Aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos da leishmaniose visceral em menores de 15 anos procedentes de Alagoas, Brasil

Com o objetivo de investigar características epidemiológicas e clínicas da leishmaniose visceral, em menores de 15 anos, foi realizado um estudo prospectivo em Alagoas no período de 1981 a 1995. Dos 530 casos diagnosticados clinicamente, procedentes em sua maioria da zona rural do Estado de Alagoas, 58% eram do sexo masculino e 42% do sexo feminino, sendo 55,3% abaixo dos 5 anos de idade. As manifestações clínicas mais frequentes na admissão foram: hepatoesplenomegalia, febre e palidez. A média de tamanho do fígado e baço dos pacientes com menor tempo de duração da doença (<30 dias) era menor que naqueles doentes há mais tempo (> 360 dias). Independente da duração da doença, houve redução do fígado e do baço ao término do tratamento. No entanto, o percentual de redução do baço foi maior nos pacientes que adoeceram há menos tempo. Com relação ao fígado essa diferença não foi observada.

Esquistossomose mansoni em duas mesorregiões do Estado de Alagoas

No Brasil, índices elevados da esquistossomose mansônica correspondem, na grande maioria dos casos, à presença da espécie Biomphalaria glabrata, principal transmissora do Schistosoma mansoni, nas localidades endêmicas. Foi realizado estudo em 40 municípios endêmicos do Estado de Alagoas, com o objetivo de verificar a existência da espécie e sua importância na manutenção da esquistossomose nesse Estado. Desses municípios, 28 são pertencentes à mesorregião do leste Alagoano e 12 à mesorregião do Agreste Alagoano. Os moluscos procederam de diversos tipos de criadouros: riachos, córregos, valas, açudes, brejos e poços. As coletas foram realizadas no período de fevereiro de 1996 a dezembro de 1998. Para a identificação de Biomphalaria glabrata, foi efetuado o exame anatômico das partes moles, após remoção das conchas. A detecção de cercárias do Schistosoma mansoni foi realizada através da técnica de esmagamento, calculando-se o percentual de infecção. Em 32 (80%) dos municípios estudados foi encontrada Biomphalaria glabrata, seis deles apresentando moluscos infectados com cercárias do parasita. Penedo apresentou a maior (6,6%) taxa de infecção, seguindo-se Ibateguara (5,6%). Taxas menores foram observadas em Chã Preta (2,7%), em Murici (2,5%), Porto Real do Colégio (0,1%) e Igreja Nova (0,1%). O inquérito copro-parasitológico efetuado pela Fundação Nacional de Saúde em 1997, 1998/1999 e 2000, confirmou a importância da endemia nessas regiões do Estado.

Low prevalence of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis D virus and hepatitis C virus among patients with human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the Brazilian Amazon basin

Comorbidities in human immunodeficiency virus infection are of great interest due to their association with unfavorable outcomes and failure of antiretroviral therapy. This study evaluated the prevalence of coinfection by human immunodeficiency virus and viral hepatitis in an endemic area for hepatitis B in the Western Amazon basin. Serological markers for hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and hepatitis D virus were tested in a consecutive sample of all patients referred for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The variables sex, age, origin and exposure category were obtained from medical records and from the sexually transmitted diseases and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome surveillance database. Among 704 subjects, the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B carriage was 6.4% and past infection 40.2%. The presence of hepatitis B was associated with birth in hyperendemic areas of the Amazon basin, male sex and illegal drug use. The overall prevalence of hepatitis C was 5% and was associated with illegal drug use. The prevalence of hepatitis B and C among human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients in the Western Amazon basin was lower than seen elsewhere and is probably associated with the local epidemiology of these viruses and the degree of overlap of their shared risk factors. An opportunity presents itself to evaluate the prevention of hepatitis C through harm reduction policies and hepatitis B through vaccination programs among human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients.

Prevalência da infecção pelo Schistosoma mansoni em dois municípios do Estado de Alagoas

INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos preliminares indicam uma provável expansão da esquistossomose em Alagoas. Este trabalho analisa a ocorrência do Schistosoma mansoni em escolares de dois municípios, localizados nas bacias hidrográficas dos rios Mundaú e Paraíba. MÉTODOS: O grupo de estudo foi constituído por 690 escolares da zona urbana, com idade entre sete e 15 anos. Foram aplicados interrogatórios socioeconômicos e foram usados exames parasitológicos para diagnostico da esquistossomose (métodos de Kato e de Lutz). Foram tratados os casos positivos e foram ministradas palestras para alunos e familiares sobre educação sanitária. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de Schistosoma mansoni foi de 24,9%. A associação entre esquistossomose e outras parasitoses foi significativa em relação à tricuríase (p<0,05). Apenas 50% dos infectados residem em domicílios de alvenaria com saneamento e abastecimento d'água por rede pública. Entre os doentes, 48,1% costumam ir frequentemente às coleções aquáticas e 55,8% deles conhecem moluscos nos rios. A análise de concordância entre os métodos de Lutz e do Kato mostrou discordância em 54,2%, com maior sensibilidade para o de Lutz (76,4%). CONCLUSÕES: Os índices obtidos caracterizam os municípios como zonas hiperendêmicas, porque taxas de prevalência acima de 5% são consideradas altas de acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde. A elevada prevalência aqui encontrada foi também duas vezes maior que a apresentada pelo Programa Brasileiro de Controle da Esquistossomose.

Aspectos epidemiológicos e distribuição geográfica da esquistossomose e geo-helmintos, no Estado de Sergipe, de acordo com os dados do Programa de Controle da Esquistossomose

INTRODUÇÃO: A esquistossomose é endêmica no Brasil, com elevada prevalência no Estado de Sergipe, apesar da existência do Programa de Controle da Esquistossomose (PCE). MÉTODOS: Foi realizado levantamento de dados do PCE-Sergipe de 2005 a 2008. A partir da matriz bruta formulou-se planilha de dados no software Access e analisou-se frequência e distribuição geográfica das infecções por Schistosoma mansoni e outros enteroparasitos. Estes dados foram exportados para o software Spring 5.0.5 para georreferenciamento e confecção de mapas temáticos de distribuição espacial e temporal por ano de avaliação. RESULTADOS: Foram positivos para S. mansoni 13,6% (14471/106287) de exames nos anos de 2005, 11,2% (16196/145069) em 2006, 11,8% (10220/86824) em 2007 e 10,6% (8329/78859) em 2008. A análise de mapas mostrou elevada prevalência da doença em Sergipe, em particular nos municípios Ilha das Flores, Santa Rosa de Lima, Santa Luzia do Itanhi e São Cristóvão. Além disso, avaliamos a associação entre as frequências dessas doenças parasitárias com indicadores sociais e de desenvolvimento dos diferentes municípios, de acordo com os dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e da Superintendência de Recursos Hídricos (SRH). Observamos que os municípios com prevalência da esquistossomose maior do que 15% têm menor concentração de rede de esgotos (índice de higiene); p = 0,05. Adicionalmente, os municípios com prevalência de infecção por ancilostomídeos maior do que 10% apresentam um menor IDH educacional; p = 0,04. CONCLUSÕES: Ressalta-se a importância de maior controle dos fatores de risco ambientais e educacionais, na tentativa de reduzir prevalências dessas doenças parasitárias.

Occurrence and risk factors associated with infection by Toxoplasma gondii in goats in the State of Alagoas, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Goats are considered very susceptible to infection by Toxoplasma gondii and when this occurs during pregnancy, it may cause fetal death with subsequent fetal resorption, abortion, mummification, stillborn or the birth of weak goats. The objective of this work was to determine the occurrence of and identify risk factors for T. gondii infection in goats in different mesoregions in the State of Alagoas. METHODS: The research was conducted on 24 goat breeding farms in 10 municipalities. A total of 454 blood samples were examined for anti-T. gondii antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test. To evaluate the risk factors of toxoplasmosis in goats, questionnaires were applied analyzing the farm's production system and nutritional, reproductive and sanitary management. RESULTS: Disease occurrence was 39% with 95.8% of farms presenting seropositive animals. Significant associations were observed for mesoregion (OR = 0.23; 95%CI = 0.09 - 0.57), age (OR = 0.36; 95%CI = 0.20 - 0.64), semi-intensive herd management (OR = 8.70; 95%CI = 1.87 - 40.43), access of cats to water provided for goats (OR = 3.38; 95%CI = 1.89-6.02) and cats feeding on placental remnants (OR = 2.73; 95%CI = 1.38 - 5.40). CONCLUSIONS: Toxoplasma gondii infection is disseminated in the State of Alagoas and the adoption of a program that monitors infection foci is required to reduce the risk factors identified in the present study.

Espacialização da leptospirose em Aracaju, Estado de Sergipe, no período de 2001 a 2007

INTRODUÇÃO: A leptospirose, enfermidade causada por uma espiroqueta patogênica do gênero Leptospira, é uma das zoonoses mais difundidas no mundo, considerada um importante problema de saúde pública. Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever o padrão espacial da leptospirose na Cidade de Aracaju, no período de 2001 a 2007, buscando identificar as áreas de risco para ocorrência da leptospirose. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se a razão de Kernel, que consiste na criação de uma razão entre duas superfícies, para visualizar a superfície de risco da doença, onde no numerador coloca-se os casos, georreferenciados para setor censitário, e no denominador o kernel da população dessas áreas. Através deste método, foi possível delimitar áreas de maior densidade de casos, e compará-las visualmente com fator socioeconômico, como renda média. RESULTADOS: Comparando os períodos de chuva com os períodos de seca, verificou-se que não ocorre a presença de padrão espacial semelhante nos dois períodos, não coincidindo com as áreas consideradas de maior risco para ocorrência da doença. Através dos parâmetros estabelecidos, neste estudo, foi permitido verificar a importância da aplicação de técnicas de análise espacial na área de saúde pública. CONCLUSÕES: O kernel se mostrou uma ferramenta útil na obtenção de uma análise global da situação epidemiológica da leptospirose em Aracaju, o que viabiliza sua utilização pelas secretarias de saúde municipal e estadual.

Epidemiological aspects of dengue in Aracaju, State of Sergipe, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: The dengue fever remains to be a disease of serious public health concern, and its incidence has increased in the past decades. This study aimed to characterize the epidemiological incidence of dengue in the period 2001-2010. METHODS: This is an epidemiological study of dengue in the municipality of Aracaju, state of Sergipe, in the period between 2001 and 2010, whose data were obtained from the Information System of Diseases Notifications. A descriptive analysis of the number of confirmed cases of dengue, according to year, semester, sanitary district, age, and sex, was performed. RESULTS: There were 16,462 confirmed cases, especially in 2008, which obtained the highest incidence of the disease, with 10,485 confirmed cases. The first semester obtained the highest registration of cases during the years of research; this was predominated by females between 15 and 49 years old. With regard to the territorial distribution, the second district of the municipality obtained the highest number of cases. CONCLUSIONS: In 2008, in the City of Aracaju, SE, a significant increase in the proportion of dengue cases compared with other years was verified. However, a fast decline in the other years was observed, possibly because of the intensification of preventive actions to combat the mosquito that transmits the dengue virus.

O inquérito eletrocardiográfico

Entre 1977 e 1981, foi realizado um inquérito eletrocardiográfico nacional tendo por objetivo avaliar a prevalência da cardiomiopatia chagásica no Brasil. Foram feitos 5.347 eletrocardiogramas. Após o pareamento dos indivíduos, segundo a idade e gênero, a distribuição dos eletrocardiogramas dos autóctones, em cada estado, ficou assim constituída: Rio Grande do Sul (1.078), Minas Gerais (760), Bahia (612), Paraná (400), Paraíba (340), Piauí (218), Sergipe (216), Goiás (176), Pernambuco (170), Ceará (136) e Alagoas (134). Os maiores percentuais de alterações eletrocardiográficas entre os indivíduos com soros reagentes foram encontrados nos Estados de Goiás (63,6%), Minas Gerais (57,6%), Ceará (57,3%), Paraná (54,5%), Piauí (53,2%) e Paraíba (52,3%). Entre os controles, nestes estados, a prevalência das alterações eletrocardiográficas foi de 25%, 25,7%, 25%, 12,5%, 22,9% e 26,5% respectivamente. Observou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação à prevalência das alterações eletrocardiográficas, entre os indivíduos soro reagentes e os não reagentes, em todos os estados, exceção feita para o de Alagoas. O cálculo do gradiente mostrou-se maior no Estado do Paraná (42%), seguido por Goiás (38,6%), Ceará (32,3%) Minas Gerais (31,9%), Piauí (30,3%), Paraíba (25,8%), Pernambuco (22,3%), Bahia (18,9%), Sergipe (16,7%), Rio Grande do Sul (9,9%) e Alagoas (7,5%). Em relação à distribuição das alterações eletrocardiográficas encontradas, nos onze estados analisados, verificou-se que as extrassístoles ventriculares, o bloqueio de grau avançado do ramo direito, o bloqueio da divisão ântero-superior do ramo esquerdo, a associação do bloqueio de grau avançado do ramo direito com o bloqueio da divisão ântero-superior do ramo esquerdo e alterações primárias do segmento ST e da onda T, mostraram diferença estatisticamente significativa, entre os indivíduos com sororreagentes e os não reagentes Além disto, estas alterações eletrocardiográficas foram as de maior prevalência no grupo dos indivíduos chagásicos.

Assessment of integration of the leprosy program into primary health care in Aracaju, state of Sergipe, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess the epidemiological and operational characteristics of the Leprosy Program before and after its integration into the Primary healthcare Services of the municipality of Aracaju-Sergipe, Brazil. METHODS: Data were drawn from the national database. The study periods were divided into preintegration (1996-2000) and postintegration (2001-2007). Annual rates of epidemiological detection were calculated. Frequency data on clinico-epidemiological variables of cases detected and treated for the two periods were compared using the Chi-squared (χ2) test adopting a 5% level of significance. RESULTS: Rates of detection overall, and in subjects younger than 15 years, were greater for the postintegration period and were higher than rates recorded for Brazil as a whole during the same periods. A total of 780 and 1,469 cases were registered during the preintegration and postintegration periods, respectively. Observations for the postintegration period were as follows: I) a higher proportion of cases with disability grade assessed at diagnosis, with increase of 60.9% to 78.8% (p < 0.001), and at end of treatment, from 41.4% to 44.4% (p < 0.023); II) an increase in proportion of cases detected by contact examination, from 2.1% to 4.1% (p < 0.001); and III) a lower level of treatment default with a decrease from 5.64 to 3.35 (p < 0.008). Only 34% of cases registered from 2001 to 2007 were examined. CONCLUSIONS: The shift observed in rates of detection overall, and in subjects younger than 15 years, during the postintegration period indicate an increased level of health care access. The fall in number of patients abandoning treatment indicates greater adherence to treatment. However, previous shortcomings in key actions, pivotal to attaining the outcomes and impact envisaged for the program, persisted in the postintegration period.

Sandfly fauna in an area endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in Aracaju, State of Sergipe, Northeast Brazil

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, visceral leishmaniasis, a major public health problem, has been spreading from the rural to urban areas in many areas of Brazil, including Aracaju, the capital of the State of Sergipe. However, there are no studies of the sandfly fauna in this municipality or its variation over the year. METHODS: Phlebotomine sandflies were collected from a rural area of Aracaju from September 2007 to July 2009. Modified CDC ultra-violet (UV) light traps were used to evaluate sandfly monthly distribution and their presence in the domestic and peridomestic environments. RESULTS: The most abundant species was Lutzomyia longipalpis (90.4%) followed by Evandromyia lenti (9.6%). A chicken shed trap site had the highest proportion of L. longipalpis (51.1%) and large numbers of L. longipalpis were also collected in the houses closest to the chicken shed. There was a positive correlation between monthly rainfall and L. longipalpis abundance. CONCLUSIONS: Lutzomyia longipalpis is the most abundant species and is probably the main vector of the visceral leishmaniasis agent in the rural area of Aracaju. An increase in L. longipalpis frequency was observed during the rainy season. The peridomicile-intradomicile observations corroborate the importance of chicken sheds for the presence of L. longipalpis in the peridomestic environment. The great numbers of L. longipalpis inside the houses confirm the endophilic behaviour of this species and the possibility of visceral transmission in the intradomicile.

Evaluation of preventive measures for mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Aracaju, State of Sergipe, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: The main route of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children is from mother to child. The preventive measures established for the Aids Clinical Trial Group protocol 076 (ACTG 076) significantly reduces HIV vertical transmission rates. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of the ACTG 076 protocol in the maternity units of State of Sergipe, Brazilian northeast. METHODS: This is a descriptive, retrospective study with a quantitative approach, with HIV positive women and children exposed, attending a Maternity reference for high-risk pregnancies. Data were obtained from patient records registered in the years 1994 to 2010. RESULTS: Amongst the 110 pregnant women and exposed newborns, the ACTG 076 protocol was fully utilized in only 31.8% of the participants. During the prenatal period, zidovudine (ZDV) was taken by 79.1% of the pregnant women. Only 49.1% of HIV seropositive patients used ZDV during delivery. Two (1.8%) children were considered infected and 50 (45.5%) do not have a conclusive diagnosis to date. CONCLUSIONS: There were significant deficiencies in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, including lack of compliance with the three phases of the ACTG 076 protocol; inadequacies in prenatal care; inappropriate mode of delivery and lack of adequate follow up of exposed children.

New focus of active transmission of Chagas disease in indigenous populations in the Peruvian Amazon basin

Introduction Several cases of acute Chagas disease (ACD) have been reported in the Peruvian Amazon basin. Methods The objective was to describe and investigate 6 ACD cases in children from indigenous Amazon communities in the province of Datem del Marañón in Loreto department (2006-2010). Results The mean age was 3.6 years. All patients had fever, 4/6 hepatomegaly, 2/6 splenomegaly, and 5/6 had trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi on thick smears. The fatality rate was 33.3%. Rhodnius pictipes and Rhodnius robustus adults were found inside the homes and in the peri-domiciles. Conclusions All cases reported were isolated cases. We report a new focus of ACD in indigenous populations.

Serological evidence for Saint Louis encephalitis virus in free-ranging New World monkeys and horses within the upper Paraná River basin region, Southern Brazil

Introduction Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) primarily occurs in the Americas and produces disease predominantly in humans. This study investigated the serological presence of SLEV in nonhuman primates and horses from southern Brazil. Methods From June 2004 to December 2005, sera from 133 monkeys (Alouatta caraya, n=43; Sapajus nigritus, n=64; Sapajus cay, n=26) trap-captured at the Paraná River basin region and 23 blood samples from farm horses were obtained and used for the serological detection of a panel of 19 arboviruses. All samples were analyzed in a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay; positive monkey samples were confirmed in a mouse neutralization test (MNT). Additionally, all blood samples were inoculated into C6/36 cell culture for viral isolation. Results Positive seroreactivity was only observed for SLEV. A prevalence of SLEV antibodies in sera was detected in Alouatta caraya (11.6%; 5/43), Sapajus nigritus (12.5%; 8/64), and S. cay (30.8%; 8/26) monkeys with the HI assay. Of the monkeys, 2.3% (1/42) of A. caraya, 6.3% 94/64) of S. nigritus, and 15.4% (4/26) of S. cay were positive for SLEV in the MNT. Additionally, SLEV antibodies were detected by HI in 39.1% (9/23) of the horses evaluated in this study. Arboviruses were not isolated from any blood sample. Conclusions These results confirmed the presence of SLEV in nonhuman primates and horses from southern Brazil. These findings most likely represent the first detection of this virus in nonhuman primates beyond the Amazon region. The detection of SLEV in animals within a geographical region distant from the Amazon basin suggests that there may be widespread and undiagnosed dissemination of this disease in Brazil.

Lack of evidence for human infection with Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus in the Brazilian Amazon basin

Introduction This study confirmed the absence of natural infection with Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) or XMRV-related disease in human populations of the Brazilian Amazon basin. We demonstrated that 803 individuals of both sexes, who were residents of Belem in the Brazilian State of Pará, were not infected with XMRV. Methods Individuals were divided into 4 subgroups: healthy individuals, individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1), individuals infected with human T-lymphotrophic virus, types 1 or 2 (HTLV-1/2), and individuals with prostate cancer. XMRV infection was investigated by nested PCR to detect the viral gag gene and by quantitative PCR to detect pol. Results There was no amplification of either gag or pol segments from XRMV in any of the samples examined. Conclusions This study supports the conclusions of the studies that eventually led to the retraction of the original study reporting the association between XMRV and human diseases.