Usar ou não o hijab no Brasil? Uma análise da religiosidade islâmica em um contexto minoritário

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a religiosidade islâmica no contexto minoritário brasileiro, a partir da observação da prática do hijab no país. A princípio, será realizada uma breve apresentação histórica sobre a presença muçulmana no Brasil, abrangendo desde o tráfico negreiro e a imigração árabe até a conversão de brasileiros ao Islã. A seguir, são apresentados relatos de muçulmanas que nos permitem compreender como elas se sentem percebidas pelos brasileiros não muçulmanos ao trajarem o véu. Por fim, serão examinadas as práticas do hijab por parte de muçulmanas em diversas regiões do país, como São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Florianópolis e Brasília, com o intuito de entender como muçulmanas negociam e adaptam suas crenças e práticas religiosas no contexto nacional.

Thermoregulation in hypertensive men exercising in the heat with water ingestion

Hydration is recommended in order to decrease the overload on the cardiovascular system when healthy individuals exercise, mainly in the heat. To date, no criteria have been established for hydration for hypertensive (HY) individuals during exercise in a hot environment. Eight male HY volunteers without another medical problem and 8 normal (NO) subjects (46 ± 3 and 48 ± 1 years; 78.8 ± 2.5 and 79.5 ± 2.8 kg; 171 ± 2 and 167 ± 1 cm; body mass index = 26.8 ± 0.7 and 28.5 ± 0.6 kg/m²; resting systolic (SBP) = 142.5 and 112.5 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) = 97.5 and 78.1 mmHg, respectively) exercised for 60 min on a cycle ergometer (40% of VO2peak) with (500 ml 2 h before and 115 ml every 15 min throughout exercise) or without water ingestion, in a hot humid environment (30ºC and 85% humidity). Rectal (Tre) and skin (Tsk) temperatures, heart rate (HR), SBP, DBP, double product (DP), urinary volume (Vu), urine specific gravity (Gu), plasma osmolality (Posm), sweat rate (S R), and hydration level were measured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA in a split plot design, followed by the Newman-Keuls test. There were no differences in Vu, Posm, Gu and S R responses between HY and NO during heat exercise with or without water ingestion but there was a gradual increase in HR (59 and 51%), SBP (18 and 28%), DP (80 and 95%), Tre (1.4 and 1.3%), and Tsk (6 and 3%) in HY and NO, respectively. HY had higher HR (10%), SBP (21%), DBP (20%), DP (34%), and Tsk (1%) than NO during both experimental situations. The exercise-related differences in SBP, DP and Tsk between HY and NO were increased by water ingestion (P < 0.05). The results showed that cardiac work and Tsk during exercise were higher in HY than in NO and the difference between the two groups increased even further with water ingestion. It was concluded that hydration protocol recommended for NO during exercise could induce an abnormal cardiac and thermoregulatory responses for HY individuals without drug therapy.

L'homme comme expression de l'inconditionné dans la nature

Dans L'anthropologie du point de vue pragmatique Kant répond à la question « Qu'est-ce que l'homme ? » d'une manière descriptive et empirique en caractérisant le phénomène « homme » comme membre d'une communauté humaine sous des conditions sociales et culturelles. - Dans la deuxième partie de la Critique de la faculté de juger Kant cherche, au contraire, à démontrer la dimension nouménale de l'être humain par la « conclusion [...] à partir de la téléologie morale [...] à un but final de la création » (AA 05 : 455) dont un fondement de preuve « se trouvait déjà dans la faculté rationnelle de l'homme avant sa plus matinale germination, et il continuera à se développer davantage avec la culture de celle- ci » (AA 05 : 458). - La mise en relief du rapport entre la « Méthodologie du jugement téléologique » et la fonction didactique de l'Anthropologie pourrait servir d'illustrer l'idée de l'homme comme but final qui « est une fin qui n'a besoin d'aucune autre comme condition de sa possibilité » (AA 05 : 434) - qui est, par cela, l'expression de l'inconditionné dans les limites de la nature sensible.