Effects of Exercise Training on Heart Rate Variability in Chagas Heart Disease

Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) is a marker of autonomic dysfunction severity. The effects of physical training on HRV indexes in Chagas heart disease (CHD) are not well established. Objective: To evaluate the changes in HRV indexes in response to physical training in CHD. Methods: Patients with CHD and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, physically inactive, were randomized either to the intervention (IG, N = 18) or control group (CG, N = 19). The IG participated in a 12-week exercise program consisting of 3 sessions/week. Results: Mean age was 49.5 ± 8 years, 59% males, mean LVEF was 36.3 ± 7.8%. Baseline HRV indexes were similar between groups. From baseline to follow-up, total power (TP): 1653 (IQ 625 - 3418) to 2794 (1617 - 4452) ms, p = 0.02) and very low frequency power: 586 (290 - 1565) to 815 (610 - 1425) ms, p = 0.047) increased in the IG, but not in the CG. The delta (post - pre) HRV indexes were similar: SDNN 11.5 ± 30.0 vs. 3.7 ± 25.1 ms. p = 0.10; rMSSD 2 (6 - 17) vs. 1 (21 - 9) ms. p = 0.43; TP 943 (731 - 3130) vs. 1780 (921 - 2743) Hz. p = 0.46; low frequency power (LFP) 1.0 (150 - 197) vs. 60 (111 - 146) Hz. p = 0.85; except for high frequency power, which tended to increase in the IG: 42 (133 - 92) vs. 79 (61 - 328) Hz. p = 0.08). Conclusion: In the studied population, the variation of HRV indexes was similar between the active and inactive groups. Clinical improvement with physical activity seems to be independent from autonomic dysfunction markers in CHD.

Post-Acute Coronary Syndrome Alcohol Abuse: Prospective Evaluation in the ERICO Study

Background:Some studies have indicated alcohol abuse as one of the contributors to the development of cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary heart disease. However, this relationship is controversial.Objective:To investigate the relationship between post-acute coronary syndrome (ACS) alcohol abuse in the Acute Coronary Syndrome Registry Strategy (ERICO Study).Methods:146 participants from the ERICO Study answered structured questionnaires and underwent laboratory evaluations at baseline, 30 days and 180 days after ACS. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was applied to assess harmful alcohol consumption in the 12 months preceding ACS (30 day-interview) and six months after that.Results:The frequencies of alcohol abuse were 24.7% and 21.1% in the 12 months preceding ACS and six months after that, respectively. The most significant cardiovascular risk factors associated with high-risk for alcohol abuse 30 days after the acute event were: male sex (88.9%), current smoking (52.8%) and hypertension (58.3%). Six months after the acute event, the most significant results were replicated in our logistic regression, for the association between alcohol abuse among younger individuals [35-44 year-old multivariate OR: 38.30 (95% CI: 1.44-1012.56) and 45-54 year-old multivariate OR: 10.10 (95% CI: 1.06-96.46)] and for smokers [current smokers multivariate OR: 51.09 (95% CI: 3.49-748.01) and past smokers multivariate OR: 40.29 (95% CI: 2.37-685.93)].Conclusion:Individuals younger than 54 years and smokers showed a significant relation with harmful alcohol consumption, regardless of the ACS subtype.

Human Tissue Kallikrein Activity in Angiographically Documented Chronic Stable Coronary Artery Disease

AbstractBackground:Human tissue kallikrein (hK1) is a key enzyme in the kallikrein–kinin system (KKS). hK1-specific amidase activity is reduced in urine samples from hypertensive and heart failure (HF) patients. The pathophysiologic role of hK1 in coronary artery disease (CAD) remains unclear.Objective:To evaluate hK1-specific amidase activity in the urine of CAD patientsMethods:Sixty-five individuals (18–75 years) who underwent cardiac catheterism (CATH) were included. Random midstream urine samples were collected immediately before CATH. Patients were classified in two groups according to the presence of coronary lesions: CAD (43 patients) and non-CAD (22 patients). hK1 amidase activity was estimated using the chromogenic substrate D-Val-Leu-Arg-Nan. Creatinine was determined using Jaffé’s method. Urinary hK1-specific amidase activity was expressed as µM/(min · mg creatinine) to correct for differences in urine flow rates.Results:Urinary hK1-specific amidase activity levels were similar between CAD [0.146 µM/(min ·mg creatinine)] and non-CAD [0.189 µM/(min . mg creatinine)] patients (p = 0.803) and remained similar to values previously reported for hypertensive patients [0.210 µM/(min . mg creatinine)] and HF patients [0.104 µM/(min . mg creatinine)]. CAD severity and hypertension were not observed to significantly affect urinary hK1-specific amidase activity.Conclusion:CAD patients had low levels of urinary hK1-specific amidase activity, suggesting that renal KKS activity may be reduced in patients with this disease.

Biologia da Arsenura xanthopus (Walker, 1855) ( Lepidoptera - Adelocephalidae ), praga do «Açoita-Cavalo» (Luehea spp.) e notas sôbre seus inimigos naturais

Biology of Arsenura xanthopus (Walker, 1855) (Lep., Adelocephalidae), a pest of Luehea spp. (Tiliaceae), and notes on its natural enemies. In the beginning of 1950, one of the Authors made some observations about the biology of Arsenura xanthopus (Walker), in Piracicaba, State of S. Paulo, Brazil. From 1951 to 1953, both Authors continued the observations on such an important Adelocephalidae, the caterpillars of which represent a serious pest of Luehea spp. leaves. Actually, in some occasions, the caterpillars can destroy completely the leaves of the trees. The species is efficientely controlled by two natural enemies: an egg parasite (Tetrastichus sp., Hym., Eulophidae) and a fly attacking the last instar caterpillar (Winthemia tricolor (van der Wulp), Dip., Tachinidae). Tetrastichus sp. can destroy 100% of the eggs and the fly, 70 to 100% of the caterpillars. Indeed, facts as such are very interesting because we rarely know of a case of so complete a control of a pest by an insect. A. xanthopus had not yet been mentioned in our literature. Actually neither the systematic bibliography nor the economic one has treated of this species. However, a few other species of Arsenura are already known as living on Luehea spp. According to the Authors' observations, W. tricolor was also unknown by the Brazilian entomological literature. Arsenura xanthopus (Walker, 1855) After giving the sinonimy and a few historical data concerning the species, and its geographical distribution, the Authors discuss its placing in the genus Arsenura Duncan or Rhescyntis Huebner, finishing by considering Arsenura xanthopus as a valid name. The Authors put the species in the family Adelocephalidae, as it has been made by several entomologists. The host plant The species of Tiliaceae plants belonging to the genus Luehea are called "açoita-cavalo" and are well known for the usefulness of their largely utilized wood. The genus comprises exclusively American plants, including about 25 species distributed throughout the Latin America. Luehea divaricata Mart, is the best known species and the most commonly cultivated. Biology of Arsenura xanthopus Our observations show that the species passes by 6 larval stages. Eggs and egg-postures, all the 6 instars of the caterpillars as well as the chrysalid are described. The pupal period is the longest of the cycle, taking from 146 to 256 days. Data on the eclosion and habits of the caterpillars are also presented. A redescription of the adult is also given. Our specimens agreed with BOUVIER's description, except in the dimension between the extremities of the extended wings, which is a little shorter (107 mm according to BOUVlErVs paper against from 80 to 100mm in our individuals). Winthemia tricolor (van der Wulp, 1890) Historical data, geographical distribution and host are first related. W. tricolor had as yet a single known host-; Ar^-senura armida (Cramer). This chapter also contains some observations on the biolcn gy of the fly and on its behaviour when trying to lay eggs on the caterpillars' skin. The female of W. tricolor lays from 1 to 33 eggs on the skin of the last instar caterpillar. The mam region of the body where the eggs are laid are the membranous legs. Eggs are also very numerous oh the ventral surface of the thorax and abdomen. The. preference for such regions is easily cleared up considering the position assumed by the caterpillar when fixed motionless in a branch. In such an occasion, the fly approaches, the victim, puts the ovipositor out and lays the eggs on different parts of the body, mainly on the mentioned regions, which are much more easily reached. The eggs of the fly are firmly attached to the host's skin, being almost impossible to detach them, without having them broken. The minute larvae of the fly enter the body of, the host when it transforms into chrysalid. Chrysalids recentely formed and collected in nature f requentely show a few small larvae walking on its skin and looking for an adequate place to get into the body. A few larvae die by remaining in the skin of the caterpillar which is pushed away to some distance by the active movements of the chrysalid recentely formed. From 1 to 10 larvae completely grown may emerge from the attacked chrysalid about 8 days after their penetrating into the caterpillars' body and soon begin to look for an adequate substratum where they can transform themselves into pupae. In natural conditions, the metamorphosis occurs in the soil. The flies appear within 15 days. Tetrastichus sp. This microhymenoptera is economically the most interesting parasite, being commonly able to destroy the whole pos^ ture of the moth. Indeed, some days after the beginning of the infestation of the trees, it is almost impossible to obtain postures completely free of parasites. The active wasp introduces the ovipositor into the egg of the moth, laying its egg inside, from 80 to 120 seconds after having introduced it. A single adult wasp emerges from each egg. Sarcophaga lambens Wiedemann, 1830 During the observations carried out, the Authors obtained 10 flies from a chysalid that were recognized as belonging to the species above. S. lambens is a widely distributed Sarcophagidae, having a long list of hosts. It is commonly obtained from weak or died invertebrates, having no importance as one of their natural enemies. Sinonimy, list of hosts and distribution are presented in this paper. Control of Arsenura xanthopus A test has been carefully made in the laboratory just to find out the best insecticide for controlling A. xanthopus caterpillars. Four different products were experimented (DDT, Pa-rathion, BHC and Fenatox), the best results having been obtained with DDT at 0,25%. However, the Authors believe in spite of the initial damages of the trees, that the application of an insecticide may be harmful by destroying the natural agents of control. A biological desiquilibrium may in this way take place. The introduction of the parasites studied (Tetrastichus sp. and Winthemia tricolor) seems to be the most desirable measure to fight A. xanthopus.

Dinâmica reprodutiva de Oligosarcus jenynsii e O. robustus (Characiformes, Characidae) na lagoa Fortaleza, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Oligosarcus jenynsii (Günther, 1864) and O. robustus Menezes, 1969 are fish species distributed in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Uruguay, and northern Argentina. The reproductive period and recruitment, sex ratio, absolute and relative fecundity, and body length at first gonadal maturation of the two carnivorous species from Fortaleza Lagoon were analized. The specimens were sampled monthly, from May 2000 to April 2001, with fishing effort of 24 hours/month, using stationary gillnets of different mesh sizes and seine net (three samples per edge). The records of each individual included total length, total weight, gonad weight, sex and gonadal maturity stage. The reproductive period of both O. jenynsii and O. robustus ranges from May/June to November/December, according to the bimonthly variation of the mean values of gonosomatic index, and the relative frequencies of the gonadal maturation stages. Recruitment of new individuals to the population occurs from November/December to March/April. The sex ratio is different from 1:1 for O. jenynsii and similar to 1:1 for O. robustus. The mean absolute fecundity, calculated by counting sub-sampled oocytes from mature females, was 14,483 oocytes for O. jenynsii, and 16,308 oocytes for O. robustus. The first maturation curve shows that O. jenynsii begins to reproduce between 84 mm and 104 mm (total length), and O. robustus between 126 mm and 146 mm, probably at similar ages.

Ecology of colonizing populations of the figfly Zaprionus indianus (Diptera, Drosophilidae) in Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil

Ecological parameters such as trophic niche overlap and niche breadth were computed from the frequency of all drosophilid species collected in 2001 and 2002, in the urban area of Porto Alegre city, Brazil. Independently of place, drosophilids community composition and components breeding or feeding sites, the highest frequencies of Zaprionus indianus (Gupta, 1970) were obtained during seasons with higher average temperatures, especially during summer. From a total of the 19,146 individuals of Z. indianus sampled, 80% were found in this season. The data of trophic niche breadth suggest a higher opportunism of adult flies in feeding substrate use, but the females are still selective in oviposition substrate choice. For the values of niche overlap, only for some species, did we find any correlation between these and species richness and/or number of resources, and the most of the correlation values considering breeding and feeding sites were positive. The colonization of Z. indianus in Porto Alegre could be leading to adjustments in the survival strategies of the resident species, but it is possible that many species have conditions for coexisting with the invader.

Diversidade de Syrphidae (Diptera) em cinco áreas com situações florísticas distintas no Parque Estadual Vila Velha em Ponta Grossa, Paraná

Um inventariamento dos sifídeos foi realizado em cinco áreas com situações florísticas diferentes dentro do Parque Estadual Vila Velha, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, sul do Brasil. As áreas foram classificadas como Borda, Araucária, estágio inicial de sucessão (Fase 1), estágio intermediário de sucessão (Fase 2) e estágio avançado de sucessão (Fase 3). As coletas foram semanais durante o período de Setembro/1999 a Agosto/2000 utilizando-se armadilha Malaise. Aproximadamente 300.000 dípteros foram capturados nas áreas (apresentadas em ordem de abundância): Araucária (n=74.331 indivíduos, 25% do total), Fase 1 (73.782; 25%), Fase 3 (59.339; 20%), Fase 2 (53.623; 18%) e borda (38.796; 13%). Um total de 1.345 indivíduos de Syrphidae, de 97 espécies, foram identificados. As maiores abundância e riqueza de espécies foram encontradas na Borda (n=684 espécimes em 54 espécies), seguida pela Fase 1 (250; 51), Araucária (162; 34), Fase 3 (146; 31) e Fase 2 (103; 27). A abundância de Syrphidae não se correlacionou à de Diptera em nenhuma área. Syrphidae foi mais abundante na Borda e Diptera na área de Araucária. Syrphinae (82% de todos os sirfídeos coletados), Microdontinae e Eristalinae foram registrados nas cinco áreas. Dos três estágios de sucessão vegetal, a subfamília Syrphinae foi mais representativa na Fase 1, ocorrendo de forma similar nas outras duas áreas. As maiores abundância e riqueza de espécies ocorreram nas áreas mais perturbadas antropicamente (Borda e Fase 1), enquanto que as menos perturbadas apresentaram menores abundância e riqueza (Fase 2 e Fase 3). A análise de agrupamento mostrou que as áreas em sucessão vegetal avançadas são mais similares e a de borda a mais diferenciada.

Comparación ontogénica de la frecuencia de muda en Rhinella marina (Anura, Bufonidae)

La muda es un proceso de renovación de la capa externa de la epidermis (estrato corneo) de los anfibios, la cual suministra protección contra daños, patógenos y pérdida de agua. Este trabajo evalúa la frecuencia de muda entre juveniles y adultos de Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758) y la tasa de ocurrencia entre el día y la noche. Para esto, se realizaron dos observaciones diarias (7 am y 7 pm), entre Octubre de 2011 y Marzo de 2012, a tres grupos de individuos clasificados según su tamaño longitud rostro-cloaca, como adultos (promedio=80 mm), juveniles medianos (promedio=19 mm) y juveniles pequeños (promedio=13 mm). Estos animales fueron colocados en terrarios en el laboratorio y marcados en el dorso a través de un punto hecho con un corrector de tinta. La muda se determinó por la pérdida total de la marca y una coloración brillante en el dorso. Se encontró una diferencia significativa (Kruskal-Wallis, H=19.84, p<0.0001) en el periodo de muda entre los tres grupos de estudio: adultos=7.5 días, juveniles medianos=5.4 días, juveniles pequeños=5.3 días. También, en la frecuencia de animales que mudaron en el día y la noche (Ji-cuadrado, χ2=7.891, p=0.019), particularmente en los dos grupos de juveniles, quienes lo hicieron en la noche, ya que en los adultos no hubo una diferencia clara. Posiblemente, la mayor frecuencia de la muda en los juveniles puede relacionarse con su condición ontogénica, de un menor tamaño corporal, alta tasa metabólica y mayor tasa de desarrollo.

Acidentes de trabalho em indústria gráfica

Os autores analisam, dentro do campo da higiene industrial, as condições sanitárias de um grande estabelecimento de artes gráficas no Rio de Janeiro — a Imprensa Nacional, o regime de trabalho aí instituído; e revistam, um a um, os processos industriais executados, especialmente atenção às causas potenciais de acidentes, que aí existem, e também àquelas cuja responsabilidade já se positivou. Ressaltam, no ponto de vista doutrinário, os diversos fatores que podem interferir na ocorrência dêsses infortúnios de trabalho; e, mostrando como tem sido superestimada a culpabilidade das máquinas, realçam a importância dos fatores individuais — idade e experiência do operário, doenças e defeitos físicos, atitude mental, constituição fisio-psicologica. Salientam como a evidência da predisposição a acidentes, que se reconheça existir, possibilita manter os operários, já em função ou pretendentes a emprego, debaixo de supervisão rigorosa; e oportuniza mesmo colocá-los melhormente, em tarefas que, no máximo, só lhes possam acarretar aciden¬tes de natureza leve. Mostram que, no período em estudo — 1942 a 1945, houve ao todo 1.123 acidentes na I.N., com o coeficiente geral de incidência de 220.3 por 1.000 operários expostos. O coeficiente de acidentes médios ou graves foi de 32 por mil, no mesmo período. Apontando ainda a descenção, no quatriênio, das curvas relativas tanto aos acidentes totais, como aos médios ou graves e aos produzidos por máquinas, dão a ver que a taxa, que retrata essa descida, é, para os primeiros, 3.5 e cêrca de 10 vêzes maior, respectivamente, que a dos acidentes por máquinas e dos médios ou graves. Mostra-se significativa a diferença, entre a tendência observada nas curvas dos acidentes em geral e dos médios ou graves; já isso, porém, não acontece, quanto à diferença entre a primeira e a dos acidentes produzidos por máquinas. De fato, sendo os valores de t respec¬tivamente, dc 2.987 e 2.333, só o primeiro fica, na tabela de Fisher, acima do nível de significância P = 5%, para v = 4 graus de liberdade (2.776). Na base dos coeficientes de incidência por 1.000 operários, em cada uma das seções da Imprensa Nacional, verifica-se terem sido eles mais elevados nas oficinas de mecânica e carpintaria e na turma de eletricidade; já quanto a oficinas pròpriamente gráficas, mostram-se mais altos os coeficientes nas de rotogravura, estereotipia e impressão. Em 8 das 14 seções, depois de baixa pronunciada do primeiro para o segundo ano e deste para o terceiro, alteou-se, no fim do período (1945), a curva de acidentes. Só na oficina mecânica, veio ela sempre em declínio. Levando em conta a severidade dos acidentes, verifica-se que, no período em estudo, os coeficientes relativos aos acidentes médios ou graves, calculados sobre 1.000 operários expostos, foram mais altos nas oficinas auxiliares de mecânica e carpintaria, seguidos, também aqui, dos ocorridos na rotogravura e estereotipia. Analisando os acidentes pelas suas causas imediatas, apontam os auto¬res ter tocado, no período e em qualquer dos quatro anos, às máquinas, a maior responsabilidade; seguiram-se-lhes os instrumentos e objetos traumatizantes, as quédas e choques. Todavia. na base do percentual dos acidentes médios ou graves sobre o total respectivo. regista-se haver contraste nítido, respeito à severidade, entre um primeiro grupo de causas de acidentes, compreendendo o esforço, os corpos estranhos (dada a sua frequente localização ocular) e os agentes causadores de queimaduras e um segundo grupo, englobando as de¬mais causas, salvo as máquinas, que ficam de permeio. A responsabilidade dos corpos estranhos e das queimaduras, como causas de acidentes de severidade, mostra o cuidado que devem merecer os recursos de proteção individual para os operários. Tabulando por meses, e na base de horas de trabalho, os acidentes ocorridos, verifica-se que a maior taxa corresponde ao verão (146.2 por 1.000 horas de trabalho), seguindo-se-lhe o outono (122.0), vindo depois o inverno e a primavera, nesta ordem. Não sendo, no Rio de Janeiro, cidade situada na zona tropical, tão nítida. como em outras de clima temperado, a diferenciação estacional, tomaram os autores para comparação os quadrimestres mais quente (dezembro a marco) e mais frio (junho a setembro), e verificaram que a taxa de acidentes no primeiro, de 136.8 por 1.000 horas de trabalho, contrasta com a relativa ao segundo período — 125.4. Levando apenas em conta os acidentes médios ou graves, não mais se aponta a diferença verificada: tocam, realmente, aos dois quadrimestres, as taxas de 17.2 e 19.7. É muito nítida, porém, a variação no pertinente aos acidentes leves - 119.6 e 105.8, sôbre os quais, segundo Osborne e Vernon, parece clara a influência da temperatura ambiente: de fato, nas verificações desses investigadores, a frequência relativa de acidentes subiu de 102 para 122, quando a temperatura ascendeu de 20°4 C a 25°2 C. No Rio de Janeiro, a temperatura media, no quadrimestre mais quente, foi dc 25°. 2 C e, no mais frio, de 20°.4 C, idênticos os valores aos dos dados de Osborne e Vernon, como pràticamente também o são as taxas de acidentes leves, aqui e ali observadas em função de tais variações. Não se mostrando de todo satisfatórios os dados de 123 das 209 fotometrias realizadas na Imprensa Nacional (59%), apontam os autores tornar-se difícil aquilatar a responsabilidade exata da deficiência de iluminamento, nos acidentes ocorridos. Salientam, todavia, que, mau grado a construção do edifício e as instalações de iluminação artificial terem sido projetadas por técnicos nesses assuntos, a verdade é que os esperados benefícios se viram prejudicados: em parte, pela colocação, nem sempre a mais satisfatória, de máquinas e operários: também, porque muitos dos pontos de luz artificial estão inaproveitados e, ainda, por não ter sido feita de maneira adequada a substituição de unidades defeituosas. Há a consignar, ademais, o descuido, por vezes grande, na limpeza dessas unidades e das superfícies transmissoras de luz natural e a ocorrência de ofuscamento para os operários em diversas situações...

An outbreak of human Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection

The occurence of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis among inhabitants of 10 farms within 10 Km of the hamlet of Corte de Pedra, Bahia, Brazil was studied prospectively from 1984-l989. A mean population of 1,056 inhabitants living in 146 houses were visited every 6 months and the number of sKin ulcers recorded. A leishmanin skin test survey was done people with suggestive skin scars or active disease in l984. The incidence of skin ulcers due to Leishmania (Viannia) brasiliensis (Vlb) reached 83/1,000 inhabitants but declined sharply in the subsequent 2 years. Retrospective data shows that leishamiasis is a sporadic endemic disease. Although the reasons for this epidemic are unclear some possible aetiological factors are discussed.

Hepatitis E virus infection in selected Brazilian populations

A retrospective study on the prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection was conducted in selected populations in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A total of 1,115 subjects were tested including 146 patients with acute Non-A Non-B Non-C (NANBNC) viral hepatitis, 65 hemodialysis patients, 93 blood donors, 102 intravenous drug users (IVDUs), 304 pregnant women, 145 individuals living in the rural area and 260 individuals living in the urban area. In order to characterize a favorable epidemiological set for enterically transmitted infection in the studied populations we also evaluated the prevalence of anti-HAV IgG (hepatitis A virus) antibodies. Specific antibodies to HEV (anti-HEV IgG) were detected by a commercial EIA and specific antibodies to HAV (anti-HAV IgG) were detected using a competitive "in house" EIA. We found a high prevalence of anti-HAV IgG in these populations, that could indicate some risk for infections transmitted via the fecal-oral route. The anti-HEV IgG prevalence among the different groups were: 2.1% in patients with acute NANBNC viral hepatitis, 6.2% in hemodialysis patients, 4.3% in blood donors, 11.8% in IVDUs, 1% in pregnant women, and 2.1% in individuals form the rural area. Among individuals living in the urban area we did not find a single positive serum sample. Our results demonstrated the presence of anti-HEV IgG in almost all studied populations; however, further studies are necessary to establish the real situation of HEV epidemiology in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Seasonal analysis of the number of aeropiles in Anocentor nitens (Neumann, 1897) (Acari: Ixodidae) from the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Variation between aeropile numbers of the right and left peritrematic plate in male and female Anocentor nitens (Neumann, 1897) is reported from a site in Brazil. From January to December 1998, 146 males and 247 females of A. nitens were recovered from Equus caballus L. in Silva Jardim District, State of Rio de Janeiro. Asymmetry of numbers of aeropiles between right and left plates occurred in 83.6% of the males and 82.2% of the females. Differences in the number of aeropiles between the sexes were not significant. Quantitative variation of aeropiles was correlated to the period of recovery, with significant asymmetry detected in August-September and November-December, mainly in males. Results suggest an adaptation, especially in the male ticks, that expresses itself as greater variation in the number of aeropiles in some periods of the year.

First report of the genus Retortamonas (Sarcomastigophora: Retortamonadidae) in birds

In studies carried out on the parasites infecting ostriches (Struthio camelus) in Spain, trophozoites of Retortamonas sp. have been found in the intestinal contents of 28 out of 146 slaughtered ostriches. The species infecting ostriches could not be determined from the morphological data available. However, these findings are important as they constitute the first report of the genus Retortamonas in birds.

Louse infestation of the Chiribaya Culture, Southern Peru: variation in prevalence by age and sex

In order to improve the interpretive potential of archaeoparasitology, it is important to demonstrate that the epidemiology of ancient parasites is comparable to that of modern parasites. Once this is demonstrated, then we can be secure that the evidence of ancient parasitism truly reflects the pathoecology of parasitic disease. Presented here is an analysis of the paleoepidemiology of Pediculus humanus infestation from 146 mummies from the Chiribaya culture 1000-1250 AD of Southern Peru. The study demonstrates the modern parasitological axiom that 10% of the population harbors 70% of the parasites holds true for ancient louse infestation. This is the first demonstration of the paleoepidemiology of prehistoric lice infestation.

Dynamics of the 2006/2007 dengue outbreak in Brazil

We analyzed dengue incidence in the period between October 2006-July 2007 of 146 cities around the country were Larval Index Rapid Assay (LIRA) surveillance was carried out in October 2006. Of these, we chosen 61 cities that had 500 or more cases reported during this period. We calculated the incidence coefficient, the force of infection (») and the basic reproduction number (R0) of dengue in those 61 cities and correlated those variables with the LIRA. We concluded that » and R0 are more associated with the number of cases than LIRA. In addition, the average R0 for the 2006/2007 dengue season was almost as high as that calculated for the 2001/2002 season, the worst in Brazilian history.