47 resultados para estudios científicos


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This paper describes the use of primary chemistry literature in a fifth-semester physical chemistry course for undergraduate chemistry students. The main goal is to expose students to the primary literature of physical chemistry, demonstrating how they can benefit from using it. The assignment addresses issues in chemical education such as scientific writing, relating lecture material to the real world, and conducting literature searches. The student evaluation of this assignment, consisting of two surveys and one focus group, showed its usefulness. The details of the evaluation instruments and their results are provided. Out of 45 students enrolled in the course, 30 (67%) students completed the assignment.

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Chemistry teachers increasingly use research articles in their undergraduate courses. This trend arises from current pedagogical emphasis on active learning and scientific process. In this paper, we describe some educational experiences on the use of research articles in chemistry higher education. Additionally, we present our own conclusions on the use of such methodology applied to a scientific communication course offered to undergraduate chemistry students at the University of São Paulo, Brazil.

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Chemical modification of clays is possible due to their ion-exchange and adsorption capacities, which allows the adjustment of the physicochemical properties of the surfaces of their layers. This modification makes possible the use of clays to produce a great number of new materials, which range from coarse applications such as oil based drilling fluids to refined applications such as pharmaceutical products. This article intends to expose where there is still space for research and investment aiming at the performance improvement of clay-based materials.

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In this work, the preparation and characterization of materials such as zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and phosphotungstic acid promoted zirconium oxide (ZrO2-H3PW12O40) is presented. Physico-chemical characterization results showed that addition of H3PW12O40 acted as both a textural and chemical promoter of zirconium oxide. The incorporation of phosphotungstic acid into the ZrO2 matrix delayed the sintering of the material and stabilized ZrO2 in the tetragonal phase. ZrO2 acidity was also enhanced, developing strong acid sites on its surface. The Pt/ZrO2-H3PW12O40 catalyst was active for n-pentane isomerization at 250 °C, exhibiting high selectivity to iso-pentane (95%). This result is probably due to its suitable acidity.

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This study aimed to analyze the aspects of scientific language considered by chemistry professors in the evaluation of scientific texts authored by undergraduate chemistry students. Interviews were conducted with four professors who had evaluated reports and scientific articles written by students enrolled in undergraduate chemistry courses. The professors highlighted aspects pertaining to the structure and general organization of scientific texts typically adopted by the scientific community, and mentioned the importance of certain rhetoric elements in scientific language. This study can be an impetus for further investigation into the importance of language in chemistry education.

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In Anis paper are listed 19 different species of Hydrozca collected during a trip to the oceanic island of Trindade, located at lat. 20º 30' 00" S. and long. 29º 22' 00" W., 600 miles off the brazilian coast. During the trip hawls and dredges were done at different points of the island and of banks that exist between the coast and the island. Of the 19 listed species one is here considered new to science: Hebellopsis besnardi (p. 83), characterized by having thecae with a single curvature and a strongly everted margin. Its measures are intermediate between those os H. hartmeyeri and H. sinuosa, which are its closest allies. H. besnardi was found epizoic on D. quadridentata. Of the remainder 18, 14 were already known from the brazilian coast. Of these 14, 4 were previously known only from the coast south of Cabo Frio, and 10 are at present known only from the region north of Cabo Frio. Five species are found both north and south of this Cape. As a whole, 5 species are recorded now for the first time on the brazilian coast, of these are given a full description and figures. This paper has the purpose of increasing the faunistical knowledge of this region of the Atlantic Ocean as a first step towards the understanding of the zoogeographical relationships with the other oceans and the establishment of the zoogeographical regions of this coast.

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Trata o presente trabalho de uma coleção de peixes obtida em Cabo Frio, em São João da Barra, no Banco de São Tomé, no Banco Jaseur e na Ilha da Trindade. Considerando-se a ocorrência das espécies, por localidade, chega-se ao seguinte resultado: Cabo Frio ........................................... 13 espécies. São João da Barra ............................... 8 " " " Banco São Tomé ................................. 16 " " " Banco Jaseur ...................................... 2 " " " Ilha da Trindade .................................. 32 " " " Examinando-se as espécies da Ilha da Trindade, verifica-se que as frequentadoras da região representam, na realidade, 37,5% do total capturado, cifra obtida nessa primeira viagem de estudo. A maioria é encontratada tanto na região pelágica como nas proximidades da costa. Analisando-se a fauna da região estudada pelo Museu Americano de Nova Iorque, pelo Museu Nacional, do Rio de Janeiro e pelo Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia, constata-se que sobe a 66 o número de espécies lá encontradas entre 1912 e 1950. É de se presumir que ulteriores observações, levadas a efeito em várias épocas do ano, possam ainda acrescer esse número. A contribuição do Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia foi de 24 espécies que, incorporadas às 42 já constatadas per outras expedições, dão o total das até agora conhecidas no local.

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This preliminary paper gives new informations concerning occurrence and geographical dispersal of some Chlorophyceae collected at TRINDADE ISLAND (20º 30' Lat. S. and 29º 22' Long. W. Gw.). The following species are considered: Halimeda Opuntia (L.) Lamx. Penicillus Lamourouxii Dcne. Udotea Flabellum (E. & Sol.) Howe. Dictyosphaeria favulosa (Ag.) Dcne. Anadyomene stellata (W.) J. Ag.

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The oceanographic work realized during 10 days in the surroundings of the eruptive island of Trindade, 20º30'36" lat. S - 29º19'26" long. W, had as principal aim the determination of the insular plateau, whose knowledge was very insufficient. Thus were established some oceanographic stations and sounding lines were realized by means of an echobathymeter whose responses were initially verified with mechanical soundings obtaneid by means of a Thomson sounder. The insular plateau is very narrow and exhibits a sudden fall between the 100 and 120 m. depth line at 740 m. - 2950 m. from the coast. Its greatest depth is of 108,30 m. and its mean inclination is of 8,12%. The plateau of the island of Trindade is separated from that of the neighbouring group of Martim Yaz by great depths. The bottoms are rocky near the coast, the blocks having been produced by the rupture of the magmatic mass of the island. Further away from the coast, the size of the rocks gradually diminishes up to the fine sand thickness. In the litoral zone there are abundant tufts of living Lithothamnion with a rich associated flora and fauna, which partly covers the rocks themselves. Further off at sea, the spheres of the dead alga with its commensals are cimented together by sedimentation. The spheres are further broken up and become an integrating part of the sand. The results of the physical and chemical analyses of the sand bottoms are shown in tables 2 and 3. The coast is either of abrupt rocky walls falling down to sea level, or of shores, made of pebbles or of sand. Anyhow, there are frequently Lithothamnion terraces slightly inclinated towards the bottom (chemical analysis table 1).

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From the Jaseur Bank, off the Brazilian coast at 20º 30' S - 35º 50' W, were collected a few specimens of one of the less known species of the Heteropoda: Firoloida lesueuri (d'Orbigny). A detailed anatomical description follows aiming at the elucidation of some obscure points in the litterature on the subject and at showing the identity of most of the previously described "species" of the genus Firoloida. Special care was taken with the study of the nervous system of which most of the descriptions found were discordant. The author arrived at the conclusion that the pleural ganglia are either missing of fused to the cerebral ganglia, that the supraintestinal ganglion (left parietal ganglion) is present in the posterior region and is close to the subintestinal or right parietal ganglion, being both located near the rear end of the body. The innervations are described and discussed as well as the fusion of extensive tracts of the connectives. The present material is shown to be identical to F. kowalewskyi, well described by Vayssière and Tesch; F. desmaresti (Lesueur 1817) is shown to be undistinguishable from F. blainvilleana and F. gracilis. F. aculeata and F. gaimardi are here considered as "nomina nuda". F. liguriae Issel 1907 is admitted as separate species in spite of its insufficient description and, finally, F. vigilans (Troschel 1855), unsatisfactorily described from only one specimen is perhaps a valid species. A table is presented to show the slight differences between the 4 species which are undoubtedly very similar. F. desmaresti is found only in the Atlantic north of the line and a few points south and close to it as well as in dependent seas, while F. lesueuri is common to the south Atlantic, south Indie and south Pacific oceans, extending north only up to the Azores Islands. F. liguriae is from the south western Atlantic. ?F. vigilans would be an endemic species from Messina (Mediterranean).

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In May 1950 a trip was undertaken by the ships "Baependi" and "Vega" to the Trindade Island - 20º30'S and 29º20'W - Approximately 1200 km off the coast of Espirito Santo State. This scientific expedition was realized by the iniciative of the Minister J. A. Lins de Barros. In this expedition the supervisor of the oceanographic works was Prof. W. Besnard, the director of the São Paulo Oceanographic Institute. He brougth home 42 samples of water for study, collected upon the insular terrace of the island, referring to the 15 established stations - see table I - with depths varying between 0 m and 115 m. The physical and chemical properties of them are to be seen on table II. The results obtained were compared with those of the German Expedition to the South Atlantic, 1925/27 ("Meteor"), observed at the stations 157-158-159-163 of profile VI and 168-169-170 of profile VII. The mean results obtaneid by the boats "Baependi" and "Vega" are represented on table IV. We constructed vertical sections - I to VI - of each group of Stations, showing the slope of the insular shelves and, in a general manner, the distribution of salinity. We made also longitudinal section - E, M, I - involving the island and corresponding, respectively, to the groups of stations, the farthest, nearest and intermediary ones. As the number of samples received is reduced and consequently the data obtained are few, no conclusions could be deduced. We made only a commentary supposing that the predominating waters surrounding the island are the same as those coming from the mentioned stations on Profile VI, marked by the "Meteor". No indication authorizes the supposition that waters of the Brazil Current or those of Profile VII of the "Meteor" reach the Trindade Island. On the contrary, its waters must be warm and salted to which Albert Defant (Die Troposphaere, Wiss. Erg. D. Atl. Exp. "Meteor" Band VI, 1 Tel Lief. 3, Berlin, 1936) has referred, as the island is located very near to the limits of the perspective diagram of warm water circulation pointed out. (Kieler Meeresforschungen, Inst. Meereskunde, Universit. Kiel, Band VII, Heft 1, S 24, 1950).

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A sessão de pôster é a forma mais comum de apresentação de trabalhos e pesquisas em encontros científicos médicos, e, apesar disso, são escassas as informações sobre este tema na literatura médica. Desde o planejamento, é importante traçar prazos realistas, seguir as instruções fornecidas pelos organizadores do evento e se preparar de acordo com a audiência. O pôster contém um cabeçalho e o texto, que inclui: resumo, introdução, material e métodos, discussão, conclusões e referências. O estilo e o tamanho das fontes devem possibilitar a leitura a uma distância de 1 a 2 metros. Em algumas situações, figuras, gráficos e tabelas no pôster podem apresentar certas informações mais claramente e em menor espaço do que se descritas sob a forma de texto. Bom planejamento e treinamento diminuem eventuais dificuldades na apresentação do pôster. Este trabalho revisa o assunto, trazendo informações objetivas sobre este método.

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El ataque de las hormigas cortadoras es una de las principales razones de pérdida de plantas durante la etapa de establecimiento de un monte forestal. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron evaluar la intensidad de forrajeo de Acromyrmex lundi asociado a algunas condiciones ambientales y procedencias de Eucalyptus globulus y estimar el impacto de la herbivoría sobre el crecimiento inicial de estos árboles. Dos ensayos se llevaron a cabo durante dos temporadas estivo-otoñales consecutivas, en el Campo Experimental de la Universidad Nacional de Luján, Argentina. Los materiales de diferentes procedencias fueron dispuestos en bloques equidistantes a 5 m de un nido activo de A. lundi. Durante doce semanas se contabilizó el número de hojas cortadas por las hormigas y se registraron algunas variables meteorológicas. En el segundo año la mitad de las parcelas fue protegida de las hormigas y se midieron variables de crecimiento. Los materiales de todas las procedencias fueron atacadas por A. lundi, aunque el número de hojas cosechada fue significativamente diferente sólo entre los orígenes Flinders Island (52,5 hojas) y Nullo Mountain (28,5 hojas). El número de días lluviosos fue el único factor ambiental que se relacionó positivamente con la actividad de las hormigas.Todos los tratamientos redujeron significativamente la altura, el diámetro y el área foliar cuando fueron atacados por las hormigas. Las distintas procedencias compensaron diferencialemnte la herbivoría. Se discuten los resultados en función de los criterios a tener en cuenta para la selección de materiales genéticos como herramienta de manejo y control del ataque de A. lundi.

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OBJETIVO: Analisar a proporção de trabalhos apresentados no XXI Panamerican Congress of Trauma, VIII Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de Atendimento Integrado ao Traumatizado (SBAIT) e X Congresso Brasileiro das Ligas do Trauma (CoLT) que foram publicados integralmente. MÉTODOS: Nos eventos citados que foram sediados em Campinas, em 2008, foram apresentados e publicados os resumos de 347 trabalhos. Para avaliar a proporçãode trabalhos completos publicados foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo observacional consultando as bases de dados biomédicas PubMed e SciELO, com apoio do Google, a partir do título dos resumos e da listagem de autores. RESULTADOS: Dos 347 trabalhos considerados, 25 (7,3%) eram de serviços estrangeiros e 322 (92,7%) de nacionais. Dez (2,9%) trabalhos foram publicados, dos quais, seis (1,7%) da área de enfermagem e quatro (1,2%) de medicina. Dentre estes, foram identificados quatro publicações de tese e apenas um dos trabalhos internacionais foi publicado. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de haver um grande número de trabalhos apresentados em congressos de trauma no Brasil, as publicações nesta área são raras. A academia e as sociedades de cirurgia precisam estimular a submissão de trabalhos científicos mesmo antes da apresentação em congressos a fim de serem avaliados para publicação em revistas indexadas.

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Euphorbia dentata Michaux é uma espécie de ciclo primaveril-estival, de recente introdução na zona central da Província de Buenos Aires. Nos últimos anos, no distrito de Azul, adiquiriu importância como planta daninha ocupando uma grande área agrícola, principalmente de soja, milho e girassol. Atualmente, o pouco conhecimento desta espécie dificulta o emprego de métodos de manejo racionais e eficientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a área de difusão desta planta daninha na região de azul; descrever suas características botânicas e estudar o seu comportamento nesta área através de diversos aspectos biológicos que pudessem ser relevantes para estabelecer programas de controle. Os estudos foram desenvolvidos em toda área agricultável da região durante os anos de 1993/94, 1994/95 e 1995/96. Nas áreas de amostragem determinou-se a presença e densidade e, diversos aspectos relacionados a biologia como emergência, germinação, número de frutos e sementes por planta e peso seco. Determinou-se a viabilidade das sementes e descreveu-se botanicamente a espécie. Verificou-se que a espécie ocupa uma superfície aproximada de 250.000 ha, o que representa 40% do distrito de Azul e 85% da área cultivada, com níveis de infestação que vão desde 20 a 200 plantas/m2. Sob condições naturais ocorrem dois picos de emergência e, a floração foi induzida pelo fotoperíodo. Em geral as plantas produzem uma grande quantidade de sementes e com alta viabilidade. Para um melhor conhecimento da espécie, esta encontra-se descrita botanicamente.