Effects of micronized sodium chloride on the sensory profile and consumer acceptance of turkey ham with reduced sodium content

The impact of sodium chloride reduction and its substitution for micronized salt on consumer acceptance of turkey ham was investigated. Five formulations - F1 (control - 2.0% NaCl), F2 (1.7% NaCl), F3 (1.4% NaCl), F4 (1.7% micronized NaCl), and F5 (1.4% micronized NaCl) - were evaluated with respect to sodium chloride content and by consumers using a nine-point hedonic scale for overall acceptability and CATA (check-all-that-apply) using 24 sensory descriptors. Trained panelists characterized the products using the flash profiling technique. Reductions in the salt content by up to 30% did not affect the overall acceptability of the samples by the consumers. However, the consumers characterized the formulations with lower salt content as "less salty and less seasoned" in comparison to the contents in the control. Products containing 1.7% NaCl were considered very similar to the control. The results obtained indicate that it is possible to reduce NaCl content by 30% without affecting consumer acceptance of the product. The use of micronized salt did not affect the sensory characteristics when compared with those of formulations containing the same level of sodium chloride indicating that micronized salt does not influence perception of salt.

Designing and validating the methodology for the Internet assessment of fish consumption at a university setting

Assessing fish consumption is complex and involves several factors; however, the use of questionnaires in surveys and the use of the Internet as tool to collect data have been considered promising approaches. Therefore, the objective of this research was to design a data collection technique using a questionnaire to assess fish consumption by making it available on a specific home page on the Internet. A bibliographical survey or review was carried out to identify the features of the instrument, and therefore pre-tests were conducted with previous instruments, followed by the Focus Group technique. Specialists then performed an analysis and conducted an online pre-test. Multivariate data analysis was applied using the SmartPLS software. The results indicate that 1.966 participants belonging to the University of São Paulo (USP) community participated in the test, and after the exclusion of some variables, a statistically significant results were obtained. The final constructs comprised consumption, quality, and general characteristics. The instrument consisted of behavioral statements in a 5-point Likert scale and multiple-choice questions. The Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient was 0.66 for general characteristics, 0.98 for quality, and 0.91 for consumption, which indicate good reliability of the instrument. In conclusion, the results proved that the Internet assessment is efficient. The instrument of analysis allowed us to better understand the process of buying and consuming fish in the country, and it can be used as base for further research.

Chemical composition, fatty acid profile and bioactive compounds of guava seeds (Psidium guajava L.)

This study aimed to characterize the chemical composition, determine the fatty acid profile, and quantify the bioactive compounds present in guava seed powder (Psidium guajava L.). The powder resulted from seeds obtained from guava pulp processing. The agro-industrial seeds from red guava cv. paluma were used, and they were donated by a frozen pulp fruit manufacturer. They contain varying amounts of macronutrients and micronutrients, with a high content of total dietary fiber (63.94 g/100g), protein (11.19 g/100g), iron (13.8 mg/100g), zinc (3.31 mg/100g), and reduced calorie content (182 kcal/100g). Their lipid profile showed a predominance of unsaturated fatty acids (87.06%), especially linoleic acid (n6) and oleic acid (n9). The powder obtained contained significant amounts of bioactive compounds such as ascorbic acid (87.44 mg/100g), total carotenoids (1.25 mg/100 g) and insoluble dietary fiber (63.55 g/100g). With regard to their microbiological quality, the samples were found suitable for consumption. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the powder produced has favorable attributes for industrial use, and that use of these seeds would be a viable alternative to prevent various diseases and malnutrition in our country and to reduce the environmental impact of agricultural waste.

Influence of different cultivars on oil quality and chemical characteristics of avocado fruit

The objective of this paper was to determine the chemical composition of the avocado fruit of cultivars Fortuna, Collinson, and Barker and to carry out a detailed analysis of the fatty acid composition of the pulp, seed, and peel oils. The saturated fatty acid (SFA) of the pulp oils accounted for around 22.3, 29.4, and 41.3% of the total fatty acids in the Fortuna, Collinson and Barker cultivars, respectively, and these values indicate better quality of pulp oil of Fortuna and Collinson cultivars than that of the Barker cultivar. There was very little variation in the content monounsaturated fatty acids of the peel oils between the cultivars. However, the seed oil of the Collinson cultivar was the best since it contained the lowest (30.8% of total fatty acids) content of SFA, but it had very high concentrations of 9,12-octadecadienoic (23.9 to 29.4% of total fatty acids) and 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic (9.9 to 18.3% of total fatty acids) acids.

Lactose intolerance and cow's milk protein allergy

Abstract Adverse reactions to food intake have very diverse etiology and symptomatology. Regarding milk, its food allergy is presented as lactose intolerance, the sugar in milk, or allergy to milk protein. Despite having different symptomatology, confusions among allergic conditions to dairy and its mediators are common. Milk protein allergy originates from protein components present in milk, causing reactions to either the protein fractions in emulsion (caseins) or in whey (milk albumin). The allergic reaction is type IV mediated by T lymphocytes. The allergic reaction produces severe cellular damage and it triggers physical, mental and emotional symptomatology that may vary in time, intensity and severity. Lactose intolerance is originated by total or partial absence of the enzyme that digests this disaccharide. Lactose intolerance can be primary or congenital and secondary; the former being more rare and severe, the latter being more common. Lactase deficiency can be diagnosed by symptoms associated with cramping and diarrhea. Thus, the objective of this study was to conduct a review of available literature on cow’s milk protein allergy and lactose intolerance.

Adaptação transcultural para o português de instrumentos de avaliação do estado nutricional de pacientes em diálise

Introdução: A avaliação global subjetiva de 7 pontos (AGS-7p) e o malnutrition inflammation score (MIS) constituem métodos de avaliação nutricional comumente empregados em pacientes em diálise. Ambos foram desenvolvidos na língua inglesa, de forma que é necessária a tradução para o português. O processo de adaptação transcultural garante a equivalência semântica e de mensuração de instrumentos traduzidos. Objetivo: Realizar a adaptação transcultural para o português da AGS-7p e do MIS. Métodos: A equivalência semântica foi feita pelo método da retrotradução e pela avaliação do grau de similaridade entre o instrumento original em inglês e o retraduzido do português para o inglês (retrotradução). A avaliação da equivalência de mensuração foi feita pela medida de confiabilidade interna (α de Cronbach) e pela reprodutibilidade interavaliador (dois avaliadores). Para tanto, 101 pacientes idosos em hemodiálise (HD) foram avaliados. Resultados: Ambos os instrumentos apresentaram alto grau de similaridade semântica e próximo ao valor máximo (AGS-7p 96,8 ± 7,8 e MIS 99,6 ± 1,4). A consistência interna apresentou valor de α de Cronbach para a AGS-7p de 0,72 e para o MIS de 0,53. A reprodutibilidade interavaliador da AGS-7p foi moderada e para e do MIS foi forte (coeficiente intraclasse = 0,74 [95% IC: 0,58; 0,84] e 0,88 [95% IC: 0,81; 0,93], respectivamente). Conclusão: A AGS-7p e MIS traduzidos para o português estão aptos para o emprego em pacientes idosos em HD. Estudos que testem a aplicabilidade dessas versões em pacientes adultos em HD e em diálise peritoneal devem ser feitos.

Superação da dureza de sementes e frutos de Stylosanthes scabra J. Vogel e seu efeito na germinação

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com a finalidade de avaliar diferentes métodos de superação da dureza das sementes e dos frutos, separadamente, de Stylosanthes scabra. Os métodos avaliados foram: testemunha, calor seco a 85ºC durante 10, 12 e 14 horas, ácido sulfúrico concentrado por cinco e dez minutos e imersão em água fervendo durante um minuto. No teste de germinação, registraram-se as porcentagens de germinação (plântulas normais), de plântulas anormais, de sementes duras e de sementes mortas. Concluiu-se que o melhor tratamento foi a escarificação das sementes com o ácido sulfúrico, independente do tempo de imersão; para escarificação dos frutos, um tempo de imersão superior a 10 minutos deve merecer posteriores estudos. O calor seco não superou o problema da impermeabilidade da cobertura protetora e a água fervendo causou a morte de praticamente todas as sementes.

O professor e seu desenvolvimento profissional: Superando a concepção do algoz incompetente

A crítica ao modelo de racionalidade técnica e a emergência da abordagem crítico-reflexiva possibilitaram o reconhecimento da importância do professor e seu desenvolvimento profissional como variável decisiva para a compreensão do fenômeno educativo. Apesar disso, no Brasil ainda persistem análises que explicitam os professores como eternos "bodes expiatórios", ao invés de compreender a "cultura docente em ação" e seu papel para a transformação da escola. Este trabalho procura mostrar, recorrendo a pesquisas realizadas pela autora e equipe de pesquisadores, a necessidade de conceber os professores como "gestores de dilemas" sujeitos de um fazer e um saber que precisam ser analisados à luz de seu desenvolvimento profissional, mediado pelas condições de trabalho, valores e contexto social. Tal concepção é decisiva para qualquer tentativa conseqüente de transformação da escola.