Four whole-istic aspects of schistosome granuloma biology: fractal arrangement, internal regulation, autopoietic component and closure

This paper centers on some whole-istic organizational and functional aspects of hepatic Schistosoma mansoni granuloma, which is an extremely complex system. First, it structurally develops a collagenic topology, originated bidirectionally from an inward and outward assembly of growth units. Inward growth appears to be originated from myofibroblasts derived from small portal vessel around intravascular entrapped eggs, while outward growth arises from hepatic stellate cells. The auto-assembly of the growth units defines the three-dimensional scaffold of the schistosome granulomas. The granuloma surface irregularity and its border presented fractal dimension equal to 1.58. Second, it is internally regulated by intricate networks of immuneneuroendocrine stimuli orchestrated by leptin and leptin receptors, substance P and Vasoactive intestinal peptide. Third, it can reach the population of ± 40,000 cells and presents an autopoietic component evidenced by internal proliferation (Ki-67+ Cells), and by expression of c-Kit+ Cells, leptin and leptin receptor (Ob-R), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF-R), and erythropoietin (Epo-R) receptors. Fourth, the granulomas cells are intimately connected by pan-cadherins, occludin and connexin-43, building a state of closing (granuloma closure). In conclusion, the granuloma is characterized by transitory stages in such a way that its organized structure emerges as a global property which is greater than the sum of actions of its individual cells and extracellular matrix components.

Adjuvant requirement for successful immunization with recombinant derivatives of Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein-1 delivered via the intranasal route

Recently, we generated two bacterial recombinant proteins expressing 89 amino acids of the C-terminal domain of the Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein-1 and the hexa-histidine tag (His6MSP1(19)). One of these recombinant proteins contained also the amino acid sequence of the universal pan allelic T-cell epitope (His6MSP1(19)-PADRE). In the present study, we evaluated the immunogenic properties of these antigens when administered via the intra-nasal route in the presence of distinct adjuvant formulations. We found that C57BL/6 mice immunized with either recombinant proteins in the presence of the adjuvants cholera toxin (CT) or the Escherichia coli heat labile toxin (LT) developed high and long lasting titers of specific serum antibodies. The induced immune responses reached maximum levels after three immunizing doses with a prevailing IgG1 subclass response. In contrast, mice immunized by intranasal route with His6MSP1(19)-PADRE in the presence of the synthetic oligonucleotides adjuvant CpG ODN 1826 developed lower antibody titers but when combined to CT, CpG addition resulted in enhanced IgG responses characterized by lower IgG1 levels. Considering the limitations of antigens formulations that can be used in humans, mucosal adjuvants can be a reliable alternative for the development of new strategies of immunization using recombinant proteins of P. vivax.

Southern Cone Initiative for the elimination of domestic populations of Triatoma infestans and the interruption of transfusion Chagas disease: historical aspects, present situation, and perspectives

Created in 1991 by the governments of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay, the Southern Cone Initiative (SCI) has been extremely important for Chagas disease control in this region. Its basic objective was to reach the interruption of this disease, chiefly by means of the elimination of the principal vector Triatoma infestans and by the selection of safe donors in the regional blood banks. After a summarized historic of SCI, the text shows the advance of technical and operative activities, emphasizing some factors for the initiative success, as well as some difficulties and constraints. The future of SCI will depend of the continuity of the actions and of political priority. Scientific community has been highly responsible for this initiative and its maintenance. At the side of this, national and international efforts must be involved and reinforced to assure the accomplishment of the final targets of SCI. Very specially, the Pan American Health Organization has cooperated with the Initiative in all its moments and activities,being the most important catalytic and technical factor for SCI success.

Chagas disease: control, elimination and eradication. Is it possible?

From an epidemiological point of view, Chagas disease and its reservoirs and vectors can present the following characteristics: (i) enzooty, maintained by wild animals and vectors, with broad occurrence from southern United States of America (USA) to southern Argentina and Chile (42ºN 49ºS), (ii) anthropozoonosis, when man invades the wild ecotope and becomes infected with Trypanosoma cruzi from wild animals or vectors or when the vectors and wild animals, especially marsupials, invade the human domicile and infect man, (iii) zoonosis-amphixenosis and exchanged infection between animals and humans by domestic vectors in endemic areas and (iv) zooanthroponosis, infection that is transmitted from man to animals, by means of domestic vectors, which is the rarest situation in areas endemic for Chagas disease. The characteristics of Chagas disease as an enzooty of wild animals and as an anthropozoonosis are seen most frequently in the Brazilian Amazon and in the Pan-Amazon region as a whole, where there are 33 species of six genera of wild animals: Marsupialia, Chiroptera, Rodentia, Edentata (Xenarthra), Carnivora and Primata and 27 species of triatomines, most of which infected with T. cruzi . These conditions place the resident populations of this area or its visitors - tourists, hunters, fishermen and especially the people whose livelihood involves plant extraction - at risk of being affected by Chagas disease. On the other hand, there has been an exponential increase in the acute cases of Chagas disease in that region through oral transmission of T. cruzi , causing outbreaks of the disease. In four seroepidemiological surveys that were carried out in areas of the microregion of the Negro River, state of Amazonas, in 1991, 1993, 1997 and 2010, we found large numbers of people who were serologically positive for T. cruzi infection. The majority of them and/or their relatives worked in piassava extraction and had come into contact with and were stung by wild triatomines in that area. Finally, a characteristic that is greatly in evidence currently is the migration of people with Chagas disease from endemic areas of Latin America to non-endemic countries. This has created a new dilemma for these countries: the risk of transmission through blood transfusion and the onus of controlling donors and treating migrants with the disease. As an enzooty of wild animals and vectors, and as an anthropozoonosis, Chagas disease cannot be eradicated, but it must be controlled by transmission elimination to man.

Interruption of vector transmission by native vectors and “the art of the possible”

In a recent article in the Reader’s Opinion, advantages and disadvantages of the certification processes of interrupted Chagas disease transmission (American trypanosomiasis) by native vector were discussed. Such concept, accepted by those authors for the case of endemic situations with introduced vectors, has been built on a long and laborious process by endemic countries and Subregional Initiatives for Prevention, Control and Treatment of Chagas, with Technical Secretariat of the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, to create a horizon target and goal to concentrate priorities and resource allocation and actions. With varying degrees of sucess, which are not replaceable for a certificate of good practice, has allowed during 23 years to safeguard the effective control of transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi not to hundreds of thousands, but millions of people at risk conditions, truly “the art of the possible.”

Molecular detection of Mayaro virus during a dengue outbreak in the state of Mato Grosso, Central-West Brazil

Mayaro virus (MAYV) is frequently reported in Pan-Amazonia. The aim of this study was to investigate the circulation of alphaviruses during a dengue outbreak in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Serum samples from dengue-suspected patients were subjected to multiplex semi-nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for 11 flaviviruses and five alphaviruses, to nucleotide sequencing and to viral isolation. MAYV was detected in 15 (2.5%) of 604 patients. Twelve were co-infected with dengue virus 4, which was isolated from 10 patients. The molecular detection of MAYV in dengue-suspected patients suggests that other arboviruses may be silently circulating during dengue outbreaks in Brazil.

Surveillance, health promotion and control of Chagas disease in the Amazon Region - Medical attention in the Brazilian Amazon Region: a proposal

We refer to Oswaldo Cruz’s reports dating from 1913 about the necessities of a healthcare system for the Brazilian Amazon Region and about the journey of Carlos Chagas to 27 locations in this region and the measures that would need to be adopted. We discuss the risks of endemicity of Chagas disease in the Amazon Region. We recommend that epidemiological surveillance of Chagas disease in the Brazilian Amazon Region and Pan-Amazon region should be implemented through continuous monitoring of the human population that lives in the area, their housing, the environment and the presence of triatomines. The monitoring should be performed with periodic seroepidemiological surveys, semi-annual visits to homes by health agents and the training of malaria microscopists and healthcare technicians to identify Trypanosoma cruzi from patients’ samples and T. cruzi infection rates among the triatomines caught. We recommend health promotion and control of Chagas disease through public health policies, especially through sanitary education regarding the risk factors for Chagas disease. Finally, we propose a healthcare system through base hospitals, intermediate-level units in the areas of the Brazilian Amazon Region and air transportation, considering the distances to be covered for medical care.

Análise dos óbitos em idosos no Estudo SABE

O Estudo SABE - Saúde, Bem Estar e Envelhecimento - foi coordenado pela Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde, envolvendo sete países da América Latina e Caribe. No Brasil, foi desenvolvido no município de São Paulo, em 2000. Para a amostra de 2.143 idosos, foi aplicado um instrumento, composto por onze seções, em duas fases. O presente estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar e analisar as causas de óbito dos idosos, durante o período da coleta dos dados do SABE. Do total de óbitos ocorridos, 55,3% pertenciam ao sexo masculino e a idades avançadas. A maioria dos idosos vivia acompanhada e não precisou de ajuda para responder ao questionário. As doenças que apresentaram maior incidência foram: aparelho circulatório, neoplasias e aparelho respiratório. Espera-se que os resultados desse estudo possam contribuir para a adoção de medidas preventivas que visem à diminuição dos riscos relacionados aos óbitos entre idosos.

Funções essenciais de saúde pública no currículo de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

O referencial das Funções Essenciais de Saúde Pública (FESP), da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, foi desenvolvido para melhorar o desempenho da saúde pública, o qual depende da formação dos profissionais de saúde. Foi realizado um estudo de caso com objetivo de identificar a inserção das FESP no Currículo do Curso de Graduação em Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram definidas palavras-chave a partir das definições das onze FESP, procedendo-se à busca nos planos de ensino das disciplinas do Currículo. Verificou-se a inserção de dez FESP, sendo a de maior ocorrência a de desenvolvimento de recursos humanos e capacitação em saúde pública. O Currículo em estudo contempla algumas FESP de forma mais intensa, o que deve propiciar a formação de enfermeiras capazes de contribuir para o desempenho destas. É necessário inserir as demais, contribuindo para o bom desempenho da saúde pública pelos profissionais formados na instituição.

Aplicação de pesquisa e informação para políticas de recursos humanos: as metas regionais para as Américas

RESUMO Objetivo Relatar a experiência sobre o uso de pesquisas e sistemas de informação para apoiar as políticas nacionais de recursos humanos por meio de benchmarking entre diferentes países, com comparações ao longo do tempo ou entre países ou regiões semelhantes. Método A Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) promoveu em 2007 um conjunto de metas para todos os países das Américas para aprimorar a situação dos recursos humanos para a saúde, utilizando uma metodologia uniforme e um processos de pesquisa pelos Observatórios de Recursos Humanos. Resultados A análise se centra no avanço dos principais desafios nos países do Cone Sul, com especial ênfase no caso do Brasil, mostrando melhorias na distribuição de profissionais nos territórios. Conclusão A experiência mostrou como a pesquisa e o uso dos sistemas de informação pode impulsionar a ampliação das melhores práticas de formação, fixação e desenvolvimento da força de trabalho em saúde nas Américas.

Occurrence of Cinara spp. (Hemiptera, Aphididae) on Pinus spp. (Pinaceae), in the county of Lages-SC, Brazil

A population survey of the giant conifer aphid Cinara spp. was carried out in two areas of Pinus elliottii using yellow pan traps, during two years, from July 1997 to June 1999. During the collection period, the predominant species was Cinara pinivora (Wilson, 1919), representing 99% of the collected species. A few specimens of Cinara maritimae (Dufour, 1833) and only one winged female of Cinara fresai Blanchard, 1939 were collected. The population of C. pinivora was statistically higher in the area with 4.5 year-old trees than in the 1.5 year-old ones. The highest population peaks were registered in July 1997 and in August 1998. An unexpected high number of winged parthenogenetic females was collected in December 1998. C. fresai Blanchard, 1939 is recorded for the first time for Brazil.

Bee assemblage in habitats associated with Brassica napus L.

ABSTRACTAssessments in agricultural crops indicate that alterations in the landscape adjacent to the crops can result in reduced productivity due to loss or low abundance of pollinating agents. In the canola crop, production is partially dependent on insect pollination. Therefore, knowledge of the faunal diversity within and near crop fields is key for the management of these insects and consequently for the increase in productivity. This study aimed to determine and compare the diversity of bees in habitats associated with canola fields in southern Brazil. Bees were captured in four agricultural areas using pan traps in three habitat classes: (1) flowering canola crop, (2) forest remnant, and (3) grassland vegetation. The highest abundance of bees was observed in the grassland vegetation (50%) and in the flowering canola field (47%). Eight species common to the three habitat classes were recorded, four of which are represented by native social bees. In addition, a single or a few individuals represented species that were exclusive to a specific habitat class; eight species were collected exclusively in the interior of the canola field, 51 in the grassland vegetation, and six in the forest remnant. The majority of the rare species recorded exhibits subsocial or solitary behaviour and inhabit open places. The composition of bee groups differed between the habitats showing the importance of maintaining habitat mosaics with friendly areas for pollinators, which promote the pollination service for canola flowers.

Root abundance of maize in conventionally-tilled and zero-tilled soils of Argentina

Maize root growth is negatively affected by compacted layers in the surface (e.g. agricultural traffic) and subsoil layers (e.g. claypans). Both kinds of soil mechanical impedances often coexist in maize fields, but the combined effects on root growth have seldom been studied. Soil physical properties and maize root abundance were determined in three different soils of the Rolling Pampa of Argentina, in conventionally-tilled (CT) and zero-tilled (ZT) fields cultivated with maize. In the soil with a light Bt horizon (loamy Typic Argiudoll, Chivilcoy site), induced plough pans were detected in CT plots at a depth of 0-0.12 m through significant increases in bulk density (1.15 to 1.27 Mg m-3) and cone (tip angle of 60 º) penetrometer resistance (7.18 to 9.37 MPa in summer from ZT to CT, respectively). This caused a reduction in maize root abundance of 40-80 % in CT compared to ZT plots below the induced pans. Two of the studied soils had hard-structured Bt horizons (clay pans), but in only one of them (silty clay loam Abruptic Argiudoll, Villa Lía site) the expected penetrometer resistance increases (up to 9 MPa) were observed with depth. In the other clay pan soil (silty clay loam Vertic Argiudoll, Pérez Millán site), penetrometer resistance did not increase with depth but reached 14.5 MPa at 0.075 and 0.2 m depth in CT and ZT plots, respectively. However, maize root abundance was stratified in the first 0.2 m at the Villa Lía and Pérez Millán sites. There, the hard Bt horizons did not represent an absolute but a relative mechanical impedance to maize roots, by the observed root clumping through desiccation cracks.

Influência de nitrogênio e potássio, via fertirrigação, em atributos do solo, níveis críticos foliares e produção do coqueiro-anão

O plantio de coqueiro-anão irrigado, com o objetivo de produzir coco para aproveitamento de água, tem se expandido muito no Brasil. As maiores produtividades, obtidas sob irrigação, influenciam nas quantidades de N e de K requeridas pela planta, o que altera as relações entre os seus teores no solo e na planta. Um experimento com plantas de coqueiro-anão, irrigado por microaspersão, foi conduzido em um Argissolo Amarelo da unidade de paisagem dos tabuleiros costeiros no Nordeste do Brasil. Foi utilizada a matriz Pan Puebla III em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos de fertirrigação foram dez combinações de N e K, utilizando uréia e cloreto de potássio como fontes dos nutrientes, aplicados semanalmente durante 52 meses. Amostras de solo foram coletadas na zona de influência do microaspersor e amostras de folhas foram coletadas nas posições 9 e 14. A aplicação de uréia reduziu o pH e os teores de Ca2+ e Mg2+ no solo. O maior valor de condutividade elétrica do extrato de saturação do solo foi de 0,65 dS m-1, na profundidade 0_5 cm, e decresceu com a profundidade. Os coeficientes de correlação entre os teores de K na folha e no solo, nas profundidades 0_5, 0_20 e 20_40 cm, foram similares, indicando que a amostragem de solo para fertilidade na cultura do coqueiro-anão fertirrigado pode ser feita na profundidade de 0_20 cm. Maior quantidade de massa do fruto e mais volume do albúmen líquido foram obtidos com a menor dose de N, dado o menor número de frutos por árvore. Os tratamentos de N e K não influenciaram o valor do pH da água do coco, porém alteraram o valor do brix. O teor de K na água do coco aumentou com a quantidade de K aplicada e do teor de K na folha. Os níveis críticos de N e K nas folhas 9 e 14 foram 19,2, 20,5, 12,1 e 9,4 g kg-1, respectivamente. O nível crítico de K no solo pelo Mehlich-1, na profundidade 0_20 cm, foi 45 mg dm-3.

Rill erosion on an oxisol influenced by a thin compacted layer

The presence of compacted layers in soils can induce subprocesses (e.g., discontinuity of water flow) and induces soil erosion and rill development. This study assesses how rill erosion in Oxisols is affected by a plow pan. The study shows that changes in hydraulic properties occur when the topsoil is eroded because the compacted layer lies close below the surface. The hydraulic properties that induce sediment transport and rill formation (i.e., hydraulic thresholds at which these processes occur) are not the same. Because of the resistance of the compacted layer, the hydraulic conditions leading to rill incision on the soil surface differed from the conditions inducing rill deepening. The Reynolds number was the best hydraulic predictor for both processes. The formed rills were shallow and could easily be removed by tillage between crops. However, during rill development, large amounts of soil and contaminants could also be transferred.