Triatoma bassolsae sp. n. from Mexico with a key to species of "phyllosoma" complex

According to the descriptions of five closely related species of the genus Triatoma Laporte, 1832: T. phyllosoma (Burmeister, 1835), T. pallidipennis (Stal, 1872), T. picturata Usinger, 1939, T. longipennis Usinger, 1939 and T. mazzottii Usinger, 1941 and further published studies, these species could be included in a "specific complex" named as the species formerly described. All these species are typical from Mexico and another species was found in the same country, in the State of Puebla: Triatoma bassolsae sp. n. This species was morphologically compared with the other five of the "phyllosoma" complex, including the external male genitalia. The most important characters used to separate T. bassolsae from T. phyllosoma (which is the most similar to the other species) are the morphometric relationships on the head, with a longer anteocular region and a significant longer second rostral segment, a long and conspicuous pilosity in different areas of the body and specially on the head, and the characters of the anterolateral, lateral and discal tubercles of the pronotum, very long and sharp in the new species. The male genitalia has several differences between T. bassolsae and T. phyllosoma specially significant on the surface of the endosome process and on the branches of the phallosome support, separated at the apex in the new species. Types and paratypes are incorporated in the respective institutions in Mexico DF and Rio de Janeiro.

Redescription of Travassiella avitellina Rego & Pavanelli, 1987 (Proteocephalidea: Monticelliidae, Zygobothriinae), a parasite of Paulicea luetkeni (Siluriformes) from South America

The genus Travassiella Rego & Pavanelli, 1987 comprises only one species, T. avitellina Rego & Pavanelli, 1987; characterized by these authors on the basis of absence of vitelline follicles. In this study, the presence of cortical vitelline follicles in this species is confirmed after de Chambrier and Vaucher (1999); the redescription was performed for the first time based on type and new material collected from Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Travassiella is confirmed as a valid genus, and compared to other genera of the subfamily Zygobothriinae. T. avitellina is characterized by: (1) the presence of gland cells posteromedially to suckers; (2) the particular distribution of vitelline follicles, forming lateral arches; (3) uterine primordium cortical, growing into medulla and forming a sac-like uterus; (4) eggs, irregularly oval, outer envelop with excrescences and two digitate lappets in one of the poles.

Clinical-epidemiologic profile of the schistosomal myeloradiculopathy in Pernambuco, Brazil

This was a retrospective descriptive study on a series of cases of schistosomal myeloradiculopathy (SMR) and the aim was to investigate the incidence of this disease and its clinical and epidemiological characteristics in cases diagnosed at three healthcare units in Pernambuco, Brazil between 1994-2006. The data were collected by reviewing the medical records from both the neurological and paediatric outpatient clinics and wards of the Hospital Clinics, Hospital of the Restoration and Pernambuco Mother and Child Institute. To gather the data, a spinal cord schistosomiasis evaluation protocol was used. The diagnoses were based on positive epidemiological evidence of schistosomiasis, clinical findings and laboratory tests (stool parasitological examination or rectal biopsies, magnetic resonance imaging findings and cerebrospinal fluid investigations). A total of 139 cases aged between 2-83 years were found. The most important determinants of SMR were male sex (66.2%), contact with fresh water (91%), origin in endemic regions (39.5%), lower-limb muscle weakness (100%), sensory level at the lower thoracic medulla (40.3%), myeloradicular form (76%) and presence of eggs in the stool parasitological examination (48%). This sample indicates the need for intervention policies guided by diagnostic standardization, thereby avoiding disease under-notification.

A new species of Mesocoelium (Digenea: Mesocoeliidae) found in Rhinella marina (Amphibia: Bufonidae) from Brazilian Amazonia

Mesocoelium lanfrediae sp. nov. (Digenea: Mesocoeliidae) inhabits the small intestine of Rhinella marina (Amphibia: Bufonidae) and is described here, with illustrations provided by light, scanning electron microscopy and molecular approachs. M. lanfrediae sp. nov. presents the typical characteristics of the genus, but is morphometrically and morphologically different from the species described previously. The main diagnostic characteristics of M. lanfrediae sp. nov. are (i) seven pairs of regularly-distributed spherical papillae on the oral sucker, (ii) ventral sucker outlined by four pairs of papillae distributed in a uniform pattern and interspersed with numerous spines, which are larger at the posterior margin and (iii) small, rounded tegumentary papillae around the opening of the oral sucker, which are morphologically different from those of the oral sucker itself, some of which are randomly disposed in the ventrolateral tegumentary region of the anterior third of the body. Addionally, based on SSU rDNA, a phylogenetic analysis including Brachycoeliidae and Mesocoeliidae taxa available on GenBank established the close relationship between M. lanfrediae sp. nov. and Mesocoelium sp.

Sitobion graminis Takahashi, 1950 (Hemiptera, Aphididae): first record in Brazil, biological and morphometric parameters

The species Sitobion graminis Takahashi, 1950 (Hemiptera, Aphididae) was first detected in Brazil in 1998, in Curitiba, Paraná state, associated with the grass species Erianthus sp., Calamagrotis sp. and Paspalum urvilei. Both the field-collected and laboratory-reared specimens presented a noticeable intrapopulational variation in body and appendix length and in dorso-abdominal sclerotization. This species has been recorded in Malaysia, New Guinea, India, Philippines and Africa, where it colonizes several species of Poaceae. S. graminis differs from other Sitobion species from Brazil associated with grasses, as it presents black cauda and siphunculi and exhibits a constriction in the base of the last rostral segment. Biological data were obtained in the laboratory by rearing newborn nymphs on the inflorescence of the host plants. They passed through four nymphal instars. The mean duration of the nymphal stage was of 11.4 days, with a mortality ratio of 36.5%. The mean pre-larviposition period was of 1.8 days; mean longevity of the females was 25.2 days; and mean fecundity was 18.7 nymphs/female, ranging from 2 to 41 nymphs/female.

A new species of Buenoa Kirkaldy (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Notonectidae) from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Members of Buenoa are restricted to the Western Hemisphere, with the greatest diversity of species in South America. There are about 50 described species and approximately 20 of them have been reported from Brazil. Buenoa pseudomutabilis Barbosa, Ribeiro and Nessimian, sp. nov. is described here from Maricá, Rio de Janeiro State. This species resembles B. mutabilis Truxal, 1953 because males have a stridulatory area on inner surface of forefemur, forefemur narrowed at apex, with length more than three times its width at apex, and rostral prong longer than third rostral segment. Males of B. pseudomutabilis sp. nov. can be readily recognized by the presence of 21 to 25 teeth in the stridulatory comb of foretibia, whereas in B. mutabilis the stridulatory comb of foretibia consists of approximately 33 to 38 teeth. Males of B. pseudomutabilis sp. nov. bear one nodule on each ventral laterotergite 1 of abdomen. A key to male species of Buenoa occurring in Rio de Janeiro State, including the new species, is provided.

Magnetic resonance imaging findings of disc-related epidural cysts in nonsurgical and postoperative microdiscectomy patients

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate five discal cysts with detailed magnetic resonance imaging findings in nonsurgical and following postoperative microdiscectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five discal cysts in four patients who underwent magnetic resonance imaging were found through a search in our database and referral from a single orthopedic spine surgeon. Computed tomography in two cases and computed tomography discography in one case were also performed. RESULTS: Five discal cysts were present in four patients. Three patients had no history of previous lumbar surgery and the other patient presented with two discal cysts and recurrent symptoms after partial laminectomy and microdiscectomy. All were oval shaped and seated in the anterior epidural space. Four were ventrolateral, and the other one was centrally positioned in the anterior spinal canal. One showed continuity with the central disc following discography. Three were surgically removed. CONCLUSION: Magnetic resonance imaging can easily depict an epidural cyst and the diagnosis of a discal cyst should be raised when an homogeneous ventrolateral epidural cyst contiguous to a mild degenerated disc is identified.

Carcinoma renal dos ductos de Bellini

Two types primary epithelial tumours of the kidney have been distinguished, such as renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma or Grawitz) deriving from proximal tubules and carcinoma arising in the urothelium of the kidney's collecting system. Mancilla-Jimenez e cols were the first to describe in 1976 an atypical papillary carcinoma of the kidney deriving from collecting duct system-Bellini duct carcinoma (BDC). In the World Healthy Organization classification it is listed as a rare carcinoma ( 1 % of the renal malignancies) originating in the renal medulla. Histologic examination shows both tubular and papillary architeture, which can lead to misinterpretation as renal cell or transitional cell carcinoma. Renal cell carcinoma originates from the metanephrogenic blastema and collecting duct carcinoma derived embryologicaly from the mesonephron Wolff duct. Renal cell carcinoma has been shown to express both cytokeratins and vimetin, whereas the distal convoluted tubule expresses only cytokeratins. BDC can be considered as a renal malignancy with a very bad prognosis compared to the other renal cell carcinoma. The best treatment is radical nephrectomy. A case of BDC is reported in a young black man, 27 year old with only history of light left back pain. Ultrasound and other image examinations showed a tumour about 6 cm in the middle and low left kidney. Patient was submitted to extraperitoneal radical nephectomy. Microscopic evaluation revealed kidney's collecting duct carcinoma with metastasis on two retroperitoneal lymphy nodes.

Tratamento cirúrgico da hipertensão arterial secundária com origem na glândula supra-renal

Among the main etiologies of secondary arterial hypertension figure out the tumorous affections of adrenal gland, located on cortex - primary aldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome) and Cushing’s syndrome - or at glandular medulla - pheocromocytoma. Although these tumors are at most benign the surgical resection is needed in order to eliminate the disturbances provided by them and to limit the mass growth, being curative in about 80-90% of the cases. In this paper some particularities above surgical treatment of these diseases will be focused emphasizing the pre-operative prepare of the patients and the currently preconized approach.

Meningoencefalite e encefalomalacia por Herpesvírus bovino-5: distribuição das lesões no sistema nervoso central de bovinos naturalmente infectados

Para determinar a distribuição das lesões histológicas que ocorrem no sistema nervoso central (SNC) de bovinos naturalmente infectados por herpesvírus bovino-5 (BHV-5) foram estudados 12 bovinos provenientes de 10 surtos da enfermidade diagnosticados pelo Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico (LRD) da Faculdade de Veterinária da UFPel, entre 1986 e 2003. A epidemiologia, história clínica e evolução da enfermidade foram obtidas dos arquivos do LRD. Cortes do SNC foram realizados nos materiais conservados em formalina 10%, abrangendo as regiões frontal, parietal, temporal e occipital do córtex telencefálico, cápsula interna e núcleos da base, tálamo, colículo rostral, ponte, pedúnculos cerebelares, cerebelo, bulbo na altura do óbex e medula cervical. As secções foram processadas rotineiramente e coradas por hematoxilina e eosina. Foram avaliadas a distribuição e intensidade das lesões inflamatórias e de malacia, que foram relacionadas com os aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos da doença. Surtos da enfermidade foram observados em todas as estações ano. Foram afetados bovinos de 2 a 24 meses, de diferentes raças e de ambos os sexos. Macroscopicamente, foram observadas áreas amareladas e deprimidas no córtex telencefálico de cinco bovinos necropsiados. Adicionalmente, essas lesões foram observadas no tálamo, núcleos da base e cápsula interna de dois bovinos. Congestão e hemorragias multifocais foram observadas na maioria dos casos. Em todos os bovinos estudados a lesão histológica caracterizou-se por meningoencefalite não-supurativa observada em todas os cortes, porém mais acentuada no córtex frontal. Áreas de malacia focal ou difusa com presença de células "Gitter" foram observadas em todas as regiões do córtex cerebral e nos núcleos da base, cápsula interna e tálamo. Em alguns casos, lesões discretas de malacia foram observadas no colículo rostral, ponte, bulbo, cerebelo e medula cervical. Corpúsculos de inclusão intranucleares foram encontrados em todos os casos estudados nas diferentes regiões do córtex cerebral, preferentemente em áreas que apresentavam lesões inflamatórias e de malacia discretas a moderadas. Em dois casos estes corpúsculos foram observados, também, nos núcleos da base e tálamo. Foi observado que a intensidade das lesões histológicas não é proporcional ao curso clínico da enfermidade. A presença de lesões de malacia em diferentes regiões do SNC, aspecto não mencionado na maioria dos trabalhos anteriores sobre a doença, pode ser devida a variações na patogenicidade das cepas virais envolvidas. Outra possibilidade é que a encefalite tenha ocorrido em conseqüência da reativação do BHV-5 em animais afetados por polioencefalomalacia. Essa seqüência de eventos já foi demonstrada previamente em experimentos realizados pelo grupo de pesquisa dos autores.

Polioencefalomalacia em caprinos e ovinos na região semi-árida do Nordeste do Brasil

Descrevem-se 7 surtos de polioencefalomalacia em caprinos e 3 surtos em ovinos no semi-árido nordestino. Foram afetados animais de diversas idades em diferentes épocas do ano. Em 5 surtos os animais eram suplementados com concentrados e em 5 consumiam somente pastagem. Em um dos surtos os ovinos estavam recebendo à vontade uma mistura múltipla contendo 1,3% de flor de enxofre. Os sinais clínicos caracterizaram-se por cegueira, depressão, pressão da cabeça contra objetos, andar em círculos, ranger de dentes, incoordenação, paralisia espástica, ataxia, diminuição dos reflexos palpebral e pupilar, estrabismo lateral, nistagmo e pupilas dilatadas. De 9 animais tratados com tiamina e dexametasona, 7 se recuperaram e 2 morreram. O diagnóstico foi feito com base na recuperação após o tratamento e/ou a presença de alterações histológicas características. O curso clínico variou de 2 a 15 dias. Três animais foram necropsiados. Um animal apresentou herniação do cerebelo em direção ao Forame magno e amolecimento das circunvoluções cerebrais e, ao corte, coloração amarelada e cavitação da substância cinzenta do córtex. Outro animal apresentou somente herniação do cerebelo. No terceiro animal não foram observadas lesões macroscópicas. As alterações histológicas caracterizaram-se por necrose laminar do córtex cerebral e, em dois animais, por lesões de malácia no tálamo e colículo rostral. Desconhece-se a etiologia em 9 dos surtos estudados. Em outro se sugere que tenha sido causado por intoxicação por enxofre, contido principalmente na mistura múltipla constituída por com 1,3% de flor de enxofre (96% de enxofre) e 30% de cama de galinha (0,39% de enxofre).

Distribuição do vírus rábico no sistema nervoso central em ruminantes naturalmente infectados

Com o objetivo de identificar a distribuição das lesões do vírus rábico no sistema nervoso central de casos espontâneos de raiva em ruminantes e comparar as técnicas de imunofluorescência direta (IFD), inoculação em camundongos (ICC) e presença de corpúsculos de Negri para o diagnóstico da doença foram analisados materiais proveniente de 48 casos de raiva, incluindo amostras de córtex frontal, temporal, parietal e occipital, hipocampo, tálamo, colículo rostral e caudal, cerebelo, ponte, medula oblonga, núcleo da base e porções da medula cervical, torácica e lombar. De 48 amostras analisadas, todas foram positivas na IFD e na ICC e em 30 (62,5%) foram encontrados corpúsculo de Negri (CN). No entanto, houve diferenças importantes no resultados dos três testes nas diferentes regiões do SNC avaliadas. Nos cortes de córtex cerebral, em 38 bovinos, a presença de corpúsculos de inclusão foi baixa (11%-37%) assim como a positividade para IFD e ICC (60-80%). Pelo contrário, todas as amostras de ponte, tálamo e medula testados foram positivas para IFD e ICC. Em outras regiões do tronco encefálico e também no cerebelo a positividade para ICC e IFD foi de 60% a 96,7%. No cerebelo foi encontrada a maior frequência (88,2%) de corpúsculos de inclusão. Em oito ovinos as provas de ICC e IFD foram positivas em todos os cortes e foram observados corpúsculos de inclusão em três animais. Foram analisados somente dois casos de caprinos encontrando-se corpúsculos de inclusão em um e ambos foram positivos para IFD e ICC. Os resultados obtidos nesse trabalho sugerem que a conduta recomendada pelo Manual Técnico de Controle da Raiva dos Herbívoros (MTCRH) permite o diagnóstico de raiva associando o estudo histológico aos testes de IFD e ICC que incluem cerebelo, tálamo e tronco encefálico que apresentam alta positividade para as provas de IFD e ICC. No entanto, a melhor conduta é a de incluir metade do encéfalo cortado longitudinalmente e amostras de medula. Isto permite examinar por IFD e ICC uma ou mais regiões onde essas provas apresentam maior positividade e, posteriormente, se essas provas fossem negativas, retornar ao material original e examinar outras regiões. Por outro lado, a coleta de amostras dos locais recomendados pela MTCRH, assim com a coleta de metade do encéfalo, podem prejudicar o diagnóstico de outras doenças para o qual é necessário o estudo de todo o encéfalo após a fixação em formaldeído, para constatar a simetria e a distribuição das lesões. Nestes casos, com base nos resultados obtidos neste trabalho, pode ser recomendado para diagnóstico laboratorial de raiva o envio exclusivo de porções da medula cervical, dorsal e lombar, já que as três porções apresentaram 100% de positividade nas provas de IFD e ICC. Além disso, o estudo histológico de todas as porções do cérebro incluídas neste trabalho permitirá complementar o diagnóstico.

Gross anatomical features of the oropharyngeal cavity of the ostrich (Struthio camelus)

Most descriptions of the ostrich oropharynx and oesophagus are superficial and supply little meaningful morphological data. The aim of this investigation is describe the ostrich oropharingeal cavity, in order to supply the deficiency of macroscopic data about this important animal. Five heads of 12 to 14-month-old ostriches of either sex were anatomically dissected to expose the oropharynx. The ostrich oropharynx was "bell-shaped" composed by the maxillary and mandibular ramphoteca. The roof and floor presented two distinct regions different in colour of the mucosa. The rostral region was pale pink contrasting to creamy-pink coloured caudal region. The median longitudinal ridge extended rostrally from the apex of the choana to the tip of the beak in the roof and it is clearly more prominent and rigid than the homolog in the floor that appeared thin and stretched rostrally, continuing caudally surrounding the tongue and the laryngeal mound eventually merging with the oesophageal mucosa. The floor was formed by the interramal region, tongue and laryngeal mound containing shield-shaped glottis. It can be concluded that the present study, in addition to confirming the basic features of the oropharynx previously described for the ostrich, clarified the contradictory information presented in the literature and also provided new, unreported morphological data, some of which may be important when studying nutrition and health in these birds.

Systematization, description and territory of the caudal cerebral artery of the brain in broad-snouted Caiman (Caiman latirostris)

Thirty heads with the neck segment of Caiman latirostris were used. The animals were provided from a creation center called Mister Caiman, under the authorization of the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (Ibama). Animals were sacrificed according to the slaughtering routine of the abattoir, and the heads were sectioned at the level of the third cervical vertebra. The arterial system was washed with cold saline solution, with drainage through jugular veins. Subsequently, the system was filled with red colored latex injection. Pieces were than fixed in 20% formaldehyde, for seven days. The brains were removed, with a spinal cord segment, the duramater removed and the arteries dissected. At the level of the hypophysis, the internal carotid artery gave off a rostral branch, and a short caudal branch, continuing, naturally, as the caudal cerebral artery. This artery projected laterodorsalwards and, as it overpassed the optic tract, gave off its I (the first) central branch. Penetrated in the cerebral transverse fissure, emitting the diencephalic artery and next its II (second) central branch. Still inside the fissure, originated occipital hemispheric branches and a pineal branch. Emerged from the cerebral transverse fissure, over the occipital pole of the cerebral hemisphere. Projected rostralwards, sagital to the cerebral longitudinal fissure, as interhemispheric artery. This artery gave off medial and convex hemispheric branches to the respective surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres, anastomosed with its contralateral homologous, forming the common ethmoidal artery. This artery entered the fissure between the olfactory peduncles, emerging ventrally and dividing into ethmoidal arteries, right and left, which progressed towards the nasal cavities, vascularizing them. The territory of the caudal cerebral artery included the most caudal area of the base of the cerebral hemisphere, its convex surface, the olfactory peduncles and bulbs, the choroid plexuses and the diencephalus with its parietal organs.

Character transformations and their functional significance as a key to the evolution of hystricognath Rodentia

Hystricognathi represent a monophyletic taxon within Rodentia. Since phylogenetically analyzed morphological systems are essential for revealing evolutionary processes, this study identifies evolutionary character transformations on the stem lineage of Hystricognathi as derived from the author's own work and the literature. Data so far indicate that evolutionary transformations in the rostral head region, the loss of tactile ability in the outer nasal skin and the mobile arrangement of the associated cartilage, were allied with a switch from omnivorous to herbivorous and fiber-rich nutrition. Additional character transformations in the skull assist in digesting such food. Structures associated with reproduction and placentation show a remarkable pro portion of derived character conditions: the chorioallantoic placenta has a ring-shaped organization and growth structure which optimizes the capacity for passive diffusion, a subplacenta occurred as a specialized region responsible for placental invasion and the inverted yolk sac facilitates substance exchange with the main placenta. Finally, precocial newborns evolved as a derived condition within Rodentia. All things considered, a mode of reproduction is indicated, which does not demand excessive additional energy intake by the mother and is in accordance with her low energetic diet. Hystricognathi possess major character transformations that represent prerequisites for their successful radiation at the time when more open ecosystems and grasslands evolved during Earth history. The analysis resulted in the reconstruction of a life-near picture of the hystricognath stem species pattern with high explanatory power in terms of changes in space and time and their interdependence with biodiversity.