Supraorganized collagen enhances Schwann cell reactivity and organization in vitro

We investigated the reactivity and expression of basal lamina collagen by Schwann cells (SCs) cultivated on a supraorganized bovine-derived collagen substrate. SC cultures were obtained from sciatic nerves of neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats and seeded on 24-well culture plates containing collagen substrate. The homogeneity of the cultures was evaluated with an SC marker antibody (anti-S-100). After 1 week, the cultures were fixed and processed for immunocytochemistry by using antibodies against type IV collagen, S-100 and p75NTR (pan neurotrophin receptor) and for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Positive labeling with antibodies to the cited molecules was observed, indicating that the collagen substrate stimulates SC alignment and adhesion (collagen IV labeling - organized collagen substrate: 706.33 ± 370.86, non-organized collagen substrate: 744.00 ± 262.09; S-100 labeling - organized collagen: 3809.00 ± 120.28, non-organized collagen: 3026.00 ± 144.63, P < 0.05) and reactivity (p75NTR labeling - organized collagen: 2156.33 ± 561.78, non-organized collagen: 1424.00 ± 405.90, P < 0.05; means ± standard error of the mean in absorbance units). Cell alignment and adhesion to the substrate were confirmed by SEM analysis. The present results indicate that the collagen substrate with an aligned suprastructure, as seen by polarized light microscopy, provides an adequate scaffold for SCs, which in turn may increase the efficiency of the nerve regenerative process after in vivo repair.

Three days of intermittent stretching after muscle disuse alters the proteins involved in force transmission in muscle fibers in weanling rats

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of intermittent passive manual stretching on various proteins involved in force transmission in skeletal muscle. Female Wistar weanling rats were randomly assigned to 5 groups: 2 control groups containing 21- and 30-day-old rats that received neither immobilization nor stretching, and 3 test groups that received 1) passive stretching over 3 days, 2) immobilization for 7 days and then passive stretching over 3 days, or 3) immobilization for 7 days. Maximal plantar flexion in the right hind limb was imposed, and the stretching protocol of 10 repetitions of 30 s stretches was applied. The soleus muscles were harvested and processed for HE and picrosirius staining; immunohistochemical analysis of collagen types I, III, IV, desmin, and vimentin; and immunofluorescence labeling of dystrophin and CD68. The numbers of desmin- and vimentin-positive cells were significantly decreased compared with those in the control following immobilization, regardless of whether stretching was applied (P<0.05). In addition, the semi-quantitative analysis showed that collagen type I was increased and type IV was decreased in the immobilized animals, regardless of whether the stretching protocol was applied. In conclusion, the largest changes in response to stretching were observed in muscles that had been previously immobilized, and the stretching protocol applied here did not mitigate the immobilization-induced muscle changes. Muscle disuse adversely affected several proteins involved in the transmission of forces between the intracellular and extracellular compartments. Thus, the 3-day rehabilitation period tested here did not provide sufficient time for the muscles to recover from the disuse maladaptations in animals undergoing postnatal development.

Lactose intolerance and cow's milk protein allergy

Abstract Adverse reactions to food intake have very diverse etiology and symptomatology. Regarding milk, its food allergy is presented as lactose intolerance, the sugar in milk, or allergy to milk protein. Despite having different symptomatology, confusions among allergic conditions to dairy and its mediators are common. Milk protein allergy originates from protein components present in milk, causing reactions to either the protein fractions in emulsion (caseins) or in whey (milk albumin). The allergic reaction is type IV mediated by T lymphocytes. The allergic reaction produces severe cellular damage and it triggers physical, mental and emotional symptomatology that may vary in time, intensity and severity. Lactose intolerance is originated by total or partial absence of the enzyme that digests this disaccharide. Lactose intolerance can be primary or congenital and secondary; the former being more rare and severe, the latter being more common. Lactase deficiency can be diagnosed by symptoms associated with cramping and diarrhea. Thus, the objective of this study was to conduct a review of available literature on cow’s milk protein allergy and lactose intolerance.

A vegetação no município de Ilhéus Estado da Bahia: IV - Caracaterísticas analíticas e periodicidade sociológica

It is well-known that diverse groups of vegetation with an analogous but not identical floristic composition show an ecological similarity which leads to a determined type of vegetation. Starting from this fact it becomes evident that the scope of phytosociological work is the establishing of the significance of the species within the association and the discovery of the rules which govern associations. The floristic surveys made in the field have to be analysed statistically so as to obtain satisfactory results. The usefulness of this method depends largely on the possibilities of comparing the results with previous studies of the same kind, in the same country, or elsewhere. The method used in this paper is that of measuring circumferences and counting individuals in the different associations studied because it permits the presentation of the results in tables which show the phytosociological complexity of the Brazilian rain-forests. The classical method of characteristics is valuable because the more evolved an association is the less sociable are the species it contains, so that such groups do not show clear differences between species but rather between sinusia or strata of individuals. Five tables are presented in which several of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics are studied with a view to discussing their value in relation to groups and species. They are: I - Abundance (number of individuals). II - Density (distance in meters between the individuals belonging to each stratum). III - Basal coverture (circles measured in square meters of the mean projection of the individuals on the surface). IV - Basal area (mean circle in square meters occupied by individuals on the surface). V - Frequency, abundance and sociability in relation to occurrence. TABLE I. This table indicates first the number of individuals in relation to the sinusia studied: next, the sum total of the individuals belanging to the strata are given for each association, thus providing the numeric value of the sinusia: finally, the relation between the total number of individuals in the association and the total for the sinusium thus fursnishing the abundance per sinusium, in the classic sence, that is the percentage, or rather the relative number, of the elements which compose the group. CONCLUSIONS. The general character of abundance of the regional vegetation of Ilheos may be summed up in the following way: as an association evolves towards permanent equilibirum the number of individuals the inferior strata diminishes in relation to those of the superior strata which increase. For the shrub sinusium, two important facts were observed: a) in a given association the number of elements of the inferior strata diminishes as the diameter of the individuals increases; b) the percentage of individuals belonging to the shrub sinusium in the sere diminishes as the association evolve. In the subarboreal sinusium it is seen that: in the sere the number of subarboreal individuals does not vary much; whereas in the climax or the prisere there is a fall owing to the equilibrum of the biologic forms. In the arboreal sinusium the following conclusion can be deduced from analogous facts: the number of individuals of the lower strata diminishes as circumference increases. Also, in the sere there is a progressive sequence for the individuals belonging to the superior strata. TABLE II. The relation between the mean distances of individuals belonging to the same stratum and the area of an association is equal to the density. The table shows that the mean density of the association and the distance between the individuals belonging to the strata of the same sinusium in relation to the total number of individuals belonging to the association. CONCLUSIONS. As rule, the density of individuals in the associations studied follows a very general character or at least a regional one: the distance between the individuals in the diverse strata varies according to their abundance and sociability. Two other facts of some sociological importance are: a) in identical strata of the same sere the density of individuals oscillates in an analogous manner in teh subclimaces and varies in the stages which have reached equilibrium. b) the density of individuals varias in accordance with the sinusium and the distances between individuals of the same sinusium varg in accordance with the strata. TABLE III. This table presents the mean basal individual coverture, that is the mean projection of the frond of the various individuals belonging to the same stratum. The means were obtained by measurement in the field, of 100 individuals belonging to each stratum and their projection on the surface. In the latoratory these measurements were converted into mean circles (in square meters) and the result was multiplied by the individuals belonging to the strata corresponding to the sinusium of each association. The result obtained is named basal coverture. CONCLUSIONS. As a rule, the basal coverture of the vegetation of the county of Ilhéus indicates that: in the evolution of the vegetation the basal coverture of the arbustive sinusium diminishes progressively whereas that of the arboreal one increases. The special norms obtained are: 1) in the shrub sinusium the basal coverture seems to follow a uniform norm, that is, in stages of evolution of the subclimax the basal coverture oscillates with a certain uniformity. 2) in the subarboreal sinusium this fact is related to the vitality and age of the species, as in the subclimax the number of young trees is large and the vitality of the species very variable. This permits the conclusion that: in the sere the basal coverture increases with the evolution of the vegetation and diminishes when an equilibrium is reached. 3) in the tree sinusium the climax association of the prisere and subsere seem to obey a binomial rule, as the coverture (density-abundance) increases until a determined stratum is reached and...

Catálogo sistemático dos pólens das plantas arbóreas do Brasil Meridional: IV - Thymelaeaceae, Lythraceae, Lecythidaceae, Rhizophoraceae e Combretaceae

The authors study pollenmorphologicaly species of the present families that occur like trees in the South Brazilian forests, except Heimia myrtifolia, which is herbaceous. One group is formed, remarked by three simple colpori, which consists of the species Buchenavia kleinii, Laguncularia racemosa (Combretaceae), Heimia myrtifolia *Lythraceae) and Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae). An other group is represented by the pollen grains of Combretum fruticosum, Terminalia autralis (Combretaceae) and Lafoensia pacari (Lythraceae), because they present pseudocolpi or similar streaks of a thinner sexine. Daphnopsis (Thymelaeaceae) is pantoporate with 10 - 14 pori and possesses a superficial pattern like croton-type of the Euphorbiaceae. Cariniana estrellensis (Lecythidaceae), with only three colpi, takes also an isolated position. There are relations between the morphology of pollen grains of the above treated families and those from the Guttiferales and Rosales.

A morphological, isoenzymatic and behavioural study of ten populations of Anopheles(Nyssorhynchus) albitarsis Lynch-Arribalzaga, 1878 (Diptera: culicidae) including from the type-locality - Baradero, Argentina

Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitarsis Lynch-Arribalzaga, 1878 shows morphological and behavioural variations which results in it being sometimes considered as a major malaria vector and at other times as playing no important role in epidemiology. With the aim of clarifying the taxonomy of the species, comparative morphological and isoenzymatic studies were made in populations from the type-locality, Baradero, Argentina and from 9 different localities inBrazil. Morphological studies consisted of the observation of eggs in scanning electron microscopy, of complete chaetotaxy of larvae and pupae and of the detailed drawing of male and female adults. Only Guajara-Mirim and Rio Branco populations, described previously as Anopheles deaneorum sp.n., showed morphological differences. Isoenzymes were studied using 4th instar larvae homogenate and agarosegel electrophoresis. Eleven enzymatic loci were analyzed. By calculation of Nei's Genetic Distance (D), the populations could be separated into 5 groups: i)Baradero, ii)Marajo, iii)Boa Vista, iv)Angra, Itaguai and Paraipaba and v)Guajara-Mirim and Rio Branco. These groups belong to 2 major clusters called I and II, separated by D = 0.345. In the I cluster are groups i, ii and iii and in II clusteriv and v. In I, D=0.246 separates i and ii from iii, while i is separated by D =0.181 from ii. In II, D = 0.223 between iv and v. Only the population of group vcould be distinguished morphologically from the others, leading to the description of an independent species An. deaneorum.

Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and symmetric distal polyneuropathy among type II diabetic outpatients

The objective of the present study was to establish the frequency of psychiatric comorbidity in a sample of diabetic patients with symmetric distal polyneuropathy (SDPN). Sixty-five patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were selected consecutively to participate in the study at Instituto Estadual de Diabetes e Endocrinologia. All patients were submitted to a complete clinical and psychiatric evaluation, including the Portuguese version of the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Neuropathy Symptom Score, and Neuropathy Disability Score. SDPN was identified in 22 subjects (33.8%). Patients with and without SDPN did not differ significantly regarding sociodemographic characteristics. However, a trend toward a worse glycemic control was found in patients with SDPN in comparison to patients without SDPN (HbA1c = 8.43 ± 1.97 vs 7.48 ± 1.95; P = 0.08). Patients with SDPN exhibited axis I psychiatric disorders significantly more often than those without SDPN (especially anxiety disorders, in general (81.8 vs 60.0%; P = 0.01), and major depression - current episode, in particular (18.2 vs 7.7%; P = 0.04)). The severity of the depressive symptoms correlated positively with the severity of SDPN symptoms (r = 0.38; P = 0.006), but not with the severity of SDPN signs (r = 0.07; P = 0.56). In conclusion, the presence of SDPN seems to be associated with a trend toward glycemic control. The diagnosis of SDPN in diabetic subjects seems also to be associated with relevant psychiatric comorbidity, including anxiety and current mood disorders.

Emergence of clonal complex 5 (CC5) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in a Brazilian hospital

In this study, genotyping techniques including staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and restriction-modification tests were used to compare the molecular characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates recovered at two times within a 10-year interval (1998 and 2008) from a tertiary Brazilian hospital. In addition, the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were analyzed. All 48 MRSA isolates from 1998 and 85.7% from 2008 (48/56 isolates) displayed multidrug-resistance phenotypes and SCCmec III. All but one of the 13 representative SCCmec III isolates belonged to CC8 and had PFGE patterns similar to that of the BMB9393 strain (Brazilian epidemic clone of MRSA; BEC). In 2008, we found an increased susceptibility to rifampicin and chloramphenicol among the SCCmec III isolates. In addition, we detected the entrance of diverse international MRSA lineages susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT), almost all belonging to CC5. These non-SCCmec III isolates were related to the USA 300 (ST8-SCCmec IV; PFGE-type B), USA 800 (ST5-SCCmec IV; subtype D1), USA 100 (ST5-SCCmec II; subtype D2), and EMRSA-3/Cordobes (ST5-SCCmec I, type C) clones. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the emergence of isolates genetically related to the EMRSA-3/Cordobes clone in southeast Brazil. In this regard, these isolates were the most common non-SCCmec III MRSA in our institution, accounting for 8.9% of all isolates recovered in 2008. Thus, despite the supremacy of BEC isolates in our country, significant changes may occur in local MRSA epidemiology, with possible consequences for the rationality of MRSA empiric therapy.

Aspectos ecológicos da Tripanossomose americana: IV - Mobilidade de Triatoma arthurneivai em seus ecótopos naturais

São apresentados os dados obtidos na investigação da mobilidade de ninfas e adultos de Triatoma arthurneivai. As observações foram levadas a efeito na localidade denominada Bairro do Arado, município de Salto de Pirapora, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Através a marcação e recaptura durante 24 semanas consecutivas, pôde-se observar o comportamento em relação ao local de soltura e os deslocamentos em direção a outros ecótopos. Ambas as formas mostraram capacidade de locomoção ativa, embora inferior por parte das ninfas. No entanto, estas também revelaram capacidade de vencer distâncias praticamente equivalentes às dos adultos, embora sem poder dispor da capacidade de vôo. Os dados permitiram registrar sobrevivência maior para as ninfas que, em alguns casos, chegou a ser de, pelo menos, 12 semanas.

Alimentação e fecundidade de planorbídeos criados em laboratórios: IV - Helisoma duryi (Wetherby, 1879). (Pulmonata, Planorbidae)

Utilizando dois tipos distintos de alimentos: "Aquariol" (alimento utilizado para alimentar peixes ornamentais) e alface, isolados e associados, na criação de Helisoma (Seminolina) duryi (Wetherby, 1879) em laboratório, foi verificado que; 1. Os caramujos alimentados com alface fresca liberaram, em 17 semanas, 826 desovas on 17.707 ovos. 2. Os especimens alimentados com "aquariol" depuseram 534 desovas on 11.361 ovos. 3. O oferecimento dos dois materiais associados resultou no aumento da fertilidade, obtendo-se, assim, 1.355 desovas ou 34.645 ovos. 4. Em termos médios, cada conjunto de quinze exemplares (com 10 a 14 mm de diâmetro) liberou, diariamente, 95,5 - 148,8 e 291,1 ovos/dia, segundo o tipo de alimento consumido: "aquariol", alface fresca, ou ambos associados. O número de desovas/dia, na mesma ordem enunciada, foi de 4,5 - 6,9 e 11,4, respectivamente. 5, Os exemplares utilizados descendiam de uma cepa supostamente recém introduzida no município de Formosa, GO (Brasil)e originária da Região Neártica (EUA). Foi comentada a possibilidade de controle biológico de diferentes espécies de Biomphalaria através de H. duryi - questão sobre a qual vêm desenvolvendo investigações biológicas e ecológicas.

Mortalidade por causas violentas no município de São Paulo, Brasil: IV - A situação em 1980

Foram estudados casos de mortes violentas no município de São Paulo, ocorridos em 1980, por meio das informações que acompanham os laudos de autópsias do Instituto Médico Legal de São Paulo, com o objetivo de caracterizar essa mortalidade segundo suas reais causas básicas de morte e variáveis consideradas importantes do ponto de vista epidemiológico e compará-la com a de anos anteriores, estudada com a mesma metodologia. Os resultados mostram uma diminuição no risco de morrer por essas causas, em relação a 1975, tanto no coeficiente de mortalidade pelo conjunto de causas violentas, quanto especificamente no que se refere aos coeficientes de mortalidade por acidentes de trânsito de veículos a motor, pelos demais acidentes e pelos suicídios. Quanto aos homicídios, os coeficientes mostraram-se muito elevados e comparativamente a 1975 estiveram 80% maiores. Foi possível ainda estudar a distribuição dessas mortes segundo sexo e idade, tipos e quanto ao momento e ao local de sua ocorrência. Os dados permitiram concluir pela colocação da mortalidade por causas violentas como um importante problema de Saúde Pública.

Estudos sorológicos para pesquisa de anticorpos de arbovírus em população humana da região do Vale do Ribeira: IV - inquérito em escolares residentes no município de Iguape, SP (Brasil)

Relatam-se os resultados de inquérito sorológico para pesquisa de anticorpos de 17 arbovírus em 337 escolares de 6 a 14 anos de idade, residentes em quatro áreas, com diferentes características ecológicas, situadas no município de Iguape, Vale do Ribeira, do Estado de São Paulo (Brasil): 1 - zona urbana da cidade de Iguape; 2 - Rocio, bairro periférico com características rurais; 3 - zona de cultura extensiva de banana, na planície litorânea; 4 - zona de mata primitiva na região pré-serrana. Observou-se, em 8,31% dos investigados, a presença de anticorpos inibidores de hemaglutinação de arbovírus dos grupos antigênicos A, B, C, Bunyamwera, Simbu e Anopheles A. Evidenciou-se diferença significante na proporção dos soros positivos entre escolares residentes nas zonas de bananal e de mata (19,05% e 16,67%) e moradores na zona urbana e no bairro do Rocio (1,89% e 3,81%). Crianças sempre residentes na zona urbana de Iguape, sem hábito de freqüência a ambiente silvestre, apresentaram anticorpos neutralizantes para os vírus Caraparu e Rocio, sugerindo transmissão urbana desses agentes. Não há indícios sorológicos de infecções recentes causadas pelo flavivírus Rocio.

Estudo das condições de saúde das crianças do Município de São Paulo, SP (Brasil), 1984-1985: IV - Doença diarréica

Como parte de amplo estudo epidemiológico sobre condições de saúde na infância, avaliou-se a magnitude e a distribuição da doença diarréica no Município de São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Os resultados foram obtidos a partir de exame clínico e inquérito recordatório de uma amostra probabilística de 1.016 crianças menores de cinco anos. Para o conjunto da amostra, apurou-se incidência de 7,6 episódios de diarréia por 100 crianças-mês e 2,0 internações por 100 crianças-ano. A freqüência máxima de episódios situou-se entre dois e três anos de idade e a freqüência máxima de internações nos 2 primeiros anos de vida. Ambos, episódios e internações, foram mais freqüentes nos estratos de menor nível sócio-econômico. Com relação a estudo realizado no Município há cerca de dez anos, pôde-se registrar redução de aproximadamente 60% na freqüência da diarréia e deslocamento do pico de incidência máxima para idades maiores. Estes dois fenômenos coincidem com expressivo aumento da cobertura do abastecimento de água no município. Aparentemente como resultado da diminuição na freqüência da diarréia, detectaram-se sensíveis reduções tanto nas internações hospitalares quanto na mortalidade por aquela doença. A freqüência ainda alta de diarréia no Município, sobretudo a elevada incidência de internações hospitalares nos primeiros meses de vida, assinala a necessidade de melhorias adicionais no saneamento ambiental e de esforços em outros setores como o da promoção do aleitamento materno.

Biología de Anopheles (Kerteszia) neivai H., D. & K., 1913 (Diptera: Culicidae) en la Costa Pacifica de Colombia: IV - Estructura etárea y transmisión de malaria

Con el fin de determinar la dinamica de transmisión de malaria en el poblado de Charambirá (Chocó), Colombia, se estudió la estructura etárea de Anopheles neivai (reconocido vector en la Costa Pacífica) con base en su estado gonadotrófico. Se recolectaron mosquitos intradomiciliarmente durante el crepúsculo vespertino con cebos humanos y aspiradores bucales. Los mosquitos recolectados se mantuvieron en cajas cilíndricas de cartón con papel humedecido y dispensadores alimenticios hasta su disección al día siguiente. De los 200 mosquitos disecados entre septiembre y octubre de 1986,68 (34%) presentaban huellas de menos de tres oviposturas y los restantes (66%) habían efectuado al menos tres oviposturas. La diferencia entre el primer grupo considerado como mosquitos "no infectivos" y el segundo considerado como los "potencialmente infectivos" fue altamente significativa (X² = 10,68; P = 0,001). El 1,5% de A. neivai estudiados presentaban huellas correspondientes a 10 oviposturas mostrando una marcada longevidad y múltiples alimentaciones sanguíneas. Los resultados sugieren que existe un alto riesgo de contraer malaria en Charambirá durante el crepúsculo vespertino.

Estudos epidemiológicos entre grupos indígenas de Rondônia: IV. Inquérito sorológico para rotavírus entre os Suruí e Karitiána

São apresentados os dados de um inquérito soro epidemiológico para anticorpos anti-rotavírus conduzido entre os Suruí e Karitiána, dois grupos indígenas de Rondônia, Brasil. Os resultados indicam que as porcentagens de soropositividade são elevadas (67,8% para os Suruí e 77,4% para os Karitiána, através da técnica ELISA, e 45,5% para os Suruí e 56,7% para os Karitiána, através de imunofluorescência indireta). Testes de qui-quadrado indicam não haver associação estatisticamente significante entre grupo e positividade sorológica. São discutidos os resultados à luz de outros estudos conduzidos com grupos indígenas brasileiros.