Crepuscular activity of culicids (Diptera, Culicidae) in the peridomicile and in the remaining riparian forest in Tibagi river, State of Paraná, Brazil

Crepuscular activity of culicids (Diptera, Culicidae) in the peridomicile and in the remaining riparian forest in Tibagi river, State of Paraná, Brazil. Human-attracted mosquitoes were collected for one hour, around sunset time (half hour before and half after), from April to December 2006, in two environments (riparian forest and near houses), in Tibagi river basin, Palmeira municipality, State of Paraná. Seven-hundred forty-nine mosquitoes, belonging to 13 species, were collected. Psorophora champerico Dyar & Knab, 1906 (42.86%) and Psorophora discrucians (Walker, 1856) (40.59%) were the most frequent species. No significant differences between quantities of Ps. champerico (t = -0.792; d.f. = 16; p = 0.43) and Ps. discrucians (t = 0.689; d.f. = 16; p = 0.49) obtained in riparian forest and near houses were observed, indicating similar conditions for crepuscular activity of these species in both environments. Psorophora champerico and Ps. discrucians responded (haematophagic activity) to environmental stimuli associated with the twilight hours differently in distinct habitats studied. The former species is registered for the first time in the Atlantic forest biome.

Genetic variability of a population of Aedes aegypti from Paraná, Brazil, using the mitochondrial ND4 gene

Genetic variability of a population of Aedes aegypti from Paraná, Brazil, using the mitochondrial ND4 gene. To analyze the genetic variability of populations of Aedes aegypti, 156 samples were collected from 10 municipalities in the state of Paraná, Brazil. A 311 base pairs (bp) region of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) mitochondrial gene was examined. An analysis of this fragment identified eight distinct haplotypes. The mean genetic diversity was high (h = 0.702; p = 0.01556). AMOVA analysis indicated that most of the variation (67%) occurred within populations and the F ST value (0.32996) was highly significant. F ST values were significant in most comparisons among cities. The isolation by distance was not significant (r = -0.1216 and p = 0, 7550), indicating that genetic distance is not related to geographic distance. Neighbor-joining analysis showed two genetically distinct groups within Paraná. The DNA polymorphism and AMOVA data indicate a decreased gene flow in populations from Paraná, which can result in increased vectorial competence.

Contrasting patterns of insecticide resistance and knockdown resistance (kdr) in Aedes aegypti populations from Jacarezinho (Brazil) after a Dengue Outbreak

ABSTRACT After a dengue outbreak, the knowledge on the extent, distribution and mechanisms of insecticide resistance is essential for successful insecticide-based dengue control interventions. Therefore, we evaluated the potential changes to insecticide resistance in natural Aedes aegypti populations to Organophosphates (OP) and Pyrethroids (PY) after chemical vector control interventions. After a Dengue outbreak in 2010, A. aegypti mosquitoes from the urban area of Jacarezinho (Paraná, Brazil) were collected in 2011 and 2012. Insecticide resistance to OP Temephos was assessed in 2011 and 2012 by dose–response bioassays adopting WHO-based protocols. Additionally, in both sampling, PY resistance was also investigated by the Val1016Ile mutation genotyping. In 2011, a random collection of mosquitoes was carried out; while in 2012, the urban area was divided into four regions where mosquitoes were sampled randomly. Bioassays conducted with larvae in 2011 (82 ± 10%; RR95 = 3.6) and 2012 (95 ± 3%; RR95 = 2.5) indicated an incipient altered susceptibility to Temephos. On the other hand, the Val1016IIe mutation analysis in 2011, presented frequencies of the 1016Ilekdr allele equal to 80%. Nevertheless, in 2012, when the urban area of Jacarezinho was analyzed as a single unit, the frequency of the mutant allele was 70%. Additionally, the distribution analysis of the Val1016Ile mutation in 2012 showed the mutant allele frequencies ≥60% in all regions. These outcomes indicated the necessity of developing alternative strategies such as insecticide rotations for delaying the evolution of resistance.

Propriedades físicas e teor de carbono orgânico de um Argissolo Vermelho sob distintos sistemas de uso e manejo

A conservação do solo e a produtividade das culturas podem ser negativamente afetadas por mudanças causadas à composição e arranjos dos constituintes do solo por diferentes sistemas de manejo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da intensidade de revolvimento sobre atributos físicos e teor de carbono orgânico (CO) do solo. O experimento foi realizado por 17 anos em Eldorado do Sul (RS), num Argissolo Vermelho de textura média sob diferentes sistemas de manejo: preparo convencional (PC), preparo reduzido (PR) e semeadura direta (SD), utilizando a sucessão de culturas ervilhaca-milho. Uma área de campo nativo (CN), adjacente às parcelas agrícolas, foi utilizada como testemunha. As amostras de solo foram coletadas antes do estabelecimento da cultura de verão, nas camadas de 0-2,5, 2,5-7,5, 7,5-12,5 e 12,5-17,5 cm de profundidade. As propriedades avaliadas foram: teor de carbono orgânico, densidade do solo e de partículas, macro, micro e porosidade total, grau de floculação e estabilidade de agregados. Os sistemas de preparo não influenciaram a densidade e a porosidade total do solo, mas a distribuição do tamanho de poros variou conforme a profundidade de amostragem. A macroporosidade foi maior no preparo convencional em relação ao preparo reduzido e semeadura direta somente na camada de 7,5-12,5 cm, e os microporos foram mais abundantes de 0-2,5 cm na semeadura direta em relação aos demais sistemas. A adoção da semeadura direta aumentou a estabilidade de agregados da camada superficial do solo em relação ao preparo convencional, mediante a elevação no teor de carbono orgânico.

Atributos químicos do solo e produtividade de videiras alterados pelo manejo de coberturas verdes na Serra Gaúcha

O manejo do solo pode interferir na disponibilidade de nutrientes e na produtividade de frutos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de formas de manejo da fitomassa de diferentes espécies de plantas de cobertura verde sobre características químicas do solo, relacionadas à matéria orgânica e à disponibilidade de nutrientes, e sobre a produtividade de uva. O experimento foi realizado na Embrapa Uva e Vinho, em Bento Gonçalves, RS, sobre um Cambissolo Háplico, num parreiral implantado em 1989, com os cultivares Niágara Branca e Niágara Rosada, no sistema de latada. Os tratamentos testados foram implantados em 2002 e consistiram em três coberturas vegetais: vegetação espontânea, aveia-preta e consórcio de trevo-branco + trevo-vermelho + azevém; e dois sistemas de manejo: dessecado com herbicida e roçado, os quais foram realizados no outono, previamente à ressemeadura das espécies. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com três repetições. Os atributos químicos indicadores da acidez e da disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo foram pouco influenciados pelas espécies de cobertura. A dessecação das plantas aumentou os teores de Ca e Mg trocáveis, P disponível e C orgânico total em relação ao manejo roçado. A produtividade de uva nas safras de 2004 e 2006 foi baixa em relação ao potencial dos cultivares, possivelmente por restrições climáticas, contudo foi maior quando se utilizou a aveia como planta de cobertura do que com o consórcio de plantas.

Phosphatase activity in sandy soil influenced by mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal cover crops

Cover crops may difffer in the way they affect rhizosphere microbiota nutrient dynamics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal cover crops on soil phosphatase activity and its persistence in subsequent crops. A three-year experiment was carried out with a Typic Quartzipsamment. Treatments were winter species, either mycorrhizal black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) or the non-mycorrhizal species oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiferus Metzg) and corn spurry (Spergula arvensis L.). The control treatment consisted of resident vegetation (fallow in the winter season). In the summer, a mixture of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum L.) with sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) or with soybean (Glycine max L.) was sown in all plots. Soil cores (0-10 cm) and root samples were collected in six growing seasons (winter and summer of each year). Microbial biomass P was determined by the fumigation-extraction method and phosphatase activity using p-nitrophenyl-phosphate as enzyme substrate. During the flowering stage of the winter cover crops, acid phosphatase activity was 30-35 % higher in soils with the non-mycorrhizal species oilseed radish, than in the control plots, regardless of the amount of P immobilized in microbial biomass. The values of enzyme activity were intermediate in the plots with corn spurry and black oat. Alkaline phosphatase activity was 10-fold lower and less sensitive to the treatments, despite the significant relationship between the two phosphatase activities. The effect of plant species on the soil enzyme profile continued in the subsequent periods, during the growth of mycorrhizal summer crops, after completion of the life cycle of the cover crops.

Soil functioning in a toposequence under rainforest in São Paulo, Brazil

Studies of soil-water dynamics using toposequences are essential to improve the understanding of soil-water-vegetation relationships. This study assessed the hydro-physical and morphological characteristics of soils of Atlantic Rainforest in the Parque Estadual de Carlos Botelho, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The study area of 10.24 ha (320 x 320 m) was covered by dense tropical rainforest (Atlantic Rainforest). Based on soil maps and topographic maps of the area, a representative transect of the soil in this plot was chosen and five soil trenches were opened to determine morphological properties. To evaluate the soil hydro-physical functioning, soil particle size distribution, bulk density (r), particle density (r s), soil water retention curves (SWRC), field saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), macroporosity (macro), and microporosity (micro) and total porosity (TP) were determined. Undisturbed samples were collected for micromorphometric image analysis, to determine pore size, shape, and connectivity. The soils in the study area were predominantly Inceptisols, and secondly Entisols and Epiaquic Haplustult. In the soil hydro-physical characterization of the selected transect, a change was observed in Ks between the surface and subsurface layers, from high/intermediate to intermediate/low permeability. This variation in soil-water dynamics was also observed in the SWRC, with higher water retention in the subsurface horizons. The soil hydro-physical behavior was influenced by the morphogenetic characteristics of the soils.

Processo de formação de crostas superficiais em razão de sistemas de preparo do solo e chuva simulada

A chuva provoca a modificação da estrutura superficial do solo levando ao desenvolvimento de crostas. Este estudo avaliou a dinâmica da formação de crostas superficiais por meio da análise e descrição micromorfológica de lâminas delgadas. O experimento foi conduzido em 2009 e 2010. Em parcelas de 15 x 30 m, foram implantados os diferentes sistemas de preparos do solo: preparo convencional (PC), preparo reduzido (PR) e sem preparo (SP). Dentro das parcelas instalaram-se as microparcelas de 1 x 1m e aplicaram-se diferentes lâminas de chuva simulada (0, 27, 54 e 80 mm) com intensidade de 80 mm h-1. Nas microparcelas, coletou-se uma amostra indeformada em que consistia em um bloco de solo de 0,07 x 0,05 x 0,12 m. Os blocos foram impregnados com resina e após endurecimento e secagem total foram confeccionadas lâminas delgadas (4,5 x 8 cm), descritas, utilizando microscópio óptico. Foi confeccionada uma lâmina delgada para cada chuva (0, 27, 54 e 80 mm) e para cada preparo do solo. Todos os sistemas de preparo avaliados demonstraram presença de crostas; entretanto, o processo de formação das crostas ocorreu com dinâmica diferenciada em cada sistema de preparo. O preparo convencional apresentou formação de crostas a partir de 27 mm de chuva aplicada. O aumento da lâmina de chuva aplicada causou maior degradação da estrutura superficial e maior espessura da camada encrostada. O preparo reduzido e o sistema sem preparo apresentaram condições de superfície irregulares com as chuvas aplicadas, ou seja, não demonstraram modificações constantes da superfície do solo e na formação das crostas, com o aumento da chuva, como constatado no preparo convencional. A análise das lâminas delgadas e a descrição micromorfológica permitiram satisfatória observação e conclusão dos processos e da dinâmica envolvida na formação de crostas.

Deep subsoiling of a subsurface-compacted typical hapludult under citrus orchard

Soil management practices which increase the root depth penetration of citrus are important to the longevity and yield maintenance of this plant, especially in regions where long periods of drought are common, even in soil conventionally subsoiled to a depth of 30-40 cm, when the orchard was first established. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of subsoiling on the physical and hydric properties of a Typical Hapludult and fruit yield in a 14-year-old citrus orchard located in Piracicaba, SP. The treatments consisted of: no-subsoiling (with no tilling of the soil after the orchard was planted); subsoiling on one side of the plant lines (SUB. 1); and subsoiling on both sides of the plant lines (SUB. 2). The subsoiling treatments were carried out 1.5 m from the plant lines and to a depth of 0.8 m. Soil samples were taken 120 days after this operation, at four depths, in order to determine physical and hydric properties. Fruit yield was evaluated 150 days after subsoiling. Subsoiling between the plant lines of an old established citrus orchard alters the physical and hydric properties of the soil, which is reflected in increased soil macroporosity and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, and reduced soil bulk density, critical degree-of-compactness and penetration resistance. The improvements in the physical and hydric properties of the soil were related to an increase in fruit number and orchard yield.

Soil physical properties and grape yield influenced by cover crops and management systems

The use of cover crops in vineyards is a conservation practice with the purpose of reducing soil erosion and improving the soil physical quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate cover crop species and management systems on soil physical properties and grape yield. The experiment was carried out in Bento Gonçalves, RS, Southern Brazil, on a Haplic Cambisol, in a vineyard established in 1989, using White and Rose Niagara grape (Vitis labrusca L.) in a horizontal, overhead trellis system. The treatments were established in 2002, consisting of three cover crops: spontaneous species (SS), black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) (BO), and a mixture of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and annual rye-grass (Lolium multiflorum L.) (MC). Two management systems were applied: desiccation with herbicide (D) and mechanical mowing (M). Soil under a native forest (NF) area was collected as a reference. The experimental design consisted of completely randomized blocks, with three replications. The soil physical properties in the vine rows were not influenced by cover crops and were similar to the native forest, with good quality of the soil structure. In the inter-rows, however, there was a reduction in biopores, macroporosity, total porosity and an increase in soil density, related to the compaction of the surface soil layer. The M system increased soil aggregate stability compared to the D system. The treatments affected grapevine yield only in years with excess or irregular rainfall.

Propriedades físicas do solo em área sob milho em monocultivo ou consorciado com leguminosas de verão

O uso de plantas de cobertura é uma prática que pode prover melhorias na qualidade física dos solos. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o potencial de consórcios entre leguminosas de verão e milho, na melhoria de propriedades físicas do solo. O estudo foi conduzido em campo no período entre setembro de 2008 e setembro de 2009, em um Argissolo no município de Santa Maria, RS. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram nos seguintes cultivos: milho + feijão-caupi, milho + guandu anão, milho + mucuna-preta, milho em monocultivo, além de uma área em pousio como testemunha. Em cada parcela, foram coletadas amostras indeformadas do solo nas profundidades de 0-5 e 5-10 cm em três épocas: na instalação do experimento, aos 30 dias após a deposição da palhada de cada cultivo sobre o solo e um ano após a instalação do experimento. Foram mensurados os seguintes atributos: densidade do solo, porosidade total, macro e microporosidade e estabilidade dos agregados. Todos os cultivos estudados diminuíram a densidade do solo e aumentaram a macroporosidade e a porosidade total na profundidade de 0-5 cm do solo, em comparação à área em pousio. O consórcio de milho e guandu anão aumentou o diâmetro médio ponderado de agregados na profundidade de 0-5 cm do solo, em relação ao tratamento em pousio, mas esse efeito foi temporário, pois não persistiu até a coleta final. O consórcio entre milho e guandu anão foi o mais promissor em promover melhorias na estrutura do solo.

Assessment of pedotransfer functions for estimating soil water retention curves for the amazon region

Knowledge of the soil water retention curve (SWRC) is essential for understanding and modeling hydraulic processes in the soil. However, direct determination of the SWRC is time consuming and costly. In addition, it requires a large number of samples, due to the high spatial and temporal variability of soil hydraulic properties. An alternative is the use of models, called pedotransfer functions (PTFs), which estimate the SWRC from easy-to-measure properties. The aim of this paper was to test the accuracy of 16 point or parametric PTFs reported in the literature on different soils from the south and southeast of the State of Pará, Brazil. The PTFs tested were proposed by Pidgeon (1972), Lal (1979), Aina & Periaswamy (1985), Arruda et al. (1987), Dijkerman (1988), Vereecken et al. (1989), Batjes (1996), van den Berg et al. (1997), Tomasella et al. (2000), Hodnett & Tomasella (2002), Oliveira et al. (2002), and Barros (2010). We used a database that includes soil texture (sand, silt, and clay), bulk density, soil organic carbon, soil pH, cation exchange capacity, and the SWRC. Most of the PTFs tested did not show good performance in estimating the SWRC. The parametric PTFs, however, performed better than the point PTFs in assessing the SWRC in the tested region. Among the parametric PTFs, those proposed by Tomasella et al. (2000) achieved the best accuracy in estimating the empirical parameters of the van Genuchten (1980) model, especially when tested in the top soil layer.

Fosfatases na dinâmica do fósforo do solo sob culturas de cobertura com espécies micorrízicas e não micorrízicas

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, mediante a atividade de fosfatases no solo, o efeito de plantas de cobertura micorrízicas e não micorrízicas nos aspectos biológicos da dinâmica do fósforo em sistemas sob plantio direto. Solos sob espécies não micorrízicas apresentaram maior atividade de fosfatases ácidas e alcalinas no estádio de floração, e os níveis de atividade de fosfatases ácidas persistiram nos cultivos subseqüentes ao crescimento das culturas de cobertura. A maior atividade enzimática, relacionada à mineralização de fosfatos orgânicos, em solos com espécies não micorrízicas pode ser um mecanismo de aumento da mobilização do fósforo no solo, compensando a ausência de micorrizas.

Behaviour of pre-parturient sows housed in intensive outdoor or indoor systems

This work compared the behaviour of pre-parturient sows housed in intensive confined and outdoor systems, during the morning and afternoon prior to delivery. Eight sows were kept individually in farrowing crates or in paddocks with access to fresh pasture from 8 to 10 days before expected parturition. All outdoor sows built a nest within 24 hours before farrowing. On the morning and afternoon before farrowing they spent 6.5% of the time collecting grass and 7.5% of the time organizing the nest. Outdoor sows were observed more often than confined sows rooting (4.60% vs. 0.25%), feeding (10.2% vs. 3.0%), standing (51% vs. 13%) and walking (8% vs. 0%). Indoor sows redirected the nesting behaviour to other behaviours like attempts to dig the ground, nosing, biting and rooting parts of the crate, feeder or drinker, during 4.7% of the time. They also spent more time than outdoor sows inactive (85% vs. 60%), lying (72% vs. 41%), drinking (2.1% vs. 0.5%) and vacuum chewing (3.7% vs. 0.1%). The pre-parturient behaviour of sows was considerably affected by the husbandry system. The outdoor system appears to be more appropriate for the sows' welfare than the conventional confinement.

CD 117: nova cultivar de trigo de ampla adaptação

A cultivar de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) CD 117 foi obtida pela Cooperativa Central de Pesquisa Agrícola, por meio do cruzamento entre os genótipos PF 87373 e OC 938, a partir de uma linha selecionada na geração F6. Após dois anos de ensaios preliminares e cinco anos de avaliação em ensaios de valor de cultivo e uso, a cv. CD 117 foi indicada para cultivo no Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Goiás, Minas Gerais e Distrito Federal. Essa cultivar de trigo apresenta ampla adaptação, elevada qualidade industrial e rendimento médio de grãos de 3.877 kg ha-1, que supera em 6,3% a média das cultivares testemunhas.