Production of Shistosoma mansoni cercariae by Biomphalaria glabrata from a focus in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais

The snail density, levels of infection and the monthly production of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae by Biomphalaria glabrata were determined in a focus of Barreiro de Baixo (Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil). During a period of 38 months (1984 to 1987) 5,366 snails were collected of which 324 (6.03%) were infected with S. mansoni. The total number of cercariae shed was 5,667,312. Each snail shed an average of 17,422 cercariae during the time that it was under study in the laboratory. The greatest longevity of infected snails was 218 days. Natural cure was observed in 42 (12.9%) of the infected specimens about 130 days after collection. The average snail density in the focus during the period of study was 16.3 snails per scoop. The shedding of cercariae by snails collected from the field was compared with laboratory bred specimens infected in mass with the LE strain of S. mansoni from Belo Horizonte. The laboratory infected snails shed an average of 6,061 cercariae each, a value 2.8 times less than the field specimens due to a shorter life span. The prevalence of schistosomiasis in the focus was 14.3%.

Clinical-epidemiologic study of schistosomiasis mansoni in Ponte do Pasmado, a village in the municipality of Itinga, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, 1992

A clinical-epidemiologic study of schistosomiasis mansoni was conducted in the population of Ponte do Pasmado, a village in the municipality of Itinga, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Faecal Parasitology by the Kato-Katz method and clinical examination were performed in 93.8% and 82.8% of the local population, respectively. A socioeconomic survey was also made and the signs and symptoms presented by the patients were recorded, as well as their contacts with natural waters. The rate of Schistosoma mansoni infection was 50.3%; the peak of infection occurred during the second decade of life; there was a predominance of low egg counts in faeces (85.89% of positive patients eliminated less than 500 eggs per gram of faeces); the splenomegaly rate was 1.23%. When the risk factors for S. mansoni infection were studied, significant risks were detected in activities such as fetching water, washing dishes, bathing, and crossing streams.

Egg excretion in the initial phase of experimental murine schistosomiasis mansoni: stability and association with worm burden

Stability of faecal egg excretion and correlation with results related to worm burden at the initial phase of schistosomiasis mansoni were observed in two groups of mice infected with different Schistosoma mansoni cercarial burdens, by means of analysis of quantitative parasitological studies and schistosome counts after perfusion. Thus, it may be stated that few quantitative parasitological stool examinations could be sufficient to express the infection intensity at the initial phase, on the same grounds that it was already demonstrated at the chronic phase. Furthermore, it is confirmed that the use of the number of eggs passed in the faeces as a tool to estimate the worm burden at the initial phase of schistosome infection is adequate.

SCHISTOSOMIASIS MANSONI IN THE "BAIXADA OCIDENTAL MARANHENSE", STATE OF MARANHÃO, BRAZIL: CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES PERFORMED IN 1987 AND 1993

A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of schistosomiasis mansoni in three sites of the "Baixada Ocidental Maranhense" was carried out in 1993 in: Alegre (in the municipality of São Bento), Aliança (in Cururupu) and Coroatá II (in the municipality of São João Batista). Results were compared to those of another study performed at the same sites and in similar conditions, in 1987. The entire population of the three sites, with few exceptions, was submitted to fecal tests using the Kato-Katz method and immediate intradermal tests for schistosomiasis in both studies. Subjects with positive results in one of these tests were clinically evaluated by a physical examination. In 1993, the total of 827 subjects were submitted to fecal examination and 826 to intradermal test. Schistosoma mansoni eggs were found in the feces of 154 (18.6%) subjects, while 478 (57.9%) subjects presented a positive intradermal test. Stool examination was carried out in 367 subjects in Alegre with a positivity rate of 14.9%; the intradermal test, performed in 366 subjects, was positive in 47.5% of the cases. In Aliança, 277 subjects had their feces examined and were submitted to an intradermal test, with a positivity rate of 34.4% and 70.7%, respectively. Finally in Coroatá II, 183 inhabitants submitted to fecal and intradermal tests had positivity rates of 2.2% and 59.0%, respectively. When the present data were compared to those obtained in the survey performed in 1987, a significant decrease in the prevalence of infection by S. mansoni was observed in Alegre and Coroatá II, and a prevalence increase in Aliança.

Salmonella-S. mansoni ASSOCIATION IN PATIENTS WITH ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME

Two young men with Salmonella bacteraemia, active schistosomiasis and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are reported. The clinical presentation comprised nonspecific signs and symptoms, such as fatigue, malaise, weight loss, diarrhoea, prolonged fever, and hepatosplenomegaly. In one patient, liver biopsy showed poorly formed granulomata around Schistosoma mansoni eggs and hepatitis. Treatment of schistosomiasis alone induced consistent clinical improvement with eventual cure of both Salmonella and S. mansoni infections. Recognition of the Salmonella-S. mansoni association in patients with AIDS is important because treatment of schistosomiasis makes a difference, improving the prognosis of this otherwise, recurrent, potentially fatal bacteraemia.

RE-EVALUATION OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS MANSONI IN MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL. III. "NOROESTE DE MINAS" MESOREGION

This study was conducted to assess the presence of schistosomiasis mansoni in the "Noroeste de Minas" mesoregion, an area considered non-endemic. A malacologic survey and parasitologic stool examinations were undertaken in 13 municipalities of the mesoregion. A sample of 3,283 primary school students was submitted to fecal examination by the Kato-Katz method. A total of 3,627 planorbids was collected and examined. The molluscs were identified as Biomphalaria straminea in seven municipalities (Unaí, Bonfinópolis de Minas, Paracatu, João Pinheiro, Vazante, Lagamar and Lagoa Grande) and as Biomphalaria peregrina in one (Presidente Olegário). All planorbids were negative for Schistosoma mansoni. Four students were diagnosed with schistosomiasis in the municipalities of Buritis, Formoso, Paracatu and Unaí, but none of these cases was considered autochthonous. The data obtained indicate that the "Noroeste de Minas" mesoregion continues to be non-endemic for schistosomiasis mansoni, although the presence of intermediate hosts associated with parasitized individuals emphasizes the need for epidemiological surveillance of schistosomiasis in this mesoregion.

Does Cleome droserifolia have anti-schistosomiasis mansoni activity?

The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of the crude extract of Cleome droserifolia (CD) leaves on experimentally infected mice with Schistosoma mansoni. Two groups of mice, showing a patent infection of S. mansoni, one of them was daily treated with an alcoholic extract of CD leaves (0.31 g kg-1 body weight, i.p.) for 21 days. The schistosomicidal activity of the CD extract was evaluated, three weeks post-treatment, on some parasitological and histopathological aspects including worm load, oogram pattern, faecal eggs releasing and granuloma formation. In addition, serum thyroid hormones levels (tri-iodothyronine; T3 and tetra-iodo-thyronin; T4), serum total protein contents and hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) were evaluated. Treatment using CD extract resulted in a weak reduction in worm burden (32.46%) and affected the viability of both mature and immature eggs as indicated by the increase in the percentage of dead eggs and the decrease in the percentage of live ones. In addition, a week post-treatment, eggs elimination was observed in the stool of the infected-treated group which was low compared to the infected group. There was a suppressive effect of the extract on granuloma formation that could be due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. These data are confirmed by increasing hepatic GSH, serum total proteins and thyroid hormone levels in the infected-treated group as compared to the infected group. Treatment significantly enhanced b globulin fractions of the protein. Based on these assumptions, CD extract has beneficial effects on thyroid hormones status and anti-schistosomiasis activity. The beneficial effects of CD extract could be related to its direct effects on the parasite, and secondary to its effect on the antioxidant capacity of the host. The present study could emphasize the precise mechanism (s) of CD extract protection.

THE SCHISTOSOMULA TEGUMENT ANTIGEN AS A POTENTIAL CANDIDATE FOR THE EARLY SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS MANSONI

If Schistosoma mansoni infection could be detected in its early stages, especially before the egg deposition in the host tissues, the development of severe pathologic lesions could be efficiently prevented. We therefore developed an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the detection of specific IgG against schistosomula antigens (ELISA-SmTeg). The assay was applied in sera samples from non-infected and infected mice collected seven and 15 days post-infection. The results were compared to the number of adult worms obtained by perfusion of the murine hepatic system 50 days post-infection. The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA-SmTeg were 100% (p = 0.0032 and 0.0048 respectively for seven and 15 days of infection) with a cutoff value of 0.15 (p = 0.0002). Our findings show a novel low-cost serological assay using antigens which are easy to obtain, which was able to detect all the infected mice as early as seven days post-infection.

Nota sôbre o encontro de ovos de S. Mansoni no esperma

Examinando o esperma de Indivíduo portador da forma intestinal da esquistossomose mansônica, os autores encontraram ovos viáveis de Schistosoma mansoni. Após revisão da literatura discutem os aspectos parasitológicos, clínicos e terapêuticos dêsse achado.

Sobre o método de Kato no diagnóstico da esquistossomose mansoni

Os autores fazem um estudo comparativo entre os métodos de sedimentação, MIF-C e Kato em relação à eficiência para diagnosticar ovos de helmintos, em especial os de Schistosoma mansoni. Discutem as possibilidades e limitações dos métodos assinalados e concluem pela maior eficiência do método de sedimentação.

Contribuição ao estudo da esquistossomose e das enteroparasitoses em Mato Grosso: relato dos primeiros três casos autoctones de esquistossomose mansoni no Estado de Mato Grosso

Num total de 19.463 exames de fezes, realizados de 19 de janeiro de 1972 a 31 de dezembro de 1977 no Hospital Santa Maria Bertila de Guiratinga (Mato Grosso), 270 apresentaram ovos vivos de Schistosoma mansoni. A distribuição por sexo dos portadores de esquistossomose foi a seguinte: 167 homens (61,8%) e 103 mulheres (38,2%). Com referência à naturalidade, 229 pacientes eram naturais do Estado de Minas Gerais, 17 de Pernambuco, 14 da Bahia, quatro de Alagoas, três do Piauí e três de Mato Grosso. Os três pacientes de Mato Grosso são do sexo feminino, com 10, 17 e 23 anos. Dois são naturais e residem no município do Rio Negro e um reside no município de Rondonópolis sendo natural de Poxoréo. Os três nunca sairam do Estado. Achamos que estes casos revestem-se de grande importância epidemiológica pois que representam a primeira constatação de esquistossomose mansoni autóctone no Estado do Mato Grosso. Ê provável que esteja acontencendo em Mato Grosso o que aconteceu recentemente em Goiás: a implantação em área virgem de focos autóctones de Schistosoma mansoni, através de portadores vindos de zonas endêmicas de outros estados, particularmente Minas Gerais, Bahia e estados do Nordeste.

Esquistossomose mansoni experimental: carga parasitária e distribuição de vermes adultos no sistema porta de ratos albinos tratados com Azatioprina

Estudou-se o curso da infecção esquistossomótica experimental no rato albino, um hospedeiro singular para o Schistosoma mansoni, e quatro semanas após a infecção houve uma rápida diminuição na carga parasitária, fato esse denominado por alguns pesquisadores como ' fenômeno de autocura Contudo, após a administração de um imunossupressor - a Azatioprina - observou-se uma maior susceptibilidade dos ratos à infecção, com os animais apresentando um significativo retardamento no chamado "fenômeno de autocura A grande maioria dos vermes é recuperada nos vasos intra-hepáticos do sistema porta, sem que haja migração para as veias mesentéricas. Quando os ratos foram tratados com Azatioprina observou-se uma significativa localização mesentérica dos vermes adultos neste hospedeiro.

Sintomatologia intestinal na fase crônica da esquistossomose mansoni

Com o objetivo de investigar os sintomas intestinais na fase crônica da esquistossomose mansoni, estudamos 102 indivíduos na faixa etária de nove a dezenove anos, dos 144previamente selecionados entre os moradores autóctones dos distritos de Lagoa Redonda e Menezes, portadores de Schistosoma mansoni. Todos foram submetidos a uma anamnese segmentar com a finalidade de detectara presença de cinco sintomas intestinais: dor abdominal, diarréia, muco e rajas de sangue nas fezes e enterorragia. Metade dos pacientes foi medicada com mebendazole e posteriormente com oxamniquine, constituindo-se no grupo caso, enquanto a outra metade, tratada apenas com mebendazole, constituiu-se no grupo controle. Os resultados mostram que a esquistossomose é provavelmente a responsável pelas queixas de muco e/ou rajas de sangue nas fezes, ocorrendo uma redução dessas queixas, estatisticamente significante, após a terapêutica específica.

Histopatologia da esquistossomose mansoni em fígado de Mus musculus infectado por amostras humanas de fase aguda e crônica da periferia de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais

Exemplares de Biomphalaria glabrataforam infectados com miracídios obtidos de ovos de Schistosoma mansoni, encontrados em fezes de indivíduos de 7 a 18 anos, da região de Lagoa da Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG. Os pacientes de fase aguda se infectaram em uma primeira visita ao foco. Os da fase crônica eram moradores próximos aos focos. Para cada caso clínico, isolou-se a respectiva amostra do parasita. Foram infectados pela cauda 55 camundongos fêmeas com 70 ± 10 cercárias. Cortes histológicos de fígados, corados por HE, tricrômico de Gomori, impregnação metálica pela prata, e PAS foram observados à microscopia óptica. Não houve diferenças estatísticas em relação às médias das mensurações dos diâmetros dos granulomas referentes às amostras e datas de sacrifícios. Os granulomas apresentaram fase exsudativa do tipo Ha (reação de inflamação mista) e IIIa (granuloma com células epitelióides). Com amostras de pacientes em fase aguda o padrão predominante foi a Ha na 7ª semana. Na 10.ª semana predominaram granulomas do tipo IIIa. Nas amostras de pacientes em fase crônica, verificou-se uma mescla de granulomas do tipo Ha e IIIa na 7ª semana. Na 10ª semana predominou o tipo IIIa. Alguns aspectos histopatológicos de fígados foram descritos e comparados com aqueles existentes na literatura.

Identificação de um novo foco de esquistossomose mansoni (município de Nova Lima, MG, Brasil)

E relatada a detecção de um novo foco de transmissão da esquistossomose mansoni, no município de Nova Lima (região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil). Na localidade conhecida por Banqueta do Bananal, no bairro da Boa Vista, foram capturados 356 exemplares de Biomphalaria glabrata dos quais 30 (8,4%) estavam infectados. Dos 162 moradores submetidos ao exame de fezes, 91 eliminavam ovos de Schistosoma mansoni, apresentando uma prevalência de 56,0%. A ação conjunta dos moradores e da Prefeitura Municipal levou à eliminação do foco, sendo esta uma solução poucas vezes conseguida em situações semelhantes.