Submicroscopic malaria parasite carriage: how reproducible are polymerase chain reaction-based methods?

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods for the diagnosis of malaria infection are expected to accurately identify submicroscopic parasite carriers. Although a significant number of PCR protocols have been described, few studies have addressed the performance of PCR amplification in cases of field samples with submicroscopic malaria infection. Here, the reproducibility of two well-established PCR protocols (nested-PCR and real-time PCR for the Plasmodium 18 small subunit rRNA gene) were evaluated in a panel of 34 blood field samples from individuals that are potential reservoirs of malaria infection, but were negative for malaria by optical microscopy. Regardless of the PCR protocol, a large variation between the PCR replicates was observed, leading to alternating positive and negative results in 38% (13 out of 34) of the samples. These findings were quite different from those obtained from the microscopy-positive patients or the unexposed individuals; the diagnosis of these individuals could be confirmed based on the high reproducibility and specificity of the PCR-based protocols. The limitation of PCR amplification was restricted to the field samples with very low levels of parasitaemia because titrations of the DNA templates were able to detect < 3 parasites/µL in the blood. In conclusion, conventional PCR protocols require careful interpretation in cases of submicroscopic malaria infection, as inconsistent and false-negative results can occur.

Epidemiological aspects of influenza A related to climatic conditions during and after a pandemic period in the city of Salvador, northeastern Brazil

During the influenza pandemic of 2009, the A(H1N1)pdm09, A/H3N2 seasonal and influenza B viruses were observed to be co-circulating with other respiratory viruses. To observe the epidemiological pattern of the influenza virus between May 2009-August 2011, 467 nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from children less than five years of age in the city of Salvador. In addition, data on weather conditions were obtained. Indirect immunofluorescence, real-time transcription reverse polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and sequencing assays were performed for influenza virus detection. Of all 467 samples, 34 (7%) specimens were positive for influenza A and of these, viral characterisation identified Flu A/H3N2 in 25/34 (74%) and A(H1N1)pdm09 in 9/34 (26%). Influenza B accounted for a small proportion (0.8%) and the other respiratory viruses for 27.2% (127/467). No deaths were registered and no pattern of seasonality or expected climatic conditions could be established. These observations are important for predicting the evolution of epidemics and in implementing future anti-pandemic measures.

The Duffy binding protein as a key target for a Plasmodium vivax vaccine: lessons from the Brazilian Amazon

Plasmodium vivax infects human erythrocytes through a major pathway that requires interaction between an apical parasite protein, the Duffy binding protein (PvDBP) and its receptor on reticulocytes, the Duffy antigen/receptor for chemokines (DARC). The importance of the interaction between PvDBP (region II, DBPII) and DARC to P. vivax infection has motivated our malaria research group at Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (state of Minas Gerais, Brazil) to conduct a number of immunoepidemiological studies to characterise the naturally acquired immunity to PvDBP in populations living in the Amazon rainforest. In this review, we provide an update on the immunology and molecular epidemiology of PvDBP in the Brazilian Amazon - an area of markedly unstable malaria transmission - and compare it with data from other parts of Latin America, as well as Asia and Oceania.

Plasmodium simium/Plasmodium vivax infections in southern brown howler monkeys from the Atlantic Forest

Blood infection by the simian parasite, Plasmodium simium, was identified in captive (n = 45, 4.4%) and in wild Alouatta clamitans monkeys (n = 20, 35%) from the Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil. A single malaria infection was symptomatic and the monkey presented clinical and haematological alterations. A high frequency of Plasmodium vivax-specific antibodies was detected among these monkeys, with 87% of the monkeys testing positive against P. vivax antigens. These findings highlight the possibility of malaria as a zoonosis in the remaining Atlantic Forest and its impact on the epidemiology of the disease.

Genetic diversity of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax parasites from the western Brazilian Amazon

The molecular basis of Plasmodium vivax chloroquine (CQ) resistance is still unknown. Elucidating the molecular background of parasites that are sensitive or resistant to CQ will help to identify and monitor the spread of resistance. By genotyping a panel of molecular markers, we demonstrate a similar genetic variability between in vitro CQ-resistant and sensitive phenotypes of P. vivax parasites. However, our studies identified two loci (MS8 and MSP1-B10) that could be used to discriminate between both CQ-susceptible phenotypes among P. vivax isolates in vitro. These preliminary data suggest that microsatellites may be used to identify and to monitor the spread of P. vivax-resistance around the world.

Aplicação do processo de relação interpessoal de Travelbee com mãe de recém-nascido internado em uma unidade neonatal

Objetivou-se aplicar o processo de relação interpessoal com mãe a de um recém-nascido que se encontrava internado em unidade neonatal, utilizando a Teoria da Relação Interpessoal de Joyce Travelbee. Estudo de caso, de natureza descritiva, desenvolvido em unidade de internação neonatal, em dezembro e janeiro de 2004. A Coleta de dados realizou-se mediante entrevista semi-estruturada, com interação pessoa-pessoa. Aplicou-se um instrumento contendo seis perguntas que revelaram possibilidades de ajuda mútua ante os problemas de saúde do filho. Buscou-se amenizar as angústias, dúvidas e medos, por meio da interação com a mãe. Constatou-se que a abordagem teórica foi relevante e serviu como guia para a enfermeira aplicar um cuidar mais ético e humano.

Aspectos da comunicação da enfermeira com o deficiente auditivo

Indivíduos com limitação auditiva têm seu processo comunicativo prejudicado. Procurou-se explorar aspectos da comunicação da enfermeira com os deficientes auditivos. Estudo descritivo-exploratório, realizado em hospitais de Fortaleza de maio a junho de 2004 mediante entrevistas abertas analisadas qualitativamente. As enfermeiras percebem que é difícil a comunicação com o deficiente auditivo, embora algumas tenham desempenho satisfatório. Nesse processo, algumas referem utilizar tanto a comunicação não verbal, por mímica e leitura labial, como a comunicação verbal oral e escrita. Outras utilizam o acompanhante, quebrando o sigilo da consulta. Para aperfeiçoar a comunicação, sugerese o preparo profissional na graduação e cursos de LIBRAS. Conforme se conclui, existe dificuldade da enfermeira ao se comunicar com o deficiente auditivo.

Percepção do enfermeiro sobre promoção da saúde na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva

Objetivou-se relatar a percepção dos enfermeiros sobre a promoção da saúde, descrever ações de promoção da saúde e identificar dificuldades na realização de atividades de promoção da saúde na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório, qualitativo realizado com 31 enfermeiros de duas UTIs adulto e uma UTI neonatal de hospital de referência em Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, entre julho e agosto de 2009, mediante questionário. Os dados foram analisados e categorizados a partir da análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Emergiram as seguintes categorias e subcategorias: Conceito de promoção da saúde: visão biomédica x visão holística de promoção da saúde; Ações de promoção da saúde; Comunicação e apoio emocional ao paciente/família; Promoção da saúde na UTI; Promoção da saúde com enfoque na educação em saúde; e Dificuldades para o desenvolvimento de ações de promoção da saúde.

Jogo educativo sobre drogas para cegos: construção e avaliação

Estudo realizado com o objetivo de construir e avaliar um jogo educativo sobre drogas psicoativas acessível a pessoas cegas, desenvolvido em três etapas: construção do jogo educativo, avaliação por três especialistas em educação especial e doze cegos. Foi construído um jogo de tabuleiro denominado Drogas: jogando limpo . Na Versão Alfa os especialistas fizeram sugestões em relação às e instruções e ao tabuleiro: textura das casas, peças do jogo e escrita em Braille. Na Versão Beta, procedeu-se à avaliação pelos cegos, os quais sugeriram alterações na textura das casas e colocação de velcro para fixação do pino no tabuleiro. Passou-se, então, à Versão Gama, jogada pelas últimas três duplas de cegos e considerada adequada. Na avaliação dos juízes, o jogo revelou-se adequado, pois permite o acesso à informação sobre drogas psicoativas de maneira lúdica.

Development of assistive technology for the visually impaired: use of the male condom

The objectives were to develop and evaluate an assistive technology for the use of the male condom by visually impaired men. It was a technology development study with the participation of seven subjects. Three workshops were performed between April and May of 2010; they were all filmed and the statements of the participants were transcribed and analyzed by content. Three categories were established: Sexuality of the visually impaired; Utilization of the text, For avoiding STDs, condoms we will use, divided in two subcategories, Concept discussion and Text evaluation; and Construction of a simple penile prosthesis. The knowledge transmitted related to STD, the utilization of the condom on the penile prosthesis made by the subjects themselves, and the interaction during the workshops were effective factors for the study. In the context of sexual health, the necessity of developing works involving the visually impaired was noted, addressing sexually transmitted diseases and focusing on the use of the condom by this population.

Assistive technology for visually impaired women for use of the female condom: a validation study

OBJECTIVE To validate assistive technology for visually impaired women to learn how to use the female condom. METHOD a methodological development study conducted on a web page, with data collection between May and October 2012. Participants were 14 judges; seven judges in sexual and reproductive health (1st stage) and seven in special education (2nd stage). RESULTS All items have reached the adopted parameter of 70% agreement. In Stage 1 new materials were added to represent the cervix, and instructions that must be heard twice were included in the 2nd stage. CONCLUSION The technology has been validated and is appropriate for its objectives, structure / presentation and relevance. It is an innovative, low cost and valid instrument for promoting health and one which may help women with visual disabilities to use the female condom.

Mothers' perceptions of care practices for children who underwent heart transplantation

Abstract OBJECTIVE To learn mothers' perceptions of the main care practices that are to be administered after their children's heart transplantation, as well as the main difficulties they experience. METHOD A descriptive qualitative study conducted in March and April 2014, using the focus group technique for data gathering. Participants were 12 mothers who were monitoring their children in a hospital that is a reference for treating cardiopulmonary diseases. Speeches were recorded, transcribed, and organized around the care practices that the mothers performed after the children's heart transplantations, the mothers' main difficulties, their perceptions of their children's quality of life, and the use of educational materials to disseminate post-transplantation care practices. For data analysis, we used the content analysis technique. RESULTS The following were clarified: the schedule of immunosuppressive medication; food, environmental, and bodily and oral hygiene; the use of surgical masks; and keeping the children away from crowds. CONCLUSION The study contributed to the situational diagnosis of the care administered by the mothers of transplanted children.

First record of the behavior of latex drainage by Trigona spinipes (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in laticiferous flowers

This paper describes the behavior of the bee Trigona spinipes, to avoid the latex, when piercing the base of the tubular corolla of the flowers of Mandevilla guanabarica in order to steal the nectar.

Caracterização da matéria orgânica do solo em fragmentos de mata atlântica e em plantios abandonados de eucalipto

A compreensão da dinâmica da matéria orgânica (MO) nos ecossistemas de Mata Atlântica é necessária para o manejo eficiente e conservação de vegetações nativas. A natureza química das substâncias húmicas (SHs) reflete os processos de gênese e uso do solo e pode ser usada como indicador da qualidade da MO. O objetivo deste estudo foi usar a qualidade da MO como sinalizador do ambiente edáfico em áreas de mata nativa, sobre Gleissolo Háplico Tb distrófico, argissólico e Cambissolo Háplico Tb distrófico, e em plantios abandonados de eucalipto de diferentes idades, sobre Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico latossólico, localizados na Reserva Biológica União, RJ. Para isso, foram avaliadas as distribuições da MO humificada e os ácidos húmicos do solo por meio de métodos químicos e espectroscópicos, em duas profundidades do solo (0-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m). Os solos da Reserva Biológica apresentaram fertilidade natural muito baixa, condição esta limitante para o processo de humificação. As SHs representaram, portanto, menos de 50 % do carbono prontamente oxidável, indicando que as substâncias não-húmicas compõem a maior parte da MO; portanto, a serrapilheira tem o papel central na nutrição das plantas e microrganismos. A distribuição relativa das frações que compõem a MO humificada não foi alterada pela cobertura vegetal nem pela classe de solo. Os ácidos húmicos apresentaram natureza química semelhante à normalmente encontrada para os ácidos fúlvicos, e tais características foram expressas no baixo conteúdo de C e nos elevados valores das razões H/C e O/C e da acidez, o que levou à formação de material humificado pouco condensado.A espectroscopia de infravermelho indicou o efeito do tipo de solo e da cobertura vegetal sobre a qualidade química dos ácidos húmicos. O material humificado isolado da Mata Atlântica apresentou maior intensidade de fluorescência, sugerindo maior labilidade e capacidade de ceder elétrons para reações químicas do solo.

Gene expression profile during coffee fruit development and identification of candidate markers for phenological stages

The objective of this work was to identify genes that could be used as suitable markers for molecular recognition of phenological stages during coffee (Coffea arabica) fruit development. Four cultivars were evaluated as to their differential expression of genes associated to fruit development and maturation processes. Gene expression was characterized by both semi-quantitative and quantitative RT-PCR, in fruit harvested at seven different developmental stages, during three different seasons. No size polymorphisms or differential expression were observed among the cultivars for the evaluated genes; however, distinct expression profiles along fruit development were determined for each gene. Four out of the 28 evaluated genes exhibited a regular expression profile in all cultivars and harvest seasons, and, therefore, they were validated as candidate phenological markers of coffee fruit. The gene α-galactosidase can be used as a marker of green stage, caffeine synthase as a marker of transition to green and yellowish-green stages, and isocitrate lyase and ethylene receptor 3 as markers of late maturation.