=50) and HCV-3 (n = 256) were studied. Subtype 2b (n=17/50) and subtype 3a (n=244/256) were the most prevalent among patients infected with HCV-2 and HCV-3, respectively. The mean age was 47 ± 10 years, and there was a predominance of men in the group studied (61%). Comparative analysis between HCV-2 and HCV-3 showed a younger age (p=0.002), less prevalence of arterial hypertension (p=0.03), higher serum albumin levels (p=0.01), more advanced stage of liver fibrosis (p=0.03), and higher frequency of steatosis in patients with HCV-3 (p=0.001). After multivariate regression analysis, all the variables, except serum albumin, remained as variables associated with HCV-3 in the final model. Conclusions Clinical and histological differences exist between HCV-2 and HVC-3, which suggests the need for separate analyses of these genotypes.

Toll-like receptor 3 gene polymorphisms are not associated with the risk of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infection

INTRODUCTION: The present study investigated the prevalence of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) gene in patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). METHODS: Samples collected from HCV (n = 74) and HBV (n = 35) carriers were subjected to quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to detect the presence of the SNPs rs5743305 and rs3775291 in TLR3 and to measure the following biomarkers: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and prothrombin time (PT). A healthy control group was investigated and consisted of 299 HCV- and HBV-seronegative individuals. RESULTS: No significant differences in allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies were observed between the investigated groups, and no association was observed between the polymorphisms and histopathological results. Nevertheless, genotypes TA/AA (rs5743305) and GG (rs3775291) appear to be associated with higher levels of ALT (p<0.01), AST (p<0.05) and PT (p<0.05). In addition, genotypes TT (rs5743305; p<0.05) and GG (rs3775291; p<0.05) were associated with higher GGT levels. CONCLUSIONS: This genetic analysis revealed the absence of an association between the polymorphisms investigated and susceptibility to HBV and HCV infection; however, these polymorphisms might be associated with a greater degree of biliary damage during the course of HCV infection.

Infection of the central nervous system with dengue virus 3 genotype I causing neurological manifestations in Brazil

Abstract: A case of dengue virus 3 (DENV-3) genotype I infection with neurological manifestations occurred in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais in October 2012. The serotype was detected by PCR, and the genotype was assessed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the C-prM region. The virus causing neurological manifestations clustered with other sequences of DENV-3 genotype I. Because neurological manifestations of DENV are possibly misdiagnosed in Brazil, this study serves as an alert of the importance of DENV diagnoses in CNS infections.

Energy expenditure after 2- to 3-hour elective surgical operations

Energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry in 17 adult patients (8 women and 9 men) before surgery, 4 hours immediately after surgery , and 24 hours late after surgery in patients undergoing elective surgery of small-to-medium scope. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The total duration of surgery ranged from 2 to 3 hours. Repeated measures were performed on the same patient, so that each patient was considered to be his/her own control. All patients received a 5% dextrose solution (2000 mL/day) throughout the postoperative period. RESULTS: Men showed a reduction in CO2 production during the immediately after surgery period (257±42 mL/min) compared to before surgery (306±48 mL/min) and late after surgery (301±45 mL/min); this reduction was not observed in women. Energy expenditure was also lower in men during immediately after surgery (6.6 kJ/min). None of the other measurements, including substrate oxidation, showed significant differences. CONCLUSION: Therefore, elective surgery itself cannot be considered an important trauma that would result in increased energy expenditure. According to this study, it is not necessary to prescribe an energy supply exceeding basal expenditure during the immediate after-surgery period. The present results suggest that the energy supply prescribed during the postoperative period after elective surgery of small-to-medium scope should not exceed 5-7 kJ/min, so the patient does not receive a carbohydrate overload from energy supplementation.

The vacuum assisted closure of complex wounds: report of 3 cases

Treatment of wounds using conventional methods is frequently limited by inadequate local wound conditions, or by a poor systemic clinical situation. Vacuum system may promote faster granulation tissue formation, remove excessive exudate, increase blood flow in the wound, and attract the borders of the wound to the center, reducing its dimension. We present 3 cases of patients with difficult wounds, due to bad local conditions, or poor clinical situation, in whom we used a vacuum system to prepare the wound for the surgical closure. One patient had a pressure ulcer, another had a diabetic foot ulcer, and the third one had an open foot stump. In the 3 cases a significant improvement of the wound conditions was achieved after 7 to 8 days, allowing successful surgical treatment with flap or skin grafts.

Estudos Silviculturais de uma População Natural de COPAIFERA MULTIJUGA Hayne - Leguminosae, na Amazônia Central. 3. Distribuição Espacial da Regeneração Natural Pré-Existente

Mostra-se a distribuição espacial de. plântulas de Copaifera multijuga, Hayne de 12árvores matrizes. 0 potencial de regeneração em área não perturbada é variável em decorrência da maior ou menor produção de sementes pelas matrizes, da competição entre plântulas da espécie e destas com plântulas deoutras espécies, além da provável predaçãopor animais e da luta para sobreviver a baixos níveis de radiação solar. a distribuição das freqüências das plântulus sugere uma forma de J invertido. Nos dois inventários feitos, a altura das plântulas variou de 10cm até um máximo de 50cm, sendo a altura média para as 12 matrizes de. 20,66cm e 15,54cm no1° e 2° inventários, respectivavente. a diferença na variância das alturas das plântulas é significativa, na faixa de5%. As freqüências relativas esperadas, segundo a equação de Poisson, mostrou que a distribuição da regeneração de todas as matrizes é do tipo agregado. 0 número de plântulas /árvore matriz pode ser silviculturalmente útil para fins de plantios, desde quesejam feitos estudos de adaptabilidade das plântulas às condições deviveiro.

1,3-Diarilpropanos de Iryanthera paraensis e Iryanthera tricornis

Iryanthera paraensis e I. tricornis (Myristicaceae) contêm na madeira de seus troncos 1-(2', 4' - dihidroxifenil) -3- (4", 5"-metilenodoxi-2" -metoxifenil) -propano (1a 1-(2', 4' dihidroxifenil) -3-(3", 4" -metilenodioxifenil)-propano (1b) e 1-(4' -hidroxi -2'-metoxifenil) -3-(4"-hidroxi-3"-metoxifenil) -propano (1c). Apenas da primeira espécie se isolou adicionalmente 1-(2', 4'-dihidroxi-3' -metilfenil)-3-(4", 5"-metilenodioxi-2"- metoxifenil) -propano (1d) e 1-(2'-hidroxi-4'metoxifenil) -3-(3", 4"-metilenodioxifenil) -propano (1e). Dados espectroscópicos para a substância 1b, são descritos pela primeira vez.

Bacia 3- Inventário diagnóstico da regeneração natural (*)

Complemento do Inventário Florestal Comercial, DST (s/d) - levantamento de árvores com DAP maior ou igual a 25 cm. Neste caso, o objetivo principal do inventário foi a regeneração natural pré-existente das espécies listadas (EL), desde as plântulas até as mudas estabelecidas, através da amostragem linear em quadrados de 2 x 2 metros. Num outro nível, quadrados de 10 x 10 metros, as classes superiores às mudas estabelecidas foram observadas para se ter uma idéia do grau de ocupação e desenvolvimento das EL e da floresta como um todo. Outras características foram observadas durante as coletas de dados. A ênfase maior, entretanto, é sobre o Índice de estocagem das EL, parâmetro que vai permitir a formulação dos níveis de intervenção na floresta natural de modo a encaixar nos objetivos do projeto de Manejo Ecológico e Exploração da Floresta Tropical Úmida, na Bacia 3.

Bacia 3 - Inventário Florestal Comercial

Inventário Florestal da Bacia 3 do projeto "Manejo Ecológico e Exploração da Floresta Tropical Úmida" para a avaliação dos potenciais quantitativo e qualitativo da cobertura florestal existente na área, com base em medições e observações em árvores com diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP) maior ou igual a 25 cm, de uma população florestal de 96 hectares. A área coberta pelo inventário é composta de 4 blocos de 24 hectares cada, os quais serão destinados às pesquisas de manejo da regeneração natural enriquecimento da floresta natural e regeneração artificial. Localiza-se entre o km 21 e o km 24 na margem esquerda da vicinal ZF-2, no Distrito Agropecuário da SUFRAMA (Superintendência da Zona Franca de Manaus).

PRENYLATED XANTHONES FROM Rheedia acuminata (reprinted from Acta Amazônica, 23(2/3):181-185)

Pyranojacareubin; 1,5-dihydroxy-6',6'-dimethyl-2H-pyran(2,,3':6,7) -6",6"-dime-thyl-2H,4H-pyran(2",3":2,3)xanthone and a new xanthone l,6-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-6',6'-dime-thyl-2H-pyran(2',3':3,2)-7-(3,3-dimethylprop-2-enyl)xanthone were isolated from the ether extract of the root bark of Rheedia acuminata together with friedelin and friedelanol.

EFICIÊNCIA DA ISCA MIREX-S (SULFURAMIDA 0,3%) NO CONTROLE DE Atta cephalotes(HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) EM TRÊS DOSAGENS

Este trabalho foi realizado em reflorestamentos de eucalipto híbrido urograndis (Eucalyptus urophyllaX Eucalyptus grandis)da Jari Celulose S.A, no município de Almerim, Pará, de julho de 1993 a janeiro de 1994. Objetivou-se testar a eficiência da isca granulada Mirex-S (sulfluramida 0,3%), nas dosagens de 6, 8 e 10 gramas por metro quadrado de formigueiro, em comparação com 10 gramas de uma isca a base de dodecacloro (0,45%) para o controle de Atta cephalotes(Hymenoptera: Formicidae). A isca Mirex-S apresentou índices de controle, respectivamente, de 72,70%, 83,33% e 91,67%, em contrapartida com 87,50% da isca a base de dodecacloro. A isca Mirex-S, a 8 e 10 gramas por metro quadrado de formigueiro, pode substituir com eficiência as iscas à base de dodecacloro para o controle de A. cephalotes.