Histoplasmosis as a late infectious complication following heart transplantation in a patient with Chagas' disease

Infectious complications following heart transplantation are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Generally, bacterial infections are predominant; however, fungal infections can be responsible for up to 25% of infectious events. We report the case of a patient who presented with histoplasmosis as an infectious complication five years after heart transplantation due to a chagasic cardiopathy. This association has rarely been reported in the international literature.

Chagas' heart disease: evolutive evaluation of electrocardiographic and echocardiographic parameters in patients with the indeterminate form

OBJECTIVE: To identify and associate potential electrocardiographic and echocardiographic changes in patients with the indeterminate form of Chagas' disease during long-term follow-up. METHODS: One hundred sixty patients underwent standard electrocardiography and two-dimensional guided M-mode echocardiography for left ventricular ejection fraction determination. Patients were followed up for 98.6±30.4 months, undergoing repeat electrocardiographic studies at 6-month intervals and echocardiographic studies at 12-month intervals. RESULTS: Based on the electrocardiographic findings, the patients were divided into group I, 125 patients (78.6%) with normal electrocardiograms throughout follow-up, and group II, 34 patients (21.3%) who developed electrocardiographic changes. Group II was further divided into group IIA (9 patients, 5.6%) with permanent electrocardiographic changes, group IIB (14 patients, 8.8%) with transitory electrocardiographic changes, and group IIC (11 patients, 6.9%) with changes appearing only on the final electrocardiogram. Left ventricular ejection fractions remained normal in the entire population studied and did not differ among groups. CONCLUSION: The indeterminate form of Chagas' disease clearly represents a benign condition with a favorable long-term prognosis. Although some patients develop electrocardiographic changes, left ventricular systolic function is well preserved.

Prevalence of Chagas' Disease in Mulungu do Morro Northeastern Brazil

OBJECTIVE - The aim of this paper is to describe the prevalence of T. Cruzi infection in patients of from Mulungu do Morro, a rural tropical region of Northeastern Brazil. METHODS - A cross-sectional study was performed. After randomly selecting samples of the population, and obtaining their consents , patients completed pretested epidemiological and clinical questionnaires. Serum samples from all patients were collected and screened for the presence of T. cruzi antibodies. RESULTS - Of 694 patients examined, 174 patients (25.1%) tested had a positive serology for Chagas' disease. Of the study population, 341 patients were male with 27% Chagas' disease prevalence, without a statistical difference. Illiteracy was the only variable related to T. cruzi infection in our population. CONCLUSION - In conclusion, our study points to the high prevalence of Chagas' disease among patients in Mulungu do Morro, suggesting that this region has a high frequency of infection and probably active vectorial transmission.

Prevalence of Cardiac Arrhythmias During and After Pregnancy in Women with Chagas' Disease without Apparent Heart Disease

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cardiac arrhythmias during and after pregnancy in women with Chagas' disease without apparent heart disease using dynamic electrocardiography. METHODS: Twenty pregnant women with Chagas' disease without apparent heart disease aged 19 to 42 years (26.96 ± 3.6) and a control group of 20 non-chagasic pregnant patients aged 16 to 34 years (22.5 ± 4.8). The patients were submitted to passive hemagglutination and indirect immunofluorescence for the detection of Trypanosoma cruzi evaluation, and electrocardiography, echocardiography and 24-h dynamic electrocardiography. RESULTS: Supraventricular premature depolarizations were observed in 18 (90%) patients and ventricular premature depolarization in 11 (55%) patients of both groups during pregnancy. After delivery, supraventricular premature depolarizations were present in 13 (60%) chagasic patients and in 16 (89.4%) control patients (P<=0.05). Ventricular premature depolarization were observed in 9 (45%) chagasic patients and 11 (57.8%) control patients. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of ventricular premature depolarization was similar for the chagasic and control groups during and after pregnancy. The incidence of supraventricular premature depolarizations was similar in the two groups during pregnancy, while after delivery a predominance was observed in the control group compared to the chagasic group.

Doppler tissue imaging to assess systolic function in Chagas' disease

OBJECTIVE: To assess the usefulness of Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) for evaluating the systolic function of chagasic patients with and without electrocardiographic abnormalities, in comparision with echocardiographic study. METHODS: We studied 77 patients divided into 3 groups as follows: group 1 - control; group 2 - chagasic patients with normal electrocardiographic findings; and group 3 - chagasic patients with abnormal electrocardiographic findings. The following parameters were assessed: left ventricular dimensions and ejection fraction, left atrial dimensions and diastolic function on echocardiography. Systolic velocity and regional isovolumic contraction time (IVCTr) of the septal, anterior, lateral, posterior and inferior left ventricular walls were assessed on DTI. RESULTS: Left ventricular cavitary dimensions, ejection fraction and DTI systolic wave showed significant differences between groups 1 and 3 and between groups 2 and 3, which were not found between groups 1 and 2. IVCTr allowed a statistically significant discrimination among the 3 groups. CONCLUSION: DTI allowed discrimination among the different groups assessed, being superior to echocardiography in identifying early abnormalities of contractility, and, therefore, potentially useful for detecting incipient myocardial alterations in chagasic patients with normal electrocardiographic findings.

Value of the radiological study of the thorax for diagnosing left ventricular dysfunction in Chagas' disease

OBJECTIVE: To determine the value of the radiological study of the thorax for diagnosing left ventricular dilation and left ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients with Chagas' disease. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 166 consecutive patients with Chagas' disease and no other associated diseases. The patients underwent cardiac assessment with chest radiography and Doppler echocardiography. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of chest radiography were calculated to detect left ventricular dysfunction and the accuracy of the cardiothoracic ratio in the diagnosis of left ventricular dysfunction with the area below the ROC curve. The cardiothoracic ratio was correlated with the left ventricular ejection fraction and the left ventricular diastolic diameter. RESULTS: The abnormal chest radiogram had a sensitivity of 50%, specificity of 80.5%, and positive and negative predictive values of 51.2% and 79.8%, respectively, in the diagnosis of left ventricular dysfunction. The cardiothoracic ratio showed a weak correlation with left ventricular ejection fraction (r=-0.23) and left ventricular diastolic diameter (r=0.30). The area calculated under the ROC curve was 0.734. CONCLUSION: The radiological study of the thorax is not an accurate indicator of left ventricular dysfunction; its use as a screening method to initially approach the patient with Chagas' disease should be reevaluated.

Caso 4/2003 - Paciente de 61 anos, portadora de cardiopatia da doença de Chagas, com disfunção ventricular, taquicardia ventricular recorrente e marcapasso cardíaco, que apresentou morte em assistolia após ressecção cirúrgica de aneurisma de ponta

A 61 year-old Chagasic woman, with previous left ventricular systolic disfunction, ventricular tachychardia and cardiac pacemaker, presented cardiac arrest in asystolia after surgical ressection of apical aneurysm.

Frequency of hypertension in chronic Chagas' disease: retrospective clinical study

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of hypertension in chagasic patients, as well as its clinical behavior and cardiologic findings. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective study with 225 patients with chronic Chagas' disease and hypertension (104 males), mean age of 55.1 ± 11.8. These patients were being followed up in the outpatient care clinics from 1984 to 2000. The study assessed the clinical, electrocardiographic, and radiological viewpoints. RESULTS: Of the 225 hypertensive patients (prevalence = 33.3%), 78 (34.7%) had mild hypertension, 108 (48%) had moderate hypertension, and 39 (17.3%) had severe hypertension. The association of left anterosuperior divisional block and right bundle-branch block occurred in 39 cases (17.3%), and enlargement of the cardiac area on radiological examination occurred in 93 (44.9%) of the 207 cases studied. The undetermined form of Chagas' disease was the most prevalent, 30.2% of the cases, followed by the form associated with conduction disorders in 27.1%, and the isolated form of conduction disorders in 21.3%. CONCLUSION: Chagasic patients had a frequency of hypertension similar to that of the general population, and the clinical profile of the hypertensive chagasic patients seemed not to differ a lot from that of the chagasic patients.

Transplante de células de medula óssea para o miocárdio em paciente com insuficiência cardíaca secundária á doença de Chagas

Apresentado o primeiro caso de transplante de célula de medula óssea para o miocárdio de um portador de insuficiência cardíaca de etiologia chagásica. Homem, 52 anos, portador de insuficiência cardíaca crônica, em classe funcional III da NYHA, apesar de terapêutica clínica otimizada. Como procedimento, foi aspirado 50 ml de medula óssea através de punção da crista ilíaca, seguidos de filtragem, separação das células mononucleares, ressuspensão e injeção intracoronariana. A fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo em repouso, medida pela ventriculografia radioisotópica com hemácias marcadas, antes do transplante, era de 24% e, após 30 dias, aumentou para 32% sem alterar o esquema medicamentoso. Foram avaliados, antes e 30 dias após o procedimento, respectivamente, o diâmetro diastólico final do ventrículo esquerdo (82 mm; 76 mm); escore de qualidade de vida de Minnesota (55; 06); distância caminhada no teste de 6min (513 m; 683 m). Achados demonstraram ser possível realizar a injeção intracoronariana de célula de medula óssea, sugerindo que este procedimento é potencialmente seguro e efetivo em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca chagásica.

Determinação do peptídeo natriurético cerebral humano em portadores da doença de Chagas

OBJETIVO: Determinar os níveis séricos do peptídeo natriurético cerebral (PNB) em pacientes com cardiopatia chagásica crônica e em indivíduos com sorologia positiva para doença de Chagas sem comprometimento cardíaco, e correlacionar os níveis de PNB com o grau de comprometimento cardíaco, dimensões cardíacas, presença de marcapasso e fração de ejeção. MÉTODOS: Concentrações séricas de PNB foram determinadas através do Triage® - BNP Test, produzido pela BIOSITE®. Foi avaliado o PNB sérico de 25 indivíduos do ambulatório de doença de Chagas do Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz, distribuídos em 2 grupos, um, G1; composto por 13 portadores de sorologia positiva para doença de Chagas, assintomáticos e sem cardiopatia detectável pelo eletrocardiograma, radiografia do tórax e ecocardiograma, o outro, G2; por 12 portadores da doença de Chagas com comprometimento cardíaco. RESULTADOS: Níveis significativamente mais elevados de PNB foram detectados nos pacientes chagásicos com comprometimento cardíaco: (G1=4,4±4,4 pg/ml, G2=293,0±460,2 pg/ml) p<0,01. Nos 2 grupos não houve correlação dos níveis séricos de PNB com a idade e o sexo. Os níveis foram diretamente proporcionais à classe funcional e à área cardíaca no estudo radiológico do tórax. Apesar de demonstrar uma tendência de elevação no comprometimento da função sistólica, não houve correlação linear com a fração de ejeção ao ecocardiograma. Presença de marcapasso definitivo e alterações eletrocardiográficas não modificaram os níveis séricos de PNB. CONCLUSÃO: Os indivíduos com sorologia positiva para doença de Chagas, assintomáticos e sem evidência de disfunção ventricular, possuem níveis séricos de PNB semelhantes aos da população em geral.

Avaliação da contratilidade segmentar na doença de Chagas utilizando a integral do gradiente intramiocárdico de velocidade (strain miocárdico) obtida pela ecocardiografia com Doppler tecidual

OBJETIVO: Quantificar o percentual de contratilidade dos diversos segmentos miocárdicos, em portadores de doença de Chagas, através da medida do strain miocárdico e verificar diferenças na função contrátil radial e longitudinal ventricular entre as formas indeterminada e dilatada da miocardiopatia chagásica crônica quando comparadas a um grupo de indivíduos normais. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 39 indivíduos, 20 (51,3%) do sexo masculino divididos em quatro grupos: Nl: 17 (43,6%) indivíduos normais; Ind: 7 (17,9%) portadores de doença de Chagas forma indeterminada; C1, 7 (17,9%) portadores de doença de Chagas forma crônica com fração de ejeção < 50% e C2: 8 (20,5%) portadores de doença de Chagas forma crônica com fração de ejeção > 50%. Após realização de ecocardiograma basal foram registradas as imagem em Doppler tecidual para a medida do strain miocárdico nos diversos segmentos aos cortes paraesternais, longitudinal e transversal, e apicais, de duas e quatro câmaras. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÃO: O percentual de contração dos diversos segmentos miocárdicos, tanto em seu componente radial quanto longitudinal é maior nos indivíduos normais do que em portadores da forma crônica da doença de Chagas e naqueles com a forma indeterminada da doença quando comparado com chagásicos crônicos com FE < 50%. A contratilidade radial do ventrículo esquerdo é maior que a longitudinal nos três grupos (Nl, Ind e Crônico). Os dados apresentados nos permitem propor um caráter progressivo do acometimento miocárdico em portadores da doença de Chagas.

Aspectos clínicos e terapêuticos da insuficiência cardíaca por doença de Chagas

OBJETIVO: Descrever as características clínicas e terapêuticas de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) secundária a miocardiopatia chagásica crônica, bem como avaliar se estas são diferentes nas demais etiologias. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados prospectivamente pacientes atendidos no período de agosto de 2003 a junho de 2004, em um ambulatório de referência para IC. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 356 pacientes com o diagnóstico de IC. Miocardiopatia chagásica foi a etiologia mais freqüente, (48% dos casos). Outras etiologias foram miocardiopatia hipertensiva em 19%, dilatada idiopática em 11%, e isquêmica em 9%. Pacientes com IC secundária a miocardiopatia chagásica tinham com maior freqüência etnia não-branca (88 x 75%; p = 0,002), história familiar de doença de Chagas (57 x 21%; p = 0,001), maior tempo de doença (71 x 56 meses; p = 0,034), menor escolaridade (4,4 ± 4,1 x 5,7 ± 4,2 anos de estudo; p = 0,004), menor freqüência cardíaca (69 ± 12 x 73 ± 13; p = 0,03) e pressão arterial sistólica (121 ± 25 x 129 ± 28 mmHg; p = 0,006). Utilizavam com maior freqüência amiodarona (22 x 13%; p = 0,036) marcapassos artificiais (15 x 1%; p = 0,001) e com menor freqüência drogas betabloqueadoras (39 x 59%; p = 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Nessa amostra de pacientes ambulatoriais com IC, em um estado com alta prevalência de doença de Chagas, miocardiopatia chagásica foi a etiologia mais freqüente, apresentando algumas características clínicas e terapêuticas diferentes dos demais pacientes.