Análise de especiação de cobre e zinco empregando voltametria de redissolução anódica com pulso diferencial

This work describes methodologies for speciation analysis of the metals copper and zinc as total, total dissolved, labile, as well as complexation capacity (conditional stability constants and available ligand concentration), using the same technique, differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). Several supporting electrolytes were tested, and the results showed that KNO3 and HNO3 resulted in voltamograms without interferences as well as excellent resolution for the total and labile fractions. The methodology using the DPASV technique allows a simple and low cost analysis of copper and zinc speciation, with high precision and sensitivity, with limits of quantification (LOQ) of 1.8 nmol L-1 for copper and 2.1 nmol L-1 for zinc.

Sistema poroso e capacidade de retenção de água em latossolo submetido a diferentes manejos de plantas invasoras em uma lavoura cafeeira

Os manejos de plantas invasoras em lavouras cafeeiras podem promover alterações estruturais que comprometem a capacidade do solo em infiltrar, distribuir, transmitir e reter água, em função da distribuição dos poros por tamanho. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência da adoção de diferentes manejos de plantas invasoras no sistema poroso e na capacidade de retenção de água em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico (LVdf), nas entrelinhas de uma lavoura cafeeira, em relação ao solo sob mata nativa. A área de estudo localiza-se na Fazenda Experimental da Epamig, em São Sebastião do Paraíso, região sul de Minas Gerais. O experimento foi instalado no ano de 1977 em blocos casualizados (DBC), com três repetições. Os seguintes manejos de plantas invasoras foram utilizados nas entrelinhas dos cafeeiros: sem capina (SCAP); capina manual (CAPM); herbicida de pósemergência (HPOS); roçadora (ROÇA); enxada rotativa (ENRT); grade (GRAD); e herbicida de pré-emergência (HPRE). Em dezembro de 2007, amostras de solo com estrutura indeformada foram coletadas aleatoriamente no centro das entrelinhas dos cafeeiros sob os diferentes manejos, nas profundidades de 0-3 cm, 10-13 cm e 25-28 cm, totalizando 315 amostras. Em uma mata nativa (MATA) sob LVdf, adjacente à área de estudo, foram coletadas 15 amostras adicionais por profundidade, as quais serviram de referência para os atributos avaliados. A partir da curva de retenção de água no solo, foi obtida a distribuição de poros por tamanho (macroporosidade: poros com diâmetro > 50 µm e microporosidade: poros com diâmetro < 50 µm), e o volume total de poros foi calculado pela equação [VTP = 1-(densidade do solo/ densidade de partículas)]. As principais alterações, tanto na curva de retenção de água como na distribuição de poros por tamanho, ocorreram na profundidade de 0-3 cm. Os extremos foram para o LVdf sob MATA e o solo sob lavoura cafeeira manejado com a GRAD e HPRE. Os demais sistemas de manejo proporcionaram ao LVdf valores intermediários das variáveis avaliadas.

Main food sources of carotenoids, according to the purpose and degree of processing, for beneficiaries of the 'Bolsa Família' in Brazil

The intake of carotenoids is associated with antioxidant properties and some of these substances have activity of pro-vitamin A. This study aimed to estimate the intake of carotenoids (average values) by the Brazilian population focusing on beneficiaries of the 'Bolsa Família' Program and identify the dietary sources, according to the purpose and degree of processing and the inclusion of food additives. The database used is the personal food consumption module of the Household Budget Survey of 2008-2009, conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The content of carotenoids in foods was obtained primarily from a National data source. Food products were classified into three categories: 1) fresh and minimally processed foods; 2) processed foods (containing food additives, except for flavoring and coloring agents); and 3) highly processed foods (containing flavoring and coloring agents). Insufficient intakes were identified for the conditional cash transfer program beneficiaries (3,547.1 µg). Fresh and minimally processed foods supplied between 48.6% (for girls) and 65.7% (for male adults) of pro-vitamin carotenoids. Processed foods were sources of between 55.5% and 57.0% of lutein + zeaxanthin for elderly and between 58.0% and 67.8% of lycopene for adults. Highly processed foods contributed to less than 5.0% of total carotenoids.

Um modelo evolucionário Norte-Sul

This work expands the classical Nelson and Winter model of Schumpeterian competition by including two sectors and a North-South dynamics, with a view to analyzing how different institutions and technological regimes affect the processes of convergence and divergence in the international economy. The results suggest that convergence may emerge out of the efforts for imitation in the South when the technological regime is cumulative. But when the regime is science-based, imitation is not enough for a successful catching-up. In this case convergence requires the South to invest in innovation as well. The work also analyses the robustness of the model results using Montecarlo techniques.

Validade condicional do equilíbrio na Teoria Geral de Keynes

It discusses that the equilibrium in Economics, as a method of analysis, has a conditional utility, when it is not necessary its association with ideal situations and with a constancy of structural parameters of the system. Keynes (1936) appears as an example of a good utilization of that method, for he doesn't link it with notions of social optimum or with a necessary system's structural stability.

Integração financeira, poupança externa e convergência de renda: teoria e evidência

The conventional argument favoring capital controls elimination is based on the predictions from the neoclassical model: free international capital mobility would allow capital flows from country where capital is abundant to countries where capital is scarce and the outcome in a global perspective is efficient allocation of savings and income convergence. Within this perspective, financial integration would be particularly beneficial for developing countries resulting in external savings import, temporary increase in per-capita GDP growth rate and a permanent increase in the per-capita GDP level. Using data for a sample of 105 countries from 1980 to 2004 the evidences show that capitals flows from developing to developed countries and that international financial integration and external savings do not increase the conditional convergence rate.