Lutzomyia longipalpis and the eco-epidemiology of American visceral leishmaniasis, with particular reference to Brazil: a review

An historical review is given of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL), with particular reference to the eco-epidemiology of the disease in Brazil. Following the first records of AVL in this country, in 1934, the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz and Neiva, 1912) was incriminated as the principal vector. It is now generally accepted, however, that there exist a number of cryptic species under the name of Lu. longipalpis s.l. and that variations in the quantity of the vasodilatory peptide maxadilan in the saliva of flies from different populations of Lu. longipalpis s.l., may account for the variable clinical manifestations of AVL seen in different geographic regions. Distribution of AVL has been shown to extend throughout most of South and Central America, with the domestic dog serving as the principal reservoir of infection for man. However, while one hypothesis suggests that the causative parasite is Leishmania infantum, imported from Europe with the Portuguese and Spanish colonists, the demonstration of a high rate of benign, inapparent infection in foxes in Amazonian Brazil raised an opposing suggestion that the parasite is indigenous to the Americas. Recent reports of similar infections in native marsupials, and possibly rodents, tend to support this view, particularly as Lu. longipalpis is primordially a silvatic sandfly. Although effective control measures in foci of the disease will diminish the number of canine and human infections, the presence of such an enzootic in a variety of native animals will render the total eradication of AVL unlikely.

Blastocystis subtypes in irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease in Ankara, Turkey

Blastocystis infection has been reported to be associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and chronic diarrhoea. The availability of data on the subtypes of Blastocystis found in these patient groups would be of interest in understanding the significance of Blastocystis infection in chronic illness. In this study, we identify Blastocystis subtypes found in patients presenting with IBS, IBD, chronic diarrhoea and asymptomatic patients in Ankara, Turkey. Blastocystis was detected in 11 symptomatic patients by microscopy and 19 by stool culture. Stool culture was more sensitive than microscopy in identifying Blastocystis. Using standard nomenclature adopted in 2007, Blastocystis sp. subtype 3 was the most common in all groups, followed by Blastocystis sp. subtype 2. Identical subtypes of Blastocystis are found in patients with IBS, IBD and chronic diarrhoea. These particular subtypes show low host specificity and are carried by humans and some farm animals. The subtypes of Blastocystis that are commonly found in rodents and certain wild birds were not found in these patients. We suggest a model in which the severity of enteric protozoan infection may be mediated by host factors.

O perfil dos candidatos ao curso técnico de enfermagem de uma escola particular da cidade de São Paulo

Este estudo teve como objetivo levantar o perfil dos candidatos ao curso técnico de enfermagem de uma Escola de Enfermagem Particular da cidade de São Paulo. A população consta de indivíduos adultos jovens; com idade média de 31,09 anos; com renda familiar de 9,65 salários mínimos; solteiro; predominância do sexo feminino; 12,5% deles com formação escolar superior incompleto ou completo; 43,8% tem filhos, cujas idades variam entre 6 e 13 anos. Os candidatos apresentam afinidade para trabalhar com pacientes graves e sem afinidade para assistência pediátrica. Do trabalho em oncologia, o aprendizado pessoal é fator positivo em oposição ao sofrimento pessoal e do paciente, que é considerado aspecto negativo.

O ensino dos métodos de investigação científica numa universidade particular

Este estudo descritivo e exploratório teve como objetivo analisar as facilidades e dificuldades referidas por quinze alunos de cursos de especialização em enfermagem, em relação ao processo de ensino da disciplina Métodos de Investigação Cientifica, focalizado no referencial do paradigma do agir comunicativo. As categorias expressas, como facilidades e dificuldades, em relação ao conteúdo da disciplina, elaboração do projeto de pesquisa e seu desenvolvimento, foram analisadas segundo os tipos padronizados de ação comunicativa. Após a análise, pode-se perceber a emersão de elementos em diferentes níveis de desenvolvimento e interpretados numa seqüência de formas de comunicação, destacando-se por não permitir vislumbrar um compromisso com a inovação ou mudança do processo de ensino, demonstrando as perturbações do consenso neste processo.