Caracterização física e química, fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante da polpa e resíduo de gabiroba

O Cerrado brasileiro possui uma riqueza de espécies frutíferas que ainda não foram suficientemente estudadas em relação às suas características físicas, químicas e funcionais. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de mensurar as características físicas de frutos de gabirobeira e analisar a composição centesimal e de minerais, o teor de compostos fenólicos totais e a atividade antioxidante da polpa e do resíduo de gabiroba. As características físicas de maior variabilidade foram massa da polpa e do fruto, destacando-se o elevado rendimento de polpa (46,24%). A polpa e o resíduo de gabiroba contêm altos teores de umidade e fibra alimentar e quantidades consideráveis de ferro. O resíduo de gabiroba apresentou maior conteúdo de compostos fenólicos (1.787,65 mg AGE.100g-1) e atividade antioxidante (197,13 µmol TE.g-1) em relação à polpa. Contudo, os valores constatados na polpa de gabiroba (1.222,59 mg AGE.100g-1 e 107,96 µmol TE.g-1, respectivamente) são superiores aos de muitos frutos consumidos tradicionalmente. O teor de fenólicos totais apresentou forte correlação (r= 0,9723) com a atividade antioxidante. Os resultados indicam perspectivas promissoras para o aproveitamento integral do fruto da gabirobeira, visto seu conteúdo apreciável de nutrientes e de compostos fenólicos, e sua elevada atividade antioxidante.

Utilização do resíduo líquido de indústria de processamento de suco de laranja como meio de cultura de Penicillium citrinum: depuração biológica do resíduo e produção de enzima

Penicillium citrinum grown in orange juice processing wastes medium under continuous agitation was studied in order to establish optimal conditions (incubation period, incubation temperature, initial pH and nitrogen addition) for biomass and ribonuclease production, as well as, biological depuration of the wastes. Nitrogen addition to wastes medium increased the biomass and ribonuclease production and provides COD reduction. The soy meal shows to be the best nitrogen source. The conditions for a more favorable enzyme and biomass production and COD reduction were initial pH 6.0 and temperature of 27°C. The maximum value obtained for these parameters on optimal conditions of cultivation was 11 U/mL of enzyme, 4 mg/mL of biomass (dry matter) and 55% of COD reduction, in 96 hours of incubation.

Caracterização e classificação do resíduo sólido "pó do balão", gerado na indústria siderúrgica não integrada a carvão vegetal: estudo de um caso na região de Sete Lagoas/MG

This research was developed by considering that the solid waste produced in the process of pig iron production represents the loss of raw materials and the increase in environmental problem. The charcoal based mini blast-furnace off gases dust named CHARCOK was collected from SIDERPA ¾ Siderúrgica Paulino Ltda, located in Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais. The Charcok was characterized and classified according to ABNT (Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas) standard. The results showed that the Charcok should be classified as Class I Wastes ¾ "Hazard Wastes" because of its high concentration of phenols (54.5mg C6H5OH/kg). The Charcok had high concentration of iron and charcoal which can be used as energy source.

Adsorção de As, Cu, Pb e Cr na avaliação da capacidade de fixação de metais por resíduo de mineradoras de ferro

Two samples of residues from iron mining plants have been investigated for their retention capacity of As, Cu, Cr, and Pb. The sample with the higher content of iron oxides showed the highest capacity to retain metals. The adsorption affinity series changes from Pb>Cu>Cr~As to As>Pb>Cu>Cr or As>Cu>Cr>Pb, depending on the material and the concentration of the initial solution. In the competitive environment, the Pb adsorption decreases and the As, Cu and Cr adsorption increases. Sequential extraction procedures, carried out after adsorption batch experiments, showed that the most important adsorption process occurs in the oxide fraction and that the major part of the absorbed metal is remobilized from exchangeable and oxide fractions.

Composição química de um resíduo alcalino da indústria de papel e celulose (DREGS)

Dregs is an alkaline solid by-product generated in the cellulose manufacturing industry that could be used to correct soil acidity. The present study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of this product and some of its properties. The dregs presented 354 g kg-1 of calcium, neutralization capacity of 80.3%, and pH 10.7, besides low concentration of sodium (10.2 g kg-1), lead (62.9 mg kg-1) and cadmium (5.6 mg kg-1). Thus, it is a product that can safely be used to increase the soil pH.

De resíduo a insumo: a construção do caminho para uma química mais limpa através de um projeto de ensino

The discussion among teachers, students, and technicians about the destination of residues from chemistry laboratories led to a research project whose results were incorporated into a course in its daily practices. The treatment of the residues from argentimetric practices allowed us to establish cognitive relations of technological basis and of those related to the rising of the level of awareness about environmental aspects and social responsibility of chemistry professionals. The techniques and the results, from the economic point of view, namely that of value aggregation (metallic silver) and the conversion of the residue into input (potassium chromate solution) are shown.

Caracterização e classificação de resíduo sólido "pó de rocha granítica" gerado na indústria de rochas ornamentais

The ornamental rock industry generates huge amounts of wastes during the process of extraction and sawing of rock blocks. The ornamental rock powder waste is a non-biodegradable material, which represents the increase in environmental problem. The waste was collected from a granitic rock sawing plant located in Santo Antônio de Pádua, Rio de Janeiro. The chemical-environmental characterization and classification of the waste were done according to ABNT standards. The results showed that the granitic rock powder waste should be classified as Class II A - "No Inert", because of its high concentrations of lead, chrome, iron and manganese.

Borracha natural e nanocompósitos com argila

The natural rubber is a strategic material which can not be replaced by synthetic rubber in many technological applications. Brazil is a rubber importer, but new techniques of cultivation, breeding and diversification of producing species can reverse this situation. One of the best ways to add value to this commodity is nanotechnology. The production of nanocomposites is already a reality and shows that the sustainable use of this natural resource can lead to new products and boost the national agribusiness setting labor-qualified in the field.

Desempenho físico-químico e mecânico de concreto de cimento Portland com borracha de estireno-butadieno reciclada de pneus

Physicochemical and mechanical techniques were carried out to characterize three concrete tyre-rubber waste dosages such as 5, 10 and 15%, w/w. The elastomeric material was identified as styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). It was observed that the growing SBR content in the mixture decreased the concrete performance. The best results were presented by 5% w/w tyre-rubber waste concrete sample. This composition was tested at Mourão hydroelectric powerplant spillway as repairing material.

Metodologias para reutilização do resíduo de terra diatomácea, proveniente da filtração e clarificação da cerveja

The earth diatomite is a material used by the industries in the filtration process and clarification of the beer. This material presents a reduced useful life due to the blockages of their pores during the filtration process. The objective of this work was to reactivate the properties of filtration of the earth diatomite, saturated with organic matter during the filtration stage, starting from a controlled thermal treatment. The obtained results demonstrated that the earth diatomite saturated with organic matter submitted to a controlled thermal treatment has their filtration properties reactivated, could be reused in the beer production process.

Síntese de nanomateriais de carbono a partir do resíduo de milho (DDGS)

The world's largest ethanol producer (USA) uses corn as feedstock. DDGS (distillers dried grains with solubles) is the main waste generated from this process (around 32 million t/year). DDGS samples were pyrolyzed at 1000 ºC in a furnace with controlled atmosphere. The effluent was channeled to a second furnace, in which catalyst substrates were placed. Chromatographic analysis was used to evaluate the gaseous effluents, showing that the catalyst reduced hydrocarbon emissions. The solid products formed were analyzed by SEM and TEM. Graphitic structures and carbon nanofibers, 50 µm in length and with diameters of 80-200 nm, were formed.

Caracterização de resíduo sólido formado em biodiesel de sebo bovino

The nature of the solid residue formed in beef tallow biodiesel from two commercial producers in Brazil was determined by comparative analytical techniques, namely, gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and thermogravimetry (TG). Pure monopalmitin and monostearin were used as reference standards for both methodologies. Analyses were carried out before and after filtration of the solids formed, which allowed the observation that the formation of precipitate reduced the levels of monoglycerides in the beef tallow biodiesel. The chromatographic and thermogravimetric results confirmed the nature of the residue as saturated monoglycerides, predominantly monostearin and monopalmitin.

Modificação e caracterização do resíduo pó de aciaria elétrica (PAE) para aplicação em reações de redução de cromo (VI)

In this study, electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) was thermally modified at different temperatures under H2 flow or charcoal in order to obtain reduced iron phases (Fe3O4, FeO and Fe0). The formation of these phases was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction. The tests performed for reducing Cr (VI) using resultant materials obtained after thermal treatment of the EAFD showed excellent results, with PAE600H (EAFD reduced at 600 ºC under H2 flow) decreasing around 100% of the Cr (VI) in only 10 minutes of reaction. These results indicate the possibility of adding value to the residue, obtaining materials that offer great potential for environmental applications.

Caracterização de membranas assimétricas de acetato de celulose produzidas a partir do aproveitamento do resíduo da palha de milho para uso em ultrafiltração

Cellulose acetates (CA) with different degrees of acetylation were synthesized from cellulose extracted from corn stover. Membranes were prepared for the ultrafiltration process with pure polymers and blend form of CA utilizing a dioxane/acetone system. The membranes were characterized according to their transport properties. The blend form materials presented the best results for application in ultrafiltration experiments. M-TAC/DAC (corn stover triacetate and diacetate) and M-TAC/DAC-Rho (corn stover triacetate and Rhodia diacetate) presented rejection to egg albumin protein of 87.39% and 80.50%, respectively. Thus, MWCO of 45 kDa was determined for these materials.

Líquidos iônicos como plastificantes em blendas de borracha nitrílica/polianilina

Two imidazolium-based ionic liquids (C4MIMTf2N and C4MIMBF4) were used to verify their influence on polyaniline (PANI) and nitrile rubber (NBR)/PANI blend properties and the vulcanization process. High conductivity values were observed for PANI-C4MIMTf2N samples and no interference was found for the C4MIMBF4 samples. These materials were added to NBR by mechanical mixing. Based on the torque results, the presence of C4MIMBF4 does not protect the vulcanization reaction of NBR with PANI as performed by C4MIMTf2N. The highest conductivity value was obtained with 7 wt. % of PANI-DSBA-C4MIMTf2N (10-6 S/cm). This result is attributed to the more effective interaction of PANI and NBR phases promoted by the ionic liquid.