Os solos de uma Topossequencia na ilha de Algodoal/ Maiandeua, nordeste do estado do Pará, Brasil: composição química e produção de matéria orgânica

O estudo foi realizado na Ilha de Algodoal/Maiandeua no nordeste do Estado do Pará (00° 34' 35" S, 00° 40'00" S e 47° 39'35" WGr, 47° 3Γ25" WGr). Amostraram-se o solo e a matéria orgânica leve, nas profundidades de 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm c 10-20 cm, e a manta orgânica ao longo de uma toposseqüência com solos e cobertura vegetal diversificados. Não foram verificadas diferenças estatísticas entre os componentes químicos da fração ácido fúlvico nos solos estudados.

Muyrakyta ou muiraquita: um talismã arqueológico em jade procedente da amazônia: aspectos físicos, mineralogia, composição química e sua importância etnogeológica

Os muiraquitãs são artefatos líticos com formas batraquianas confeccionados principalmente em pedra verde, tipo jade, utilizados pelos povos Tapajó/Santarém e Conduri do Baixo Amazonas, dizimados pelos colonizadores europeus. Eram utilizados como amuletos e como símbolo de poder e ainda como objeto de troca. Supunha-se que o jade viera da Ásia. Estudos mineralógicos e químicos em dez peças do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG), do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnografia (MAE) da Universidade de São Paulo e profa. Amarilis Tupiassu mostram que os muiraquitãs do MPEG e da profa. Amarilis são confeccionados em tremolita e os do MAE em actinolita, talco e pirofdita. Tremolita e actinolita são os minerais mais comuns de jade nefrítico, que não é assim tão raro. As microanálises químicas confirmam as determinações mineralógicas e ainda mostram que o jade do MAE contém sulfato e ferro ferroso. Tanto o jade do MPEG como do MAE diverge daquele de Baytinga (Amargosa-BA). Rochas ricas cm tremolita e actinolita são muito comuns no Proterozóico da Amazônia, encontrados tanto ao norte como ao sul da bacia, próximo na região do Baixo Amazonas, sendo desnecessário invocar uma fonte asiática para o jade dos muiraquitãs. Portanto se tornam vulneráveis às interpretações etnográficas e antropológicas com base em área asiática como fonte para a matéria-prima destes artefatos.

Muyrakytã ou muiraquitã, um talismã arqueológico em jade procedente da Amazônia: uma revisão histórica e considerações antropogeológicas

Aparentemente os primeiros dados documentados sobre a história dos muiraquitãs, ainda que inferidos, surgem com Orellana, tido como o primeiro explorador a navegar o rio Amazonas rio baixo, ainda em 1542, quando teria combatido com índias guerreiras valentes, sem maridos, as quais denominou de Amazonas. Posteriormente De la Condamine em sua viagem ao longo deste rio, em 1735, descreve amuletos batraquianos em pedras verdes semelhantes a jade. Spix e Martius escrevem sobre pierres divines como pingente batraquiano em madrepérola e com nome de muraquêitã. Antigos escritos de Maurício Heriarte de 1662 descrevem amuleto com termos similares: baraquitãs, buraquitãs, puúraquitan, uuraquitan e mueraquitan. Finalmente Barboza Rodrigues em 1875 emprega o termo muyrakytã modificado por Barata em 1954 para muiraquitã, que entende como artefatos em forma de sapo confeccionados em pedra verde, com dois furos laterais. Teriam sido usados pelos povos Tapajó/Santarem e Conduri, que habitavam o Baixo Amazonas até a chegada do colonizador europeu, que os dizimou. Para elaborar os muiraquitãs acredita-se que esses povos utilizavam instrumentos engenhosos, mas principalmente muita paciência e habilidade. Os estudos mais recentes mostram que o maior centro produtor estava na região, da mesma forma como a fonte da matéria-prima e não na Asia como suposto pelos historiadores. Eram utilizados como amuletos, símbolos de poder, e ainda como material para compra e troca de objetos valiosos. Sobre eles há muitas lendas e mitos sempre envolvidos com as índias Amazonas, extintas ou lendárias.

Seroprevalence for brucellosis and leptospirosis in dogs from Belém and Castanhal, State of Pará, Brazil

Brucellosis and leptospirosis are widely spread bacterial infections and dogs are the most important source of infection and reservoir for diseases. Dogs can disseminate the agents in the environment and transmit them to humans and/or other animals. The objective of this study was assess the occurrence of reactive to antibodies anti-Leptospira spp., Brucella canis and B. abortus in Belém and Castanhal, State of Pará, Amazon, Brazil. A total of 156 samples were randomly collected in the city of Belém and 158 samples in Castanhal. The anti-B. canis antibodies research was performed by Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID) with and without 2-mercaptoethanol serum treatment (AGID-2ME). To assess the anti-B. abortus antibodies, the technique of Fast Seroagglutination with buffered acidified plate antigen (BAPAT) was used. For anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies research, the Microscopic Agglutination Technique (MAT) was used. No animal reacted to Brucella abortus and one animal was reactive to B. canis at the AGID, but it was negative to the AGID-2ME test. Seventeen percent of dogs (47/274) presented anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies, with prevalence of serovar Canicola. The dogs from Belém and Castanhal are not source of infection for B. abortus and B. canis, however, they are reservoirs for different serovars of Leptospira spp.

Crescimento de tambaqui em resposta a densidade de estocagem em tanques-rede

O tambaqui Colossoma macropomum é criado em diferentes sistemas e ambientes com boa produção em tanques-rede. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento do tambaqui em diferentes densidades de estocagem em tanques-rede em lago abastecido com água de chuva e seus efeitos sobre a qualidade ambiental. O experimento foi conduzido em fases consecutivas: recria nas densidades de 50, 100, 200 e 300 alevinos m-3 e terminação nas densidades de 20, 40, e 60 juvenis m-3. A temperatura da água, oxigênio dissolvido, pH e condutividade da água foram medidas diariamente. Amostras de sedimento e água foram coletadas para análise de nitrogênio e fósforo mensalmente. Na recria, a produção de 14,03 kg m-3 foi significativamente maior na densidade de 300 alevinos m-3. O maior peso final foi obtido na densidade de 50 alevinos m-3. A sobrevivência na recria foi superior a 97%. Na terminação, o ganho de peso e o crescimento específico foram inversamente proporcionais as densidades. A conversão alimentar e o fator de condição não foram influenciados pelas densidades testadas. A densidade de 20 juvenis m-3 é a mais adequada para a terminação de tambaquis em tanques-rede. A criação de tambaqui em tanques-rede não alterou os níveis de nitrogênio e fósforo da água do lago. Aumento dos teores de matéria orgânica, nitrogênio e fósforo foram verificados no sedimento abaixo dos tanques-rede, sem causar eventos de eutrofização. O presente estudo demonstrou que a criação de tambaquis em tanques-rede é viável em lagos abastecidos com água de chuva e pode integrar-se aos preceitos dos usos múltiplos da água.

Growth and exportation of nutrients by apple fruits

In order to obtain informations concerning the dry matter production and extraction of nutrients by the fruits of the varieties 'Ohio Beauty' and 'Brasil', a trial was conducted on a Latossol Vermelho Escuro-Orto (USTOX) at Buri , State of São Paulo, Brazil. The fruits were collected from trees grafted on 'Doucin' being 1-2; 3-4; 4-5, and 6-7 years old. Chemical analysis were run on the fruits for: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Mo; as well for the dry mat ter production. The main conclusions are as follows: a) differences were observed on dry matter production of fruits by the two varieties at the different stages of growth; b) differences were observed on exportation of nutrients between the two varieties concerning the fruit growth period- the nutrient exportation by the fruits obeyed following order: K>N>P>S>Ca>Mg>Fe>B > Cu > Mn > Zn > Mo.

Regional pattern of the molecular types of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in Brazil

The molecular types of 443 Brazilian isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii were analyzed to determine their geographic distribution within Brazil and their underlying host conditions. The following data, imported from previous epidemiological studies as well as two culture collections, were analyzed for: place of isolation, source (clinical or environmental), host risk factors, species, serotype, mating type, and molecular type. Molecular typing by PCR-fingerprinting using primers for the minisatellite-specific core sequence of the wild-type phage M13 or microsatellites [(GACA)4, (GTG)5], restriction fragment length polymorphism of URA5 gene analysis, and/or amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) identified eight major genotypes: VNI/AFLP1, VNII/AFLP1A, VNIII/AFLP2, and VNIV/AFLP3 for C. neoformans, and VGI/AFLP4, VGII/AFLP6, VGIII/AFLP5, and VGIV/AFLP7 for C. gattii. The most common molecular type found in Brazil was VNI (64%), followed by VGII (21%), VNII (5%), VGIII (4%), VGI and VNIV (3% each), and VNIII (< 1%). Primary cryptococcosis caused by the molecular type VGII (serotype B, MAT) prevails in immunocompetent hosts in the North and Northeast regions, disclosing an endemic regional pattern for this specific molecular type in the Northern Brazil.

Antibody reactivity against potato apyrase, a protein that shares epitopes with Schistosoma mansoni ATP diphosphohydrolase isoforms, in acute and chronically infected mice, after chemotherapy and reinfection

Schistosoma mansoni ATP diphosphohydrolase isoforms and potato apyrase share conserved epitopes. By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, elevated levels of IgM, IgG2a and IgG1 antibody reactivity against potato apyrase were observed in S. mansoni-infected BALB/c mice during the acute phase of infection, while only IgM and IgG1 antibody reactivity levels maintained elevated during the chronic phase of infection. Antibody reactivity against potato apyrase was monitored over an 11-month period in chronically-infected mice treated with oxamniquine. Eleven months later, the level of seropositive IgM decreased significantly (~30%) compared to the level found in untreated, infected mice. The level of seropositive IgG1 decreased significantly four months after treatment (MAT) (61%) and remained at this level even after 11 months. The IgG2a reactivity against potato apyrase, although unchanged during chronic phase to 11 MAT, appeared elevated again in re-infected mice suggesting a response similar to that found during the acute phase. BALB/c mouse polyclonal anti-potato apyrase IgG reacted with soluble egg antigens probably due to the recognition of parasite ATP diphosphohydrolase. This study, for the first time, showed that the IgG2a antibody from S. mansoni-infected BALB mice cross-reacts with potato apyrase and the level of IgG2a in infected mice differentiates disease phases. The results also suggest that different conserved-epitopes contribute to the immune response in schistosomiasis.

Aseptic meningitis caused by Leptospira spp diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the pathogenic Leptospira spp. The clinical presentations are diverse, ranging from undifferentiated fever to fulminant disease including meningeal forms. The neurological leptospirosis forms are usually neglected. The aim of this study was to investigate leptospirosis as the cause of aseptic meningitis using different diagnostic techniques including the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Thirty-nine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients presenting with meningeal abnormalities, predominance of lymphocytes and negative results by traditional microbiological tests were processed by leptospiral culture, anti-leptospiral antibody response and PCR. Leptospira spp DNA was detected in 23 (58.97%) of the CSF samples. Anti-leptospiral antibodies were found in 13 (33.33%) CSF samples. Twelve CSF samples were positive by PCR assay and negative by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) assay. Two CSF samples were positive by MAT and negative by PCR. The positive and negative agreement between both tests was 11 and 14, respectively. CSF samples from six cases of unknown diagnosis were positive by PCR assay. Eight cases showed positive results using PCR and MAT. Leptospirosis could be detected by PCR assay from the 3rd-26th day after illness onset. The sensitivity of the PCR was assessed with confirmed cases of leptospirosis (by MAT) and found to be 89.5%. All CSFs were negative by culture. PCR was found to be a powerful tool for diagnosing meningitis cases of leptospirosis. We recommend that it may be used as a supplementary diagnostic tool, especially in the early stages of the disease, when other diagnostic techniques such as serology are not sensitive.

Survey of Leptospira spp in pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) in the Pantanal wetlands of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil by serology and polymerase chain reaction

This work reports a survey of Leptospira spp in pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) in the Pantanal wetlands of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil by serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Seventy pampas deer were captured in the dry season and surveyed using PCR, microscopic agglutination test (MAT) (n = 51) and by both techniques (n = 47). PCR detected infections in two pampas deer and MAT detected infections in three. Through sequencing and phylogenetic analyses, the PCR-amplified fragment detected in deer was identified as Leptospira interrogans. Serovars Pomona and Butembo were detected using MAT and the highest titre was 200 for serovar Pomona. Epidemiological aspects of the findings are discussed.

Prozone effects in microscopic agglutination tests for leptospirosis in the sera of mice infected with the pathogenic Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola

Mice experimentally infected with a pathogenic strain of Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola produced false negative results (prozone effect) in a microscopic agglutination test (MAT). This prozone effect occurred in several serum samples collected at different post-infection times, but it was more prominent in samples collected from seven-42 days post-infection and for 1:50 and 1:100 sample dilutions. This phenomenon was correlated with increased antibody titres in the early post-infection phase. While prozone effects are often observed in serological agglutination assays for the diagnosis of animal brucellosis and human syphilis, they are not widely reported in leptospirosis MATs.

Comparação dos sistemas de cultivo nativo e adensado de erva mate, Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil., quanto à ocorrência e flutuação populacional de insetos

This research was carried out in order to compare the occurrence of insects in two maté cultivation systems, native and high tree density. It was performed from August/2000 to September/2001, in a private property in São Mateus do Sul county, in Paraná State, Brazil. Visual inspections of trees and light traps were used to evaluate insect populations in both areas. For Hedypathes betulinus (Klug) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae), only six adults were observed in the dense area. Based on presence of sawdust at the basis of the trunk, it was obtained that the number of attacked trees did not surpass 11% in either area. For Gyropsylla spegazziniana (Lizer y Trelles) (Hemiptera, Psyllidae), the number of galls per tree was counted and it was observed that the population peak occurred from November to January. For Hylesia spp. (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae) and Thelosia camina Schaus (Lepidoptera, Eupterotidae), the presence of caterpillars on the trees was noticed from September to February, with the population peak in November and December. Adults of Hylesia spp. were more numerous in February and March. Two species that were not previously recorded for Brazil on maté were identified: Hylesia paulex Dognin (83%) and Hylesia remex Dyer (17%), collected with light traps. The maté caterpillar, T. camina was not collected with these traps. Nymphs and adults of Ceroplastes grandis Hempel (Hemiptera, Coccidae) were observed along the year on the branches, with population peak between April and June for the nymphs and from September to November for the adults. It should be considered that despite higher insect incidence in the dense area compared to the native area, the first presents higher yield, and that with a good pest management program the insect problems can be minimized.

The previously unknown pupa and adult male of Neobezzia fittkaui Wirth & Ratanaworabhan (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae)

The previously unknown pupa and adult male of Neobezzia fittkaui Wirth & Ratanaworabhan (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). The pupa of Neobezzia fittkaui Wirth & Ratanaworabhan, 1972, collected from a mat of floating fern (Salvinia auriculata Aubl., Salviniaceae) in Ilha da Marchantaria near Manaus, Brazil and the reared adult male are described, photographed and illustrated for the first time. This is the first detailed pupal description for the genus Neobezzia Wirth & Ratanaworabhan.

Bermuda grass sod production as related to nitrogen rates

Of all nutrients, N has the strongest effect on grass growth and an adequate N fertilization can reduce the time required for the formation of high-quality mats. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of N fertilization on Bermuda grass sod production and quality. The experiment was conducted in an area of commercial sod production, in Capela do Alto, state of São Paulo. Cynodon dactylon (Pers) L., known as Bermuda grass, was evaluated in a randomized complete block design with five treatments and four replications. Treatments consisted of five N rates: 0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 kg ha-1. Increasing N applications to Bermuda grass increased the soil cover rate, reducing the time required for mat formation. The accumulation of rhizome + root + stolon dry matter was highest at a rate of 354 kg ha-1 N and the mat resistance to breakage at a rate of 365 kg ha-1 N. Nitrogen rates between 354 and 365 kg ha-1 increased mat resistance and consequently the suitability for postharvest handling, tending to improve the efficiency in the area.

Physical properties and organic carbon content of a Rhodic Kandiudox fertilized with pig slurry and poultry litter

The impact of pig slurry and poultry litter fertilization on soils depends on the conditions of use and the amounts applied. This study evaluated the effect of organic fertilizers after different application periods in different areas on the physical properties and organic carbon contents of a Rhodic Kandiudox, in Concordia, Santa Catarina, in Southern Brazil. The treatments consisted of different land uses and periods of pig and poultry litter fertilization: silage maize (M7 years), silage maize (M20 years), annual ryegrass pasture (P3 years), annual ryegrass pasture (P15 years), perennial pasture (PP20 years), yerba mate tea (Mt20 years), native forest (NF), and native pasture without manure application (P0). The 0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm soil layers were sampled and analyzed for total organic carbon, total nitrogen and soil physical properties such as density, porosity, aggregation, degree of flocculation, and penetration resistance. The organic carbon levels in the cultivated areas treated with organic fertilizer were even lower than in native forest soil. The organic fertilizers and studied management systems reduced the flocculation degree of the clay particles, and low macroporosity was observed in some areas. Despite these changes, a good soil physical structure was maintained, e.g., soil density and resistance to penetration were below the critical limits, whereas aggregate stability was high, which is important to reduce water erosion in these areas with rugged terrain in western Santa Catarina, used for pig and poultry farming.