Emergence of dhfrXVb and blaCARB-4 gene cassettes in class 1 integrons from clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in Amazon region

Integrons play a role in horizontal acquisition and expression of genes, as well as gene reservoir, contributing for the resistance phenotype, particularly relevant to bacteria of clinical importance. We aimed to determine the composition and the organization of the class 1 integron variable region present in Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates from Brazil. Strains carrying class 1 integrons were resistant to the majority of antibiotics tested, except to imipenem and ceftazidime. Sequence analysis of the integron variable region revealed the presence of the blaCARB-4 gene into two distinct cassette arrays: aacA4-dhfrXVb-blaCARB-4 and aadB-aacA4-blaCARB-4 . dhfrXVb gene cassette, which is rare in Brazil and in P. aeruginosa species, was found in one isolate. PFGE analysis showed the spread of blaCARB-4 among P. aeruginosa clones. The occurrence of blaCARB-4 and dhfrXVb in Brazil may contribute for developing resistance to clinically important antibiotics, and shows a diversified scenarium of these elements occurring in Amazon clinical settings, where no study about integron dinamycs was performed to date.

Marine Pseudomonas putida: a potential source of antimicrobial substances against antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Bacteria isolated from marine sponges found off the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were screened for the production of antimicrobial substances. We report a new Pseudomonas putida strain (designated P. putida Mm3) isolated from the sponge Mycale microsigmatosa that produces a powerful antimicrobial substance active against multidrug-resistant bacteria. P. putida Mm3 was identified on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phenotypic tests. Molecular typing for Mm3 was performed by RAPD-PCR and comparison of the results to other Pseudomonas strains. Our results contribute to the search for new antimicrobial agents, an important strategy for developing alternative therapies to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Changing the epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Brazilian teaching hospital: the replacement of São Paulo metallo-β-lactamase-producing isolates

In Brazil, carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates are closely related to the São Paulo metallo-β-lactamase (SPM) Brazilian clone. In this study, imipenem-resistant isolates were divided in two sets, 2002/2003 and 2008/2009, analysed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis and tested for the Ambler class B metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) genes blaSPM-1, blaIMP and blaVIM. The results show a prevalence of one clone related to the SPM Brazilian clone in 2002/2003. In 2008/2009, P. aeruginosa isolates were mostly MBL negative, genetically diverse and unrelated to those that had been detected earlier. These findings suggest that the resistance to carbapenems by these recent P. aeruginosa isolates was not due to the spread of MBL-positive SPM-related clones, as often observed in Brazilian hospitals.

The infection of microvascular endothelial cells with ExoU-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa triggers the release of von Willebrand factor and platelet adhesion

An increased plasma concentration of von Willebrand factor (vWF) is detected in individuals with many infectious diseases and is accepted as a marker of endothelium activation and prothrombotic condition. To determine whether ExoU, a Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytotoxin with proinflammatory activity, enhances the release of vWF, microvascular endothelial cells were infected with the ExoU-producing PA103 P. aeruginosa strain or an exoU-deficient mutant. Significantly increased vWF concentrations were detected in conditioned medium and subendothelial extracellular matrix from cultures infected with the wild-type bacteria, as determined by enzyme-linked immunoassays. PA103-infected cells also released higher concentrations of procoagulant microparticles containing increased amounts of membrane-associated vWF, as determined by flow cytometric analyses of cell culture supernatants. Both flow cytometry and confocal microscopy showed that increased amounts of vWF were associated with cytoplasmic membranes from cells infected with the ExoU-producing bacteria. PA103-infected cultures exposed to platelet suspensions exhibited increased percentages of cells with platelet adhesion. Because no modulation of the vWF mRNA levels was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays in PA103-infected cells, ExoU is likely to have induced the release of vWF from cytoplasmic stores rather than vWF gene transcription. Such release is likely to modify the thromboresistance of microvascular endothelial cells.

Metallo-β-lactamase-production in meropenem-susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates: risk for silent spread

The aim of this study was to characterize two metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs)-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates showing meropenem susceptibility. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by automated testing and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute agar dilution method. MBL production was investigated by phenotypic tests. Molecular typing was determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). MBL-encoding genes, as well as their genetic context, were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. The location of blaIMP-16 was determined by plasmid electrophoresis, Southern blot and hybridization. Transcriptional levels of blaIMP-16, mexB, mexD, mexF, mexY, ampC and oprD were determined by semi-quantitative real time PCR. The P. aeruginosa isolates studied, Pa30 and Pa43, showed imipenem and meropenem susceptibility by automated testing. Agar dilution assays confirmed meropenem susceptibility whereas both isolates showed low level of imipenem resistance. Pa30 and Pa43 were phenotypically detected as MBL producers. PFGE revealed their clonal relatedness. blaIMP-16 was identified in both isolates, carried as a single cassette in a class 1 integron that was embedded in a plasmid of about 60-Kb. Pa30 and Pa43 overexpressed MexAB-OprM, MexCD-OprJ and MexXY-OprM efflux systems and showed basal transcriptional levels of ampC and oprD. MBL-producing P. aeruginosa that are not resistant to meropenem may represent a risk for therapeutic failure and act as silent reservoirs of MBL-encoding genes.

The draft genome sequence of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain CCBH4851, a nosocomial isolate belonging to clone SP (ST277) that is prevalent in Brazil

The high occurrence of nosocomial multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms is considered a global health problem. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of a MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain isolated in Brazil that belongs to the endemic clone ST277. The genome encodes important resistance determinant genes and consists of 6.7 Mb with a G+C content of 66.86% and 6,347 predicted coding regions including 60 RNAs.

Mutational and acquired carbapenem resistance mechanisms in multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates from Recife, Brazil

An investigation was carried out into the genetic mechanisms responsible for multidrug resistance in nine carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosaisolates from different hospitals in Recife, Brazil. Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents was determined by broth microdilution. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to detect the presence of genes encoding β-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs), 16S rRNA methylases, integron-related genes and OprD. Expression of genes coding for efflux pumps and AmpC cephalosporinase were assessed by quantitative PCR. The outer membrane proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The blaSPM-1, blaKPC-2 and blaGES-1 genes were detected in P. aeruginosaisolates in addition to different AME genes. The loss of OprD in nine isolates was mainly due to frameshift mutations, premature stop codons and point mutations. An association of loss of OprD with the overexpression of MexAB-OprM and MexXY-OprM was observed in most isolates. Hyper-production of AmpC was also observed in three isolates. Clonal relationship of the isolates was determined by repetitive element palindromic-PCR and multilocus sequence typing. Our results show that the loss of OprD along with overexpression of efflux pumps and β-lactamase production were responsible for the multidrug resistance in the isolates analysed.

Interação de bactérias fluorescentes do gênero Pseudomonas e de Bacillus spp. com a rizosfera de diferentes plantas

Embora haja muitos trabalhos na literatura com rizobactérias promotoras do crescimento de plantas (RPCPs), existem poucos que expliquem seu mecanismo de ação. É possível que algumas rizosferas favoreçam a colonização radicular por RPCPs, facilitando o estabelecimento da interação planta-bactéria, como se houvesse certa especificidade entre ambas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se a rizosfera de alface, em comparação com a de outras espécies vegetais, favorece o estabelecimento de bactérias fluorescentes do gênero Pseudomonas, em comparação com as do gênero Bacillus. Coletaram-se amostras do sistema radicular de alface, rúcula, chicória, salsa e tiririca em oito propriedades de produtores comerciais de hortaliças, na região de Campinas, SP. Foi feita a contagem de Pseudomonas spp. fluorescentes e de Bacillus spp. por diluição em série e plaqueamento. De maneira geral, observou-se maior crescimento de Pseudomonas spp. fluorescentes na rizosfera de alface-crespa em relação à de outras plantas, mas isso não ocorreu com Bacillus spp.

Inativação por oxidação fotocatalítica de Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas sp.

This study presents the bactericidal activity of titanium dioxide photocatalysis, using as model Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas sp. cells. It was observed that the process efficiency is related to initial cell concentration, light intensity, UV irradiation exposure time, TiO2 concentration increase. The ultimate removal efficiency was above 99.9%.

Biodegradação de paclobutrazol por Pseudomonas spp. em sistemas de solo saturados

Paclobutrazol is growth regulator of plants that has low mobility in soil and therefore has accumulated. The objective of this study was to investigate the paclobutrazol biodegradation in two soils from the São Francisco River Valley. The biodegradation experiments were conducted in batch using paclobutrazol and paclobutrazol added glycerol. The experiments were performed in sterile and nonsterile conditions using a mixed culture of Pseudomonas. The concentration of paclobutrazol was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The biodegradation reached 43% in 14 days of experiments with only paclobutrazol and 70% in 28 days of experiments that contained glycerol and paclobutrazol.

Cinética e caracterização de ramnolipídeos produzidos por Pseudomonas aeruginosa MSIC02 utilizando glicerol como fonte de carbono

Glycerol, a co-product of biodiesel production, was used as a carbon source for the kinetics studies and production of biosurfactants by P. aeruginosa MSIC02. The highest fermentative parameters (Y PX = 3.04 g g-1; Y PS = 0.189 g g-1, P B = 31.94 mg L-1 h-1 and P X = 10.5 mg L-1 h-1) were obtained at concentrations of 0.4% (w/v) NaNO3 and 2% (w/v) glycerol. The rhamnolipid exhibited 80% of emulsification on kerosene, surface tension of 32.5 mN m-1, CMC = 28.2 mg L-1, C20 (concentration of surfactant in the bulk phase that produces a reduction of 20 dyn/cm in the surface tension of the solvent) = 0.99 mg L-1, Γm (surface concentration excess) = 2.4 x 10-26 mol Å-2 and S (surface area) = 70.4 Ų molecule-1 with solutions containing 10% NaCl. A mathematical model based on logistic equation was considered to representing the process. Model parameters were estimated by non-linear regression method. This approach was able to give a good description of the process.

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci in papaya seedlings

The natural occurrence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci causing leaf spot symptoms in papaya seedlings is reported. The pathogen was identified through biochemical, physiological, serological, and molecular assays and artificial inoculations in papaya plants. It was also shown that the strains were pathogenic to bean and tobacco plants. The restriction patterns obtained with Afa I, Alu I, Dde I, Hae III, Hpa II, Hinf I, Sau 3A I and Taq I of the PCR-RFLP of 16S-23S DNAr were identical to the P. s. pv. tabaci patterns. Primers corresponding to hrpL gene of P. syringae were also tested and the results grouped the papaya strains with P s. pv. tabaci. Bacterial strains were deposited at Coleção de Culturas IBSBF, Instituto Biológico, Campinas, Brazil, under access numbers 1687 and 1822.

Podridão-mole em pós-colheita de batata (Solanum tuberosum) incitada por Pseudomonas viridiflava

Isolou-se uma bactéria incitadora de podridão-mole em batata e procurou-se identificá-la em nível de espécie. Testes biológicos, bioquímicos e tintoriais permitiram posicionar o microrganismo em questão com pertencente à espécie Pseudomonas viridiflava. Procurou-se também investigar a suscetibilidade de diferentes órgãos de reserva de distintas espécies botânicas à espécie bacteriana. Este trabalho mostra e confirma que outras espécies que não as de Pectobacterium spp. são capazes de incitar podridões-moles em órgãos de reserva.

Alterações metabólicas em plantas de feijão originadas de sementes microbiolizadas por Pseudomonas sp. e inoculadas com Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli

Muitas enzimas estão envolvidas em reações de defesa de plantas contra patógenos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar alterações na atividade de algumas destas enzimas em plantas de feijão originadas de sementes microbiolizadas com um isolado de Pseudomonas do grupo das fluorescentes (isolado DFs842). Sementes de feijão cultivar BRS Valente foram imersas em suspensão salina preparada a partir de crescimento bacteriano com 24 h do isolado de Pseudomonas (OD540=0,5) sabidamente biocontroladora de Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli. Como testemunhas, as sementes foram imersas em solução salina (NaCl 0,85%). Após a microbiolização por 5 h a 10ºC, as sementes foram plantadas em vasos contendo uma mistura de solo não esterilizado, areia e esterco bovino (proporção 3:1:1), mantidos em casa de vegetação. A inoculação do patógeno foi realizada na terceira folha verdadeira de todas as plantas, fazendo-se cortes com tesoura imersa em suspensão salina do patógeno (X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli) preparada a partir de crescimento de 24 h (OD540=0,4). Câmaras úmidas foram mantidas 24 h antes e após a inoculação. Para o preparo do extrato protéico, as três primeiras folhas verdadeiras foram coletadas individualmente em 5 épocas de coleta distintas: uma, momentos antes da inoculação e as demais nos tempos seis, 24, 72 h e 15 dias após a inoculação. Este extrato protéico serviu de fonte para as determinações do teor de proteínas solúveis totais (PST), atividade da polifenol oxidase (PPO) e da peroxidase (PO), as quais foram realizadas por leituras espectrofotométricas. Os resultados demonstraram aumento significativo no teor de PST e na atividade de PPO nas plantas submetidas ao tratamento com isolado DFs842, sendo que, o teor de PST foi o dobro, em relação às plantas não tratadas. Também foi observado que, mesmo antes da inoculação do patógeno o teor de PST e a atividade de PPO nas plantas tratadas estavam bem maiores. Em relação à atividade de PO houve redução da mesma nas plantas tratadas com o isolado de Pseudomonas (DFs842). Esses resultados evidenciaram que a microbiolização das sementes provocou alterações metabólicas nas plantas delas originadas, pelo aumento do teor de PST e atividade de PPO, indicando uma provável participação destas enzimas na indução de resistência ativada pela microbiolização com o isolado de Pseudomonas (DFs842).