Hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis patients in Maracaibo, Venezuela

Over a two year period, the incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was evaluated in 29 hemodialysis patients, aged between 15 and 75 years (mean ± SD: 45 ± 39.5 years), from the University Hospital Hemodyalisis Unit, Maracaibo, Zulia State, Venezuela. Anti-HCV antibodies were determined using a fourth generation ELISA (Innotest HCV Ab IV) kit and positive blood samples were tested using a recombinant assay kit (Inno-LIA HCV Ab III), both kits from Innogenetics N.V., Belgium. The findings indicate a lack of HCV seroconversion in the hemodialysis patients over the study period, confirmed by the recombinant assay. Risk factors for HCV infection were 0.3270 (95% confidence interval: 0.01323-8.080) in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The findings suggest a lack of significant sources for HCV infection due to the preventive measures to avoid its transmission in the hemodialysis unit.

FIRST REPORT OF METALLO-β-LACTAMASES PRODUCING Enterobacter spp. STRAINS FROM VENEZUELA

Clinical strains of Enterobacter were isolated from Cumana's Central Hospital in Venezuela, and classified as E. cloacae (21), E. aerogenes(7), E. intermedium (1), E. sakazakii (1) and three unclassified. The strains showed high levels of resistance, especially to SXT (58.1%), CRO (48.8%), CAZ (46.6%), PIP (46.4%), CIP (45.2%) and ATM (43.3%). This is the first report for South America of blaVIM-2 in two E. cloacae and one Enterobacter sp., which also showed multiple mechanisms of resistance. Both E. cloacaeshowed blaTEM-1, but only one showed blaCTX-M-15 gene, while no blaSHV was detected.

AMINOGLYCOSIDE RESISTANCE GENES IN Pseudomonas aeruginosa ISOLATES FROM CUMANA, VENEZUELA

The enzymatic modification of aminoglycosides by aminoglycoside-acetyltransferases (AAC), aminoglycoside-adenyltransferases (AAD), and aminoglycoside-phosphotransferases (APH), is the most common resistance mechanism in P. aeruginosa and these enzymes can be coded on mobile genetic elements that contribute to their dispersion. One hundred and thirty seven P. aeruginosa isolates from the University Hospital, Cumana, Venezuela (HUAPA) were evaluated. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method and theaac, aadB and aph genes were detected by PCR. Most of the P. aeruginosa isolates (33/137) were identified from the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), mainly from discharges (96/137). The frequency of resistant P. aeruginosaisolates was found to be higher for the aminoglycosides tobramycin and amikacin (30.7 and 29.9%, respectively). Phenotype VI, resistant to these antibiotics, was the most frequent (14/49), followed by phenotype I, resistant to all the aminoglycosides tested (12/49). The aac(6´)-Ib,aphA1 and aadB genes were the most frequently detected, and the simultaneous presence of several resistance genes in the same isolate was demonstrated. Aminoglycoside resistance in isolates ofP. aeruginosa at the HUAPA is partly due to the presence of the aac(6´)-Ib, aphA1 andaadB genes, but the high rates of antimicrobial resistance suggest the existence of several mechanisms acting together. This is the first report of aminoglycoside resistance genes in Venezuela and one of the few in Latin America.

Lagochilascariasis humana en Venezuela: descripción de un caso fatal

Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909, puede producir lesiones graves, con invasión de músculo, hueso, ojo, oido medio, pulmones o cerebro. En este trabajo se comunica uri caso de lagochilascariasis en unajóvem de 17anos venezolana, que desarrolló signos de hipertensión endocraneana. Se revisan las publicaciones sobre lagochilascariasis y los aspectos clínicos-patológicos de la invasión dei sistema nervioso central por estos vermes.

Seroprevalencia de HTLV-I/II en hombres gays y trabajadoras sexuales de la Isla de Margarita, Venezuela

Sabida la importante seroprevalencia en la Isla de Margarita para el HIV-1 nos propusimos conocer la seroprevalencia de HTLV-I/II en muestras de grupos epidemiologicamente importantes en su transmisión. El estudio se desarrolló con 141 trabajadoras sexuales y 40 hombres gays entre 1994 y 1997. Nuestros resultados permitieron establecer infección por HTLV-I en un hombre. Este es el primer reporte conocido sobre pesquisa epidemiológica de la infección por HTLV-I/II en la Isla de Margarita.

Prevalencias de las geohelmintiasis intestinales en 100 municipios de Venezuela (1989-1992)

El examen coproparasitológico (técnica de Kato-Katz) de un total de 113.254 personas, pertenecientes a 100 municipios de Venezuela, permitió establecer las siguientes prevalencias a nivel nacional: Ascaris lumbricoides: 26,9%, Trichuris trichiura: 32,6% y Anquilostomideos: 5,6%. Además se determinaron los valores de la prevalencia para los mencionados geohelmintos en los 100 municipios considerados observándose una gran variabilidad. Para T. trichiura los valores máximos se obtuvieron en los municipios Arévalo González (54,6%), en el Estado Miranda, Urama (76,9%) en el Estado Carabobo y Punta de Piedra (78,4%) en el Estado Sucre. Para A. lumbricoides, en los municipios Punta de Piedra (63%) y Tunapuy (61,9%), en el Estado Sucre y Arévalo González (62,7%) en el Estado Miranda. Mientras que para los Anquilostomideos las prevalencias máximas se detectaron en los municipios El Amparo (39,5%) y San Camilo (35,9%) en el Estado Apure. En cuanto a la edad las prevalencias más altas se determinaron en niños de edad pre-escolar y escolar, para A. lumbricoides y T. trichiura y en adolescentes y adultos para anquilostomideos.

Fauna flebotomínica (Díptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) do Estado Bolívar, Venezuela

Foi feito um estudo para conhecer a fauna flebotomínica do Estado Bolívar, Venezuela. Foram identificados 2364 flebotomíneos distribuídos em 18 espécies. As espécies que podem estar participando da transmissão da Leishmaniose tegumentar americana no Estado Bolívar são possivelmente Lutzomyia anduzei, L. wellcomei e L. squamiventris ao Sul do estado, e L. flaviscutellata e L. gomezi as espécies transmissoras ao Norte.

Evaluación de un brote de leishmaniasis tegumentaria americana en una comunidad rural del Estado Bolívar, Venezuela

La presencia de un foco de leishmaniasis tegumentaria americana (LTA) en la localidad de San José de Hacha, al sur del Estado Bolívar en Venezuela, motivó la realización de un estudio epidemiológico utilizando la intradermorreacción (IDR) de Montenegro. De los 184 habitantes de San José de Hacha, se aplicó la IDR a 121 (65,8%). El 33,9% fueron reactores positivos (44/121). El mayor porcentaje de positividad se observó en personas del sexo masculino con 39,5% (P<0,05), y en adultos, principalmente en el grupo etáreo de 31 a 40 años (52,4%) (ji2 = 18,28; g.l. = 6). Según la ocupación, los trabajadores agrícolas resultaron los más reactivos (69,0%). El 65,9% (27/41) de las personas IDR positiva presentaron áreas de reacción entre 5 y 9mm. Se identificaron lesiones activas de LTA en 22 habitantes y cicatrices en sólo siete casos. Se sugiere que San José de Hacha constituye un foco de LTA de reciente instalación.

Elevada prevalência de blastocistose em pacientes do Centro de Saúde de Soledad, Estado Anzoátegui, Venezuela

Entre 98 exames parasitológicos de fezes de pacientes do Centro de Saúde de Soledad, Anzoátegui, Venezuela, foram encontrados 46 (46,9%) positivos para Blastocystis hominis.

Meningoencephalitis by Naegleria fowleri: epidemiological study in Anzoategui state, Venezuela

A case of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis produced by Naegleria fowleri was diagnosed in the Independencia county of Anzoategui State, Venezuela. This case motivated the realization of the present epidemiological study with the aim of identifying free-living amoebae in this area. Representative water samples were taken and physicochemical and microbiologic analyses were carried out. Trophozoites and cysts of Naegleria spp, were detected in 44.4% (n=4). An excellent concordance was found among the observations of free-living amoebae in smears and those of monoxenic cultures in non nourishing agar with Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kappa=1; p= 0.003). A variable load of aerobic mesophils was obtained. Moulds and yeast averages presented 3.0 CFU/ml (SD± 2.0) and 102.9 CFU/ml (SD± 32.2), respectively. One hundred per cent of the samples presented a most probable number of total and fecal coliforms of 240,000 NMP/100mL. Naegleria spp was present in waters of the Independence county of Anzoategui state, which constitutes a risk for people that use these sources.

Scorpionism due to Tityus neoespartanus (Scorpiones, Buthidae) in Margarita Island, northeastern Venezuela

The first two cases of scorpion envenoming caused by Tityus neoespartanus (Buthidae) are described. The accidents took place within human environments (one inside a home and the other inside a school), in the village of La Sierra, Margarita Island, State of Nueva Esparta, northeastern Venezuela. Both cases were moderately severe and developed pancreatic involvement and electrocardiographic abnormalities. This report allows inclusion of Margarita Island among the endemic areas of scorpionism in Venezuela.

First case of human latrodectism in Venezuela

The first case of envenoming by Latrodectus geometricus in Venezuela is described. The accident occurred at the victim's home, in Aragua de Barcelona, Anzoátegui State. The 31-year-old female victim was bitten twice on the left scapular region, in quick succession (within seconds). She developed a hyperactive state of the central, autonomic and peripheral nervous systems with minor local symptoms.

Molecular characterization of Salmonella strains in individuals with acute diarrhea syndrome in the State of Sucre, Venezuela

INTRODUCTION:In Venezuela, acute diarrheic syndrome (ADS) is a primary cause of morbi-mortality, often involving the Salmonella genus. Salmonella infections are associated with acute gastroenteritis, one of the most common alimentary intoxications, and caused by the consumption of contaminated water and food, especially meat. METHODS: Conventional and molecular methods were used to detect Salmonella strains from 330 fecal samples from individuals of different ages and both sexes with ADS. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the molecular characterization of Salmonella, using invA, sefA, and fliC genes for the identification of this genus and the serotypes Enteritidis and Typhimurium, respectively. RESULTS: The highest frequency of individuals with ADS was found in children 0-2 years old (39.4%), and the overall frequency of positive coprocultures was 76.9%. A total of 14 (4.2%) strains were biochemically and immunologically identified as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, of which 7 were classified as belonging to the Enteritidis serotype, 4 to the Typhimurium serotype, and 3 to other serotypes. The S. enterica strains were distributed more frequently in the age groups 3-4 and 9-10 years old. CONCLUSIONS: The molecular characterization method used proved to be highly specific for the typing of S. enterica strains using DNA extracted from both the isolated colonies and selective enrichment broths directly inoculated with fecal samples, thus representing a complementary tool for the detection and identification of ADS-causing bacteria.