Health promoting and sensory properties of phenolic compounds in food

Phenolic compounds have been extensively studied in recent years. The presence of these compounds in various foods has been associated with sensory and health promoting properties. These products from the secondary metabolism of plants act as defense mechanisms against environmental stress and attack by other organisms. They are divided into different classes according to their chemical structures. The objective of this study was to describe the different classes of phenolic compounds, the main food sources and factors of variation, besides methods for the identification and quantification commonly used to analyze these compounds. Moreover, the role of phenolic compounds in scavenging oxidative stress and the techniques of in vitro antioxidant evaluation are discussed. In vivo studies to evaluate the biological effects of these compounds and their impact on chronic disease prevention are presented as well. Finally, it was discussed the role of these compounds on the sensory quality of foods.

Influence of strawberry jam color and phenolic compounds on acceptance during storage

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the color and phenolic compounds of strawberry jam on acceptance during storage. Jams were processed, stored for 120 days and evaluated monthly for chromatic characteristics, total phenolic compounds, total anthocyanins (ANT), total ellagic acid (TEA), flavonoids and free ellagic acid (FEA), and sensory acceptance as well. Data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means were compared by the Least Significant Difference (LSD). Cluster Analysis and Partial Least Square Regression (PLS) were performed to investigate the relationships between instrumental data and acceptance. Contents of ANT, TEA and redness decreased during storage. Other chemical characteristics and sensory acceptance showed a nonlinear behavior. Higher acceptance was observed after 60 days, suggesting a trend of quality improvement followed by decline to the initial levels. The same trend was observed for lightness, non-pigment flavonoids and FEA. According to PLS map, for consumers in cluster 2, acceptance was associated to jams at 60 days and to luminosity, FEA, and non-pigment flavonoids. For cluster 1, a positive association between flavor liking, jam at initial storage, and the contents of TEA and ANT was indicated. Jams at 120 days were positively associated to hue and negatively associated to color liking, for cluster 1. Color and texture were positively correlated to overall liking for cluster 2, whereas for cluster 1, overall acceptance seemed to be more associated to flavor liking. Changes in color and phenolic compounds slightly influenced the acceptance of strawberry jams, but in different ways for consumers clusters.

Encontro nacional da ANPAD x meeting of aom: lições, questionamentos e especulações

Este trabalho compara dois congressos científicos na área de administração e "management", o vigésimo sexto Encontro da Associação Nacional de Programas de Pós-Graduação em Administração (ANPAD) e o Sexagésimo segundo "meeting" da Academy of Management (AOM), ambos realizados no ano de 2002. A partir desta comparação, procuram-se extrair possíveis aprendizados, observandose as tendências futuras que possam permitir avanços a este tipo de evento.

Aspectos ecológicos da tripanossomíase americana: X - Dados populacionais das colônias de Panstrongylus megistus e de Triatoma sordida espontaneamente desenvolvidas em ecótopos artificiais

São determinados alguns aspectos da dinâmica populacional de Panstrongylus megistus e Triatoma sordida. Foram utilizados os dados obtidos nas colônias espontaneamente desenvolvidas em ecótopos artificiais representados por galinheiros experimentais. Aplicou-se o método de análise de distribuições de insetos em seus vários estádios. Os resultados permitiram confirmar informações anteriores sobre a mobilidade de adultos, determinando o período anual de sua dispersão. Pelo menos para essa região sudeste do Brasil, no nordeste do Estado de São Paulo, essas épocas correspondem ao período de setembro a novembro para P. megistus e de janeiro a março para T. sordida. Foi possível medir a duração média dos estádios, bem como a sobrevivência dentro de cada um e através a passagem para todos eles. Os dados obtidos permitem sua aplicação no controle e na vigilância de infestações domiciliares por esses triatomíneos.

Estudo das condições de saúde das crianças do Município de São Paulo, SP (Brasil), 1984/1985: X - Consumo Alimentar

Como parte de amplo estudo epidemiológico sobre condições de saúde na infância, uma amostra probabilística de menores de cinco anos residentes no Município de São Paulo (n = 305) foi estudada com relação à adequação nutricional de suas dietas. Através do inquérito recordatorio do consumo alimentar nas últimas 24 horas evidenciou-se que: a) a partir de um ano de idade, as dietas tornam-se insuficientes para cobrir as necessidades energéticas de grande parte da população; b) em todas as idades, mas particularmente nos primeiros dois anos de vida, o aporte dietético de ferro está muito abaixo das quantidades recomendadas para o consumo do nutriente; c) em todas as idades, o aporte de proteína e de vitamina A alcança valores satisfatórios. Tais achados mostraram-se compatíveis com a avaliação clínico-laboratorial do estado nutricional realizada simultaneamente ao inquérito alimentar. A estratificação social da amostra revelou que o nível sócio-econômico familiar influencia fortemente o consumo energético e, de forma menos intensa, o consumo de ferro. Na discussão dos prováveis fatores responsáveis pelos déficits dietéticos encontrados, hipóteses distintas são aventadas para o déficit energético e para o déficit de ferro. No caso do déficit energético, a origem básica do problema pareceria residir no baixo poder aquisitivo da população que condiciona insuficiente disponibilidade de alimentos e ingestão quantitativamente deficiente. No caso do déficit de ferro, a mesma hipótese valeria inteiramente apenas a partir da idade de dois anos. Antes desta idade, fatores relacionados ao desmame precoce e ao atraso na introdução de alimentos ricos em ferro aparentemente seriam mais importantes.

Simuliidae (Diptera: Culicomorpha) no Brasil: X - Descrição de Simulium (Psaroniocompsa) guaporense sp.n

É descrita uma nova espécie para o subgênero Simulium (Psaroniocompsa) Enderlein: S. (P.) guaporense proveniente da Província Hidrogeológica do Escudo Central, pertencente ao grupo "siolii" (S. siolii, S. lourencoi, S. damascenoi) descrito por Py-Daniel (1988).

Cumulative mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae treated with compounds

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the larvicidal activity of Azadirachta indica, Melaleuca alternifolia, carapa guianensis essential oils and fermented extract of Carica papaya against Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae). METHODS The larvicide test was performed in triplicate with 300 larvae for each experimental group using the third larval stage, which were exposed for 24h. The groups were: positive control with industrial larvicide (BTI) in concentrations of 0.37 ppm (PC1) and 0.06 ppm (PC2); treated with compounds of essential oils and fermented extract, 50.0% concentration (G1); treated with compounds of essential oils and fermented extract, 25.0% concentration (G2); treated with compounds of essential oils and fermented extract, 12.5% concentration (G3); and negative control group using water (NC1) and using dimethyl (NC2). The larvae were monitored every 60 min using direct visualization. RESULTS No mortality occurred in experimental groups NC1 and NC2 in the 24h exposure period, whereas there was 100% mortality in the PC1 and PC2 groups compared to NC1 and NC2. Mortality rates of 65.0%, 50.0% and 78.0% were observed in the groups G1, G2 and G3 respectively, compared with NC1 and NC2. CONCLUSIONS The association between three essential oils from Azadirachta indica, Melaleuca alternifolia, Carapa guianensis and fermented extract of Carica papaya was efficient at all concentrations. Therefore, it can be used in Aedes aegypti Liverpool third larvae stage control programs.

Effect of bioactive compounds extracted from euphorbious plants on hematological and biochemical parameters of Channa punctatus

Channa punctatus was exposed to four different concentrations of Rutin, Taraxerol and Apigenin. Changes in some hematological parameters of Channa punctatus were assessed to determine the influence of these compounds on test fish. Fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations (80% of LC50 of 24h) of these compounds for one week. Control fish were also administered for one week. Thereafter, blood samples were obtained from the control and experimental fish. Blood was assayed for selected hematological parameters (hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, white blood cell count total plasma protein and plasma glucose concentration). The derived hematological indices of mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were calculated. Sublethal concentrations of these compounds caused a dose dependent decrease in hemoglobin values coupled with a decrease in hematocrit values and red blood cell counts are an obvious indication of anemia. The total white blood cell counts and the differential white blood cell counts were decreased except for the lymphocytes, where there was a slight increase. Plasma protein and glucose were also lower in exposed fish when compared with control. The hematological indices MCH, MCHC, MCV were also lowered. The result from this study reveals high mortality rate and deleterious consequences on the health of fish subjected to acute exposure of Rutin, Taraxerol and Apigenin and therefore, should not be used directly in aquaculture without having the proper knowledge.

PROTECTIVE LEVELS OF VARICELLA-ZOSTER ANTIBODY DID NOT EFFECTIVELY PREVENT CHICKENPOX IN AN X-LINKED AGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA PATIENT

SUMMARY We describe the case of an eight-year-old boy with X-linked agammaglobulinemia who developed mild varicella despite regular intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy. He maintained protective antibody levels against varicella and the previous batches of IVIG that he received had adequate varicella-specific IgG levels. The case illustrates that IVIG may not prevent VZV infection.

ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN Schistosoma mansoni MALE WORMS AFTER in vitro INCUBATION WITH THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF Mentha x villosa Huds

Introduction: The essential oil Mentha x villosa (MVEO) has a wide range of actions, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal and schistosomicidal actions. The present study aimed to investigate the ultrastructural changes of MVEO on the tegument of adult Schistosoma mansoni. Materials and Methods: Different concentrations of MVEO were tested on S. mansoni adult worms in vitro. Ultrastructural changes on the tegument of these adult worms were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: The MVEO caused the death of all worms at 500 μg mL-1 after 24 h. After 24h of 500 μg mL-1 MVEO treatment, bubble lesions were observed over the entire body of worms and they presented loss of tubercles in some regions of the ventral portion. In the evaluation by TEM, S. mansoni adult worms treated with MVEO, 500 μg mL-1, presented changes in the tegument and vacuoles in the syncytial matrix region. Glycogen granules close to the muscle fibers were visible. Conclusion: The ability of MVEO to cause extensive ultrastructural damage to S. mansoni adult worms correlates with its schistosomicidal effects and confirms earlier findings with S. mansoni.