Influence of spray drying conditions on the physical properties of dried pulp tomato

A complet factorial experimental design was applied to determinate the influence of the variable inlet air temperature, feed flow rate, and atomizer speed on the physical properties of the tomato pulp powder. Results showed that these variables had a significant positive effect on the moisture content, apparent density, and particle size and no significant effects on the porosity and true density. The best spray drying conditions to produce lower moisture content and higher apparent density tomato powder were inlet air temperature of 200 °C, feed flow rate of 276 g/min, and atomizer speed of 30000 rpm.

Density and rheological parameters of goat milk

The rheological behavior and density of goat milk was studied as a function of solids concentration (10.5 to 50.0%) and temperature (273 to 331 k). Newtonian behavior was observed for values of total solids (TS) between 10.5 and 22.0% and temperatures from 276 to 331 k changing to pseudoplastic behavior without yield stress for TS from 25.0 to 39.4% at the same range of temperature. Goat milk with TS between 44.3 to 50.0% and temperatures of 273 to 296 k showed yield stress in addition to pseudoplastic behavior. At 303 to 331 k the power law model was observed again, without yield stress. The density of goat milk ranged from 991.7 to 1232.4 kg.m-3.

Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of pan bread samples available in the Brazilian market

Pan bread samples available in the Brazilian market were evaluated for their physicochemical and sensory characteristics. Twelve pan breads, seven white and five whole grain breads, were evaluated. Moisture, water activity (Aw), firmness, and color (L*, a*, b*) of the crumb were evaluated on the first, fourth, seventh, and tenth days after purchasing the breads. Specific volume was evaluated on the first day of analysis with averages of 4.72 and 4.70 mL/g for the white and whole grain breads, respectively. The average results on the first day of analysis were: 37.03% and 41.23% moisture, 0.954 and 0.966 Aw, 276.27 and 267.83 gf firmness, 74.73 and 64.45 L* values, 0.37 and 3.85 a* values, and 15.51 and 18.98 b* values for the white and whole grain breads, respectively. The samples showed an increase in firmness, reduction in moisture and Aw, and no color changes over time. A survey conducted prior to the acceptance test showed that the three most important factors influencing purchase were taste (19.6%), tenderness (16.8%), and expiration date of the product (14.3%). The results showed that 37.2% of the panelists preferred white bread, 62.8% preferred bread with fibers, and 82.6% would probably or definitely buy white bread with fibers.

Infecção urinária comunitária: etiologia segundo idade e sexo

INTRODUÇÃO: A escolha do antimicrobiano para tratamento inicial de infecção de trato urinário (ITU) costuma ser empírica e deve considerar a prevalência dos uropatógenos nas diversas faixas etárias e sexo. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de uropatógenos em ITU comunitária e sua relação com idade e sexo. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal conduzido em pronto socorro (PS) de hospital geral, de janeiro a dezembro, 2010, em pacientes menores de 15 anos com suspeita clínica de ITU, que colheram urocultura quantitativa. Definida ITU como urocultura com crescimento de agente único > 100.000 unidades formadoras de colônia (ufc)/mL na coleta por jato médio ou > 50.000 ufc/mL na coleta por sondagem vesical. RESULTADOS: Ocorreram 63.464 atendimentos no PS. Foram obtidas 2.577 uroculturas; destas, 291 foram positivas para ITU (prevalência = 11,3% das suspeitas clínicas e 0,46% dos atendimentos); 212 casos (72,8%) em meninas, mediana de idade = 2,6 anos. O uropatógeno predominante foi E.coli (76,6%), seguido por Proteus mirabilis (10,3%) e Staphylococcus saprophyticus (4,1%). Em lactentes < 3 meses, a prevalência de E.coli foi significativamente menor (50% x 78,4%; OR = 0,276; p = 0,006). Maior prevalência de Staphylococcus saprophyticus ocorreu em pacientes > 10 anos (24,4% x 0,4%; OR = 79,265; p < 0,0001). Proteus mirabilis foi significativamente mais prevalente em meninos (24,0% x 5,2%; OR = 5,786; p < 0,001). CONCLUSÕES: E. coli foi o uropatógeno mais prevalente das ITU comunitárias. Entretanto, na escolha do antimicrobiano empírico inicial, deve-se levar em consideração a prevalência significativa de outros agentes diferentes de E. coli em lactentes < 3 meses, a alta prevalência de Staphylococcus saprophyticus em pacientes > 10 anos e de Proteus mirabilis em meninos.