A novel method for fast enrichment and monitoring of hexavalent and trivalent chromium at the ppt level with modified silica MCM-41 and its determination by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

Chromium(III) at the ng L-1 level was extracted using partially silylated MCM-41 modified by a tetraazamacrocyclic compound (TAMC) and determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emision spectrometry (ICP OES). The extraction time and efficiency, pH and flow rate, type and minimum amount of stripping acid, and break- through volume were investigated. The method's enrichment factor and detection limit are 300 and 45.5 pg mL-1, respectively. The maximum capacity of the 10 mg of modified silylated MCM-41 was found to be 400.5±4.7 µg for Cr(III). The method was applied to the determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in the wastewater of the chromium electroplating industry and in environmental and biological samples (black tea, hot and black pepper).

Citric acid as multifunctional agent in blowing films of starch/PBAT

Citric acid was used as a compatibilizer in the production of starch and PBAT films plasticized with glycerol and processed by blow extrusion. Films produced were characterized by WVP, mechanical properties, FT-IR-ATR and SEM. WPV ranged from 3.71 to 12.73×10-11 g m-1 s-1 Pa-1, while tensile strength and elongation at break ranged from 1.81 to 7.15 MPa and from 8.61 to 23.63%, respectively. Increasing the citric acid concentration improved WVP and slightly decreased film resistance and elongation. The films micrographs revealed a more homogeneous material with the addition of citric acid. However, the infrared spectra revealed little about cross-linking esterification reaction

APLICAÇÃO DE ÓXIDOS DE FERRO NANOESTRUTURADOS COMO ADSORVENTES E FOTOCATALISADORES NA REMOÇÃO DE POLUENTES DE ÁGUAS RESIDUAIS

New techniques for treating wastewater, particularly the removal or degradation of organic pollutants and heavy metals, among other pollutants, have been extensively studied. The use of nanostructured iron oxides as adsorbent and photocatalyst for the removal of these contaminants has proved a promising approach, not only because of their high treatment efficiency, but also for their cost-effectiveness, having the flexibility for in situ and ex situ applications. In this review, we briefly introduced the most used kinds of iron oxide nanoparticles, some synthesis techniques for iron oxide nanostructure formation, their potential benefits in environmental clean-up, and their recent advances and applications in wastewater treatment. These advances range from the direct applications of synthesized nanoparticles as adsorbents for removing toxic contaminants or as catalysts to oxidize and break down noxious contaminants (including bacteria and viruses) in wastewater, to integrating nanoparticles into conventional treatment technologies, such as composite photocatalytic filters (membranes, sand and ceramic) that combine separation technology with photocatalytic activity. Finally, the impact of nanoparticles on the environment and human health is briefly discussed.

Associação de adjuvantes à picoxistrobina + ciproconazol no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja

O principal problema fitossanitário da soja no Brasil é a ferrugem asiática. O uso de fungicidas é uma medida eficiente no controle da doença. Substâncias adicionadas à calda, como os adjuvantes podem influenciar a eficácia do fungicida. Testou-se nas safras 2008/09 e 2009/10 o efeito de seis adjuvantes (Assist®, Aureo®, Break ThruÒ, Joint®, Natur'l Oil® e Silwet®) adicionados a picoxistrobina + ciproconazol, além da testemunha (sem fungicida) e da testemunha padrão (Nimbus®), totalizando oito tratamentos. Para avaliação da doença, foram coletados folíolos nos terços superior, médio e inferior da cultura, observando número de lesões e urédias por folíolo nas três linhas centrais de cada parcela e incidência da doença. Na safra 2009/10, durante a segunda aplicação, foram utilizados papeis hidrossensíveis, avaliando-se o diâmetro da mediana volumétrica (DMV), o diâmetro da mediana numérica (DMN), o coeficiente de variação de gotas (CV), a densidade de gotas, o volume recuperado (L ha-1) e a área coberta pela calda fungicida (%). Nas duas safras não houve efeito dos adjuvantes testados sobre a eficiência de controle da doença quando comparados à testemunha padrão (fungicida + Nimbus®), podendo ser usados como alternativa. Na safra 2009/10 o adjuvante Aureo proporcionou menores valores de DMN, DMV, CV, volume recuperado e área coberta, enquanto que os tratamentos com maiores valores foram Assist, Joint, Nimbus e Silwet. Não foram observados sintomas de fitotoxidade associados à adição dos adjuvantes testados.

Mechanical properties of castor beans subject to different drying temperatures aiming to disrupt the bean coat

In castor oil extraction process, the bean coat is abrasive to the equipment and releases substances that modify the oil color, reducing its quality. A potential solution would be to run the extraction by compressing only the endosperm. Due to lack of information, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of forced air drying at 40, 60, 80 and 100 ºC and farmyard drying, in the mechanical properties of the beans, aiming to break the bean coat. Castor beans were subjected to compression tests, in two perpendicular directions, at a strain rate of 0.6 mm.s-1. Average values of force, deformation energy, strain, all at rupture, and stiffness were used to evaluate the effects of dehydration. It was observed that the heat treatments did not alter the mechanical properties of castor beans, the strain and stiffness values discriminate the differences between the directions and had the lowest coefficients of variation. It was concluded that forced air drying, more costly than farmyard drying, does not bring benefits to the decortication. However, regardless the heat treatment used, the mechanical stress lengthwise is the most suitable to promote decortication.

Efeitos do volume de calda de aplicação e adição de surfatantes organossiliconados na eficiência do MSMA no controle de tiririca

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a eficiência do herbicida MSMA no controle da planta daninha tiririca (Cyperus rotundus), quando aplicado com diferentes volumes de calda, associado ou não a surfatantes to tipo organossiliconados. Os tratamentos, dispostos no delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, foram: MSMA (2,4 kg ha-1), MSMA (2,4 kg ha¹ + surfatante organossiliconado [marca comercial Silwet L-77] 0,05% v/v) e MSMA (2,4 kg ha-1 + surfatante organossiliconado [marca comercial Break Thru] 0,05% v/v), aplicados em quatro volumes de calda (100, 200, 300 e 400 L ha-1), e duas testemunhas (capinada e sem capina). A pressão de trabalho do pulverizador (3,0 kgf cm-2) foi mantida constante durante as aplicações, para todos os tratamentos. No momento das aplicações as manifestações epígeas de tiririca apresentavam em média oito folhas. O surfatante marca comercial Silwet L-77 mostrou tendência de acelerar a toxidez do MSMA sobre a parte aérea da tiririca; todavia, variações do volume de calda aplicado por hectare com adição ou não de surfatantes organossiliconados não incrementaram o controle dessa planta daninha. O MSMA proporcionou apenas controle regular da tiririca (60-70%).

Influência de Adjuvantes e Pontas de Pulverização na Deriva de Aplicação do Glyphosate

Além do impacto ambiental, a deriva de glyphosate pode causar danos sobre culturas sensíveis a esse herbicida. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de adjuvantes e pontas de pulverização na deriva de glyphosate aplicado via terrestre. O estudo foi conduzido em campo, arranjado em esquema fatorial (3 x 9), sendo o primeiro fator constituído por três pontas de pulverização: uma de jato plano (Teejet XR 110.015) e duas de jato plano com indução de ar (Teejet AIXR 110.015 e Teejet TTI 110.015). O segundo fator foi composto por sete adjuvantes: Break Thru(r) (0,1% v.v.), Grap' Oil(r) (0,5% v.v.), Grap Super Gun(r) (0,03% v.v.), Iharol(r) (1% v.v.), NP-10(r) (0,075 L ha-1), Dash HC(r) (0,5% v.v.) e Emultec R(r) (0,05 L ha-1). Os adjuvantes foram adicionados à calda de aplicação juntamente com o herbicida Roundup Transorb R(r) na dose de 2,16 kg e.a. ha-1. Além desses, foram incluídos dois tratamentos testemunha: um sem aplicação e outro com aplicação de glyphosate sem adjuvante. As variáveis avaliadas foram a distância percorrida pelas gotas para fora do alvo, a fitotoxicidade causada pela deriva, o diâmetro mediano volumétrico, a densidade de gotas e o volume recuperado pela utilização de papéis hidrossensíveis. As pontas de pulverização TTI 110.015 e AIXR 110.015 proporcionaram menor deriva que a ponta XR 110.015. As pontas TTI e AIXR apresentaram menor densidade de gotas e maior diâmetro mediano volumétrico, quando comparadas à ponta XR. A utilização dos adjuvantes NP-10(r) e Emultec R(r) com a ponta de pulverização XR 110.015 aumentou a deriva quando comparada com a aplicação de glyphosate sem adjuvante, porém não diferiram dos demais adjuvantes. O adjuvante Emultec R(r) aumentou o DMV das gotas, quando geradas pela ponta XR 110.015. A utilização dos adjuvantes Grap' Oil(r), Grap Super Gun(r), Iharol(r) e Dash HC(r) diminuiu a densidade de gotas derivadas, quando geradas pela ponta XR 110.015.

Chromosome sensitivity to bleomycin in G2 lymphocytes from Down syndrome patients

Several studies have demonstrated that lymphocytes from patients with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit an increased frequency of chromosome aberrations when they are exposed to ionizing radiation or to chemicals at the G0 or G1 phases of the cell cycle, but not at G2, when compared to normal subjects. To determine the susceptibility of DS lymphocytes at G2 phase, bleomycin, a radiomimetic agent, was used to induce DNA breaks in blood cultures from 24 Down syndrome patients. All the patients with DS showed free trisomy 21 (47,XX + 21 or 47,XY + 21). Individuals that showed an average number of chromatid breaks per cell higher than 0.8 were considered sensitive to the drug. No control child showed susceptibility to bleomycin, and among the 24 patients with DS, only one was sensitive to the drug. No significant difference was observed between the two groups, regarding chromatid break frequencies in treated G2 lymphocytes. The distribution of bleomycin-induced breaks in each group of chromosomes was similar for DS and controls. No significant difference was found in the response to bleomycin between male and female subjects. Probably, the main factor involved in chromosome sensitivity of lymphocytes from patients with DS is the phase of the cell cycle in which the cell is treated.

Determination of anaerobic threshold in rats using the lactate minimum test

The break point of the curve of blood lactate vs exercise load has been called anaerobic threshold (AT) and is considered to be an important indicator of endurance exercise capacity in human subjects. There are few studies of AT determination in animals. We describe a protocol for AT determination by the "lactate minimum test" in rats during swimming exercise. The test is based on the premise that during an incremental exercise test, and after a bout of maximal exercise, blood lactate decreases to a minimum and then increases again. This minimum value indicates the intensity of the AT. Adult male (90 days) Wistar rats adapted to swimming for 2 weeks were used. The initial state of lactic acidosis was obtained by making the animals jump into the water and swim while carrying a load equivalent to 50% of body weight for 6 min (30-s exercise interrupted by a 30-s rest). After a 9-min rest, blood was collected and the incremental swimming test was started. The test consisted of swimming while supporting loads of 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 and 7.0% of body weight. Each exercise load lasted 5 min and was followed by a 30-s rest during which blood samples were taken. The blood lactate minimum was determined from a zero-gradient tangent to a spline function fitting the blood lactate vs workload curve. AT was estimated to be 4.95 ± 0.10% of body weight while interpolated blood lactate was 7.17 ± 0.16 mmol/l. These results suggest the application of AT determination in animal studies concerning metabolism during exercise.

Quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence of bovine serum albumin by chlorpromazine and hemin

The binding of chlorpromazine (CPZ) and hemin to bovine serum albumin was studied by the fluorescence quenching technique. CPZ is a widely used anti-psychotic drug that interacts with blood components, influences bioavailability, and affects function of several biomolecules. Hemin is an important ferric residue of hemoglobin that binds within the hydrophobic region of albumin with high specificity. Quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was observed by selectively exciting tryptophan residues at 290 nm. Emission spectra were recorded in the range from 300 to 450 nm for each quencher addition. Stern-Volmer graphs were plotted, and the quenching constant estimated for BSA solution titrated with hemin at 25ºC was 1.44 (± 0.05) x 10(5) M-1. Results showed that bovine albumin tryptophans are not equally accessible to CPZ, in agreement with the idea that polar or charged quenchers have more affinity for amino acid residues on the outer wall of the protein. Hemin added to albumin solution at a molar ratio of 1:1 quenched about 25% of their fluorescence. The quenching effect of CPZ on albumin-hemin solution was stronger than on pure BSA. This increase can be the result of combined conformational changes in the structure of albumin caused firstly by hemin and then by CPZ. Our results suggest that the primary binding site for hemin on bovine albumin may be located asymmetrically between the two tryptophans along the sequence formed by subdomains IB and IIA, closer to tryptophan residue 212.

Cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent, as an antipsychotic drug

A high dose of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the main Cannabis sativa (cannabis) component, induces anxiety and psychotic-like symptoms in healthy volunteers. These effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol are significantly reduced by cannabidiol (CBD), a cannabis constituent which is devoid of the typical effects of the plant. This observation led us to suspect that CBD could have anxiolytic and/or antipsychotic actions. Studies in animal models and in healthy volunteers clearly suggest an anxiolytic-like effect of CBD. The antipsychotic-like properties of CBD have been investigated in animal models using behavioral and neurochemical techniques which suggested that CBD has a pharmacological profile similar to that of atypical antipsychotic drugs. The results of two studies on healthy volunteers using perception of binocular depth inversion and ketamine-induced psychotic symptoms supported the proposal of the antipsychotic-like properties of CBD. In addition, open case reports of schizophrenic patients treated with CBD and a preliminary report of a controlled clinical trial comparing CBD with an atypical antipsychotic drug have confirmed that this cannabinoid can be a safe and well-tolerated alternative treatment for schizophrenia. Future studies of CBD in other psychotic conditions such as bipolar disorder and comparative studies of its antipsychotic effects with those produced by clozapine in schizophrenic patients are clearly indicated.

Matching salt intake to physiological need in rats using foraging protocols

Several studies of the quantitative relationship between sodium need and sodium intake in rats are reviewed. Using acute diuretic treatment 24 h beforehand, intake matches need fairly accurately when intake is spread out in time by using a hypotonic solution of NaCl. In contrast, using a hypertonic solution, intake is typically double the need. Using the same diuretic treatment, although the natriuresis occurs within ~1 h, the appetite appears only slowly over 24 h. Increased plasma levels of aldosterone parallel the increased intake; however, treatment with metyrapone blocks the rise in aldosterone but has no effect on appetite. Satiation of sodium appetite was studied in rats using sodium loss induced by chronic diuretic treatment and daily salt consumption sessions. When a simulated foraging cost was imposed on NaCl access in the form of a progressive ratio lever press task, rats showed satiation for NaCl (break point) after consuming an amount close to their estimated deficit. The chronic diuretic regimen produced hypovolemia and large increases in plasma aldosterone concentration and renin activity. These parameters were reversed to or toward non-depleted control values at the time of behavioral satiation in the progressive ratio protocol. Satiation mechanisms for sodium appetite thus do appear to exist. However, they do not operate quantitatively when concentrated salt is available at no effort, but instead allow overconsumption. There are reasons to believe that such a bias toward overconsumption may have been beneficial over evolutionary time, but such biasing for salt and other commodities is maladaptive in a resource-rich environment.

Attention in schizophrenia and in epileptic psychosis

The adaptive behavior of human beings is usually supported by rapid monitoring of outstanding events in the environment. Some investigators have suggested that a primary attention deficit might trigger symptoms of schizophrenia. In addition, researchers have long discussed the relationship between schizophrenia and the schizophrenia-like psychosis of epilepsy (SLPE). On the basis of these considerations, the objective of the present study was to investigate attention performance of patients with both disorders. Patient age was 18 to 60 years, and all patients had received formal schooling for at least four years. Patients were excluded if they had any systemic disease with neurologic or psychiatric comorbidity, or a history of brain surgery. The computer-assisted TAVIS-2R test was applied to all patients and to a control group to evaluate and discriminate between selective, alternating and sustained attention. The TAVIS-2R test is divided into three parts: one for selective attention (5 min), the second for alternating attention (5 min), and the third for the evaluation of vigilance or sustained attention (10 min). The same computer software was used for statistical analysis of reaction time, omission errors, and commission errors. The sample consisted of 36 patients with schizophrenia, 28 with interictal SLPE, and 47 healthy controls. The results of the selective attention tests for both patient groups were significantly lower than that for controls. The patients with schizophrenia and SLPE performed differently in the alternating and sustained attention tests: patients with SLPE had alternating attention deficits, whereas patients with schizophrenia showed deficits in sustained attention. These quantitative results confirmed the qualitative clinical observations for both patient groups, that is, that patients with schizophrenia had difficulties in focusing attention, whereas those with epilepsy showed perseveration in attention focus.

Development and characterization of edible films based on gluten from semi-hard and soft Brazilian wheat flours (development of films based on gluten from wheat flours)

Edible films based on gluten from four types of Brazilian wheat gluten (2 "semi-hard" and 2 "soft") were prepared and mechanical and barrier properties were compared with those of wheat gluten films with vital gluten. Water vapor, oxygen permeability, tensile strength and percent elongation at break, solubility in water and surface morphology were measured. The films from "semi-hard" wheat flours showed similar water vapor permeability and solubility in water to films from vital gluten and better tensile strength than the films from "soft" and vital gluten. The films from vital gluten had higher elongation at break and oxygen permeability and also lower solubility in water than the films from the Brazilian wheat "soft" flours. In spite of the vital gluten showed greater mechanical resistance, desirable for the bakery products, for the purpose of developing gluten films Brazilian "semi-hard" wheat flours can be used instead of vital gluten, since they showed similar barrier and mechanical properties.

Calcium bioavailability of raw and extruded amaranth grains

Calcium bioavailability of raw and extruded amaranth grains was assessed in a biological assay in rats. Rats were fed for 28 days on diets in which raw or extruded amaranth was the only calcium source, compared to a control diet with calcium carbonate. Calcium and phosphorous levels were determined in the rats' serum during the experimental period and in the bones at the end of the experiment. Amaranth extrusion increased its calcium bioavailability, assessed by tibia and femur weights and calcium and phosphorous content of the bones. Apparent calcium absorption index, the force needed to break the bones and bone densitometry of both extruded and raw amaranth were the same, though different from the control group. The results show that amaranth can be a complementary source of dietary calcium the bioavailability of which is favorably modified by the extrusion process.