Fish oil ingestion reduces the number of aberrant crypt foci and adenoma in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer in rats

We determined the effect of fish oil (FO) ingestion on colonic carcinogenesis in rats. Male Wistar rats received 4 subcutaneous injections (40 mg/kg body weight each) of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) at 3-day intervals and were fed a diet containing 18% by weight FO (N = 10) or soybean oil (SO, N = 10) for 36 weeks. At sacrifice, the colon was removed, aberrant crypt foci were counted and the fatty acid profile was determined. Intestinal tumors were removed and classified as adenoma or carcinoma. Liver and feces were collected and analyzed for fatty acid profile. FO reduced the mean (± SEM) number of aberrant crypt foci compared to SO (113.55 ± 6.97 vs 214.60 ± 18.61; P < 0.05) and the incidence of adenoma (FO: 20% vs SO: 100%), but carcinoma occurred equally in FO and SO rats (2 animals per group). The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) profile of the colon was affected by diet (P < 0.05): total ω-3 (FO: 8.18 ± 0.97 vs SO: 1.71 ± 0.54%) and total ω-6 (FO: 3.83 ± 0.59 vs SO: 10.43 ± 1.28%). The same occurred in the liver (P < 0.05): total ω-3 (FO: 34.41 ± 2.6 vs SO: 6.46 ± 0.59%) and total ω-6 (FO: 8.73 ± 1.37 vs SO: 42.12 ± 2.33%). The PUFA profile of the feces and liver polyamine levels did not differ between groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, our findings indicate that chronic FO ingestion protected against the DMH-induced preneoplastic colon lesions and adenoma development, but not against carcinoma in rats.

Mutation and genomic amplification of the PIK3CA proto-oncogene in pituitary adenomas

The tumorigenesis of pituitary adenomas is poorly understood. Mutations of the PIK3CA proto-oncogene, which encodes the p110-α catalytic subunit of PI3K, have been reported in various types of human cancers regarding the role of the gene in cell proliferation and survival through activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Only one Chinese study described somatic mutations and amplification of the PIK3CA gene in a large series of pituitary adenomas. The aim of the present study was to determine genetic alterations of PIK3CA in a second series that consisted of 33 pituitary adenomas of different subtypes diagnosed by immunohistochemistry: 6 adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting microadenomas, 5 growth hormone-secreting macroadenomas, 7 prolactin-secreting macroadenomas, and 15 nonfunctioning macroadenomas. Direct sequencing of exons 9 and 20 assessed by qPCR was employed to investigate the presence of mutations and genomic amplification defined as a copy number ≥4. Previously identified PIK3CA mutations (exon 20) were detected in four cases (12.1%). Interestingly, the Chinese study reported mutations only in invasive tumors, while we found a PIK3CA mutation in one noninvasive corticotroph microadenoma. PIK3CA amplification was observed in 21.2% (7/33) of the cases. This study demonstrates the presence of somatic mutations and amplifications of the PIK3CA gene in a second series of pituitary adenomas, corroborating the previously described involvement of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the tumorigenic process of this gland.

RNAi-mediated knockdown of pituitary tumor- transforming gene-1 (PTTG1) suppresses the proliferation and invasive potential of PC3 human prostate cancer cells

Pituitary tumor-transforming gene-1 (PTTG1) is a proto-oncogene that promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis in numerous cell types and is overexpressed in a variety of human tumors. We have demonstrated that PTTG1 expression was up-regulated in both human prostate cancer specimens and prostate cancer cell lines. For a more direct assessment of the function of PTTG1 in prostate tumorigenesis, RNAi-mediated knockdown was used to selectively decrease PTTG1 expression in PC3 human prostate tumor cells. After three weeks of selection, colonies stably transfected with PTTG1-targeted RNAi (the knockdown PC3 cell line) or empty vector (the control PC3 cell line) were selected and expanded to investigate the role of PTTG1 expression in PC3 cell growth and invasion. Cell proliferation rate was significantly slower (28%) in the PTTG1 knockdown line after 6 days of growth as indicated by an MTT cell viability assay (P < 0.05). Similarly, a soft agar colony formation assay revealed significantly fewer (66.7%) PTTG1 knockdown PC3 cell colonies than control colonies after three weeks of growth. In addition, PTTG1 knockdown resulted in cell cycle arrest at G1 as indicated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The PTTG1 knockdown PC3 cell line also exhibited significantly reduced migration through Matrigel in a transwell assay of invasive potential, and down-regulation of PTTG1 could lead to increased sensitivity of these prostate cancer cells to a commonly used anticancer drug, taxol. Thus, PTTG1 expression is crucial for PC3 cell proliferation and invasion, and could be a promising new target for prostate cancer therapy.

Psoriasis severity and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function: results from the CALIPSO study

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that significantly impacts life quality, being associated with stress and mental disorders. We investigated whether the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis was associated with psoriasis severity, daily life stress and anxiety, and depressive symptoms. In this ancillary study, which was part of the CALIPSO (coronary artery calcium in psoriasis) study, saliva was collected from 102 patients with psoriasis immediately upon awakening, 30, and 60 min after awakening, at 2:00 pm and at bedtime (five time points) to determine salivary cortisol levels. We used Pearson's correlation coefficient to evaluate the association of clinical and psychopathological variables with HPA activity. We found a direct correlation between bedtime cortisol and psoriasis severity evaluated by the psoriasis area severity index (PASI; r=0.39, P<0.001). No correlations between other clinical and psychopathological variables or with other cortisol assessments were observed. The findings indicated that HPA dysfunction may be present in psoriasis, as bedtime cortisol was correlated with psoriasis severity. Our study is limited by the lack of a control group; therefore, we were not able to explore whether these cortisol values were different compared with a concurrent, healthy sample.

Methylmercury inhibits prolactin release in a cell line of pituitary origin

Heavy metals, such as methylmercury, are key environmental pollutants that easily reach human beings by bioaccumulation through the food chain. Several reports have demonstrated that endocrine organs, and especially the pituitary gland, are potential targets for mercury accumulation; however, the effects on the regulation of hormonal release are unclear. It has been suggested that serum prolactin could represent a biomarker of heavy metal exposure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of methylmercury on prolactin release and the role of the nitrergic system using prolactin secretory cells (the mammosomatotroph cell line, GH3B6). Exposure to methylmercury (0-100 μM) was cytotoxic in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, with an LC50 higher than described for cells of neuronal origin, suggesting GH3B6 cells have a relative resistance. Methylmercury (at exposures as low as 1 μM for 2 h) also decreased prolactin release. Interestingly, inhibition of nitric oxide synthase by N-nitro-L-arginine completely prevented the decrease in prolactin release without acute neurotoxic effects of methylmercury. These data indicate that the decrease in prolactin production occurs via activation of the nitrergic system and is an early effect of methylmercury in cells of pituitary origin.

Perfil epidemiológico das neoplasias de glândulas salivares: análise de 245 casos

OBJETIVO: este trabalho tem por objetivo determinar a freqüência relativa e a distribuição das neoplasias epiteliais benignas e malignas de glândulas salivares. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Coorte histórica. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: registradas no Laboratório de Patologia e Citologia, em Aracaju-SE, no período de janeiro de 1980 a dezembro de 1999, considerando-se as variáveis sexo, idade, tipo racial, localização anatômica e diagnóstico histopatológico. RESULTADO: Dos 162.312 casos registrados, 245 (0,15%) foram de neoplasias epiteliais de glândulas salivares, sendo 187 de natureza benigna (76,33%) e 58 (23,67%) malignas. O adenoma pleomórfico foi o tumor benigno mais identificado (89,94%) e o carcinoma adenóide cístico foi o representante maligno mais prevalente (22,41%). As neoplasias benignas ocorreram principalmente entre as 2º e 3º décadas de vida, exibindo predileção pelo sexo feminino, enquanto as malignas foram diagnosticadas entre as 6º e 7º décadas de vida, sendo as mulheres o principal alvo. CONCLUSÃO: Constatou-se que o padrão epidemiológico das neoplasias estudadas está em consonância com a maioria da literatura pesquisada.

Ectopic schistosomiasis: description of five cases involving skin, one ovarian case and one adrenal case

Seven cases of patients with ectopic schistosomiasis from the State of Sergipe, Brazil, are presented (five involving skin, one ovarian and one adrenal). Data were collected from surveying the clinical records and anatomopathological reports in the files of the dermatology and pathology clinics of the University Hospital of the Federal University of Sergipe, from 1995 to 2005. The patients' mean age at diagnosis was 21.1 years. In the dermatological cases, full cures were achieved after treatment with oxamniquine. In the ovarian case, there was an association with embryonic carcinoma: this patient underwent surgery with adjuvant chemotherapy and praziquantel treatment, with satisfactory evolution. The adrenal case was associated with adenoma.

Dirofilariasis involving the oral cavity: report of the first case from South America

Oral dirofilariasis is very rare with non-specific clinical manifestations. Here, we report the case of a 65-year-old South American woman with a submucosal nodule on her right buccal mucosa. The nodule was slightly tender and painful. Differential diagnoses included mesenchymal (lipoma or fibrolipoma, solitary fibrous tumor, and neurofibroma) or glandular benign tumors (pleomorphic adenoma) with secondary infections. We performed excisional biopsy. A histopathological examination revealed a dense fibrous capsule and a single female filarial worm showing double uterus appearance, neural plaque, well-developed musculature and intestinal apparatus. Dirofilariasis was diagnosed, and the patient was followed-up for 12 months without recurrence.

Premature thelarche: identification of clinical and laboratory data for the diagnosis of precocious puberty

PURPOSE: Two groups of girls with premature breast development were studied retrospectively. We tried to identify clinical, radiological, and hormonal parameters that could distinguish between a benign, nonprogressive premature thelarche and a true precocious puberty. METHODS: The clinical outcome of 88 girls with breast enlargement before 6.1 years of age was analyzed. Taking into account the progression of their sexual maturation, we allocated the children into 2 groups: "Isolated Premature Thelarche" (n = 63) and "Precocious Puberty" (n = 25) groups. Chronological and bone ages, height and growth velocity centiles, computerized tomography of hypothalamus-pituitary area, pelvic ultrasonography, gonadotropin response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone stimulation as well as basal levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, and prolactin were studied in both groups. Statistical analysis were performed using the Student t test to compare the sample means. Fisher's exact test and chi² test were used to analyze the nonparametric variables. RESULTS: Isolated premature thelarche most frequently affected girls younger than 2 years who presented exaggerated follicle-stimulating hormone response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone stimulation test. The precocious puberty group had higher initial stature, accelerated growth rate and bone age, increased uterine and ovarian volumes, high spontaneous luteinizing hormone levels by immunofluorimetric assay, as well as a high luteinizing hormone response and peak luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone ratio after luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone stimulation. CONCLUSION: At initial presentation, girls who undergo true precocious puberty present advanced bone age, increased uterine and ovarian volumes in addition to breast enlargement, as well as an luteinizing hormone-predominant response after a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone stimulation test.

Salivary gland tumors in a Brazilian population: a retrospective study of 124 cases

Salivary gland tumors constitute a highly heterogeneous histopathologic group. There are few epidemiological studies of large series of benign and malignant salivary gland tumors in Brazil. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Hospital records of 124 patients with salivary gland tumors diagnosed from January 1993 to December 1999 were reviewed. The patients were analyzed according to gender, age, size, location, and histopathology of the tumor. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Patients with benign and malignant tumors presented with a mean age of 47.7 and 48.8 years, respectively. The frequency of benign tumors was 80% (n = 99) and malignant tumors 20% (n = 25). Tumors were localized in the parotid gland 71% (n = 88), in the submandibular gland 24% (n = 30), and in the minor salivary glands 5% (n = 6). The most common benign tumors were pleomorphic adenoma in 84% (n = 84) and Warthin's tumor in 13% (n = 13). Among malignant tumors, mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the most common in 52% (n = 13), adenoid cystic carcinoma occurred in 20% (n = 5), and carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma was detected in 12% (n = 3).

Growth and puberty after treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Over the last 20 years, after combining treatment of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, there has been an improvement in the survival rate of acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients, with a current cure rate of around 70%. Children with the disease have been enrolled into international treatment protocols designed to improve survival and minimize the serious irreversible late effects. Our oncology unit uses the international protocol: GBTLI LLA-85 and 90, with the drugs methotrexate, cytosine, arabinoside, dexamethasone, and radiotherapy. However, these treatments can cause gonadal damage and growth impairment. PATIENTS AND METHOD: The authors analyzed 20 children off therapy in order to determine the role of the various doses of radiotherapy regarding endocrinological alterations. They were divided into 3 groups according to central nervous system prophylaxis: Group A underwent chemotherapy, group B underwent chemotherapy plus radiotherapy (18 Gy), and group C underwent chemotherapy plus radiotherapy (24 Gy). Serum concentrations of LH, FSH, GH, and testosterone were determined. Imaging studies included bone age, pelvic ultrasound and scrotum, and skull magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: Nine of the patients who received radiotherapy had decreased pituitary volume. There was a significant difference in the response to GH and loss of predicted final stature (Bayley-Pinneau) between the 2 irradiated groups and the group that was not irradiated, but there was no difference regarding the radiation doses used (18 or 24 Gy). The final predicted height (Bayley-Pinneau) was significantly less (P = 0.0071) in both groups treated with radiotherapy. Two girls had precocious puberty, and 1 boy with delayed puberty presented calcification of the epididymis. CONCLUSION: Radiotherapy was been responsible for late side effects, especially related to growth and puberty.

Tumores renais e adrenais com invasão cardíaca: resultados cirúrgicos imediatos em 14 pacientes

FUNDAMENTO: A ressecção do trombo tumoral em veia cava inferior (VCI) e átrio direito (AD) aumenta a sobrevida do paciente com câncer renal/supra-renal. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a conduta cirúrgica do trombo da VCI e AD no tratamento dos tumores renais e supra-renais. MÉTODOS:De janeiro de 1997 a junho de 2007 foram avaliados, retrospectivamente, 14 pacientes tratados cirurgicamente para retirada de trombo em VCI e/ou AD decorrente de tumor renal ou supra-renal. Desses, 64,2% eram do sexo masculino, e havia 42,8% de casos de tumor de Wilms (TW), 28,5% de adenocarcinoma de supra-renal (AS) e 28,5% de carcinoma de células claras (CC), com idades médias de 4,5, 60,5 e 2,5 anos, respectivamente. Aspectos epidemiológicos e parâmetros intra e pós-operatórios hospitalar foram avaliados. RESULTADOS: Em todos os casos encontrou-se trombo tumoral em VCI supra-hepática, e em 62,4% o trombo invadiu o AD. A trombectomia foi realizada com o emprego da circulação extracorpórea associada à hipotermia profunda e parada circulatória total em 85,7% dos casos e moderada no restante. Ligou-se a VCI em 7,1% dos pacientes, e reconstruiu-se por rafia em 92,9%. Os tempos de intubação orotraqueal e internação variaram conforme o tipo de tumor. Ocorreram dois óbitos hospitalares no grupo de AS, por parada cardiorrespiratória intra-operatória. CONCLUSÃO: Existe maior número de casos de trombo tumoral em VCI e AD decorrente de TW. Os casos de AS evoluem com mais complicações no pós-operatório, e o prognóstico no pós-operatório hospitalar dos pacientes com TW é melhor.

Estudos sobre a Esquistosomose em Pernambuco, Brasil

Os autores referem os resultados dos estudos sobre esquistosomose realisados, em Pernambuco, de Novembro de 1938 a Dezembro de 1939. Não se extendem em discussão, nem comentarios, tampouco, relacionam suas verificações com o que já foi relatado sobre o assunto em trabalhos nacionais e estrangeiros, pelo fato de que, não se trata de um resultado definitivo e sim de atividades que irão proseguir. Os estudos sistematicos em torno da endemia esquistosomica foram executados em duas localidades diversas pela população e pela situação geografica e ecologica. Pontezinha é uma povoação de 1200 habitantes localizada proximo a um conjunto de charcos e lagõas de agua dôce onde pululam caramujos do tipo olivaceus de Spix, e apresenta uma taxa de infestação de 21,4% para individuos do sexo masculino, e de 14,7% para os do sexo feminino. A distribuição por grupos de idade mostra que a incidencia cresce até o grupo de 16 a 20 anos de idade, quando atinge a percentagem de 37,8%, para decrescer em seguida. Em Vitoria a incidencia foi maior nos indivíduos do sexo feminino, atingindo a taxa de 41,4%, dando o sexo masculino a taxa de 36,9%. Por idade a percentagem maxima é atingida pelo grupo de 11 a 15 anos. Vitoria é uma cidade de 1500 habitantes, construida á margem do rio Tapacurá, onde se encontram numerosos caramujos do tipo centimetralis Lutz. A divergencia de incidencia corre por conta dos habitos da população e pela utilização que ela faz do rio, sendo maior em Vitoria porque a proximidade do rio facilita o uso de suas aguas para banho e serviços domesticos, condicionando este ultimo fato, a maior infestação das mulheres. O estudo da frequencia da infestação dos caramujos por cercarias de diversos trematodios, permite suspeitar uma relação inversa entre a taxa de infestação e o diametro maximo atingido pelos caramujos, parecendo este fato confirmar os trabalhos de Vianna Martins sobre a identidade dos hospedeiros intermediarios do Sch. mansoni no BRasil com o Australorbis glabratus (Say, 1818). Os ovos de Sch. mansoni depositados nos tecidos, provocam lesões inflamatorias nodulares que podem pela sua evolução obedecer ás seguintes fases: a) reação inicial sub-aguda ou mais raramente, aguda; b) reação cronica com predominancia de elementos infiltrativos; c) reação cronica com predominancia de histiocitos, formação de célula gigante e proliferação fibro-colagena encistante; d) reação caracterizada pelo englobamento do ovo pelo gigantocito e predominancia de tecido fibro-colageno; e) nodulo caracterizado pelo aspéto encistante do tecido fibro-colageno com célula gigante ou vestigios de casca quitinosa na parte central (ninho encistante); f) cicatriz fibro-colagena. Em todos os orgãos examinados, esses aspétos eram presentes, sendo que variações aparecem: 1º No pulmão o processo inicial surge sob a forma de alveolite aguda mais ou menos difusa. Posteriormente essa lesão toma um aspéto bronco-pneumonico. 2º Na mucosa intestinal a lesão inicial é aguda e difusa. no estadio de cronicidade, ha ulceração, proliferação do tecido de granulação, podendo formar polipos, ou hiperplasia glandular, constituindo algumas vêses, polipo-adenoma. 3º Nos ganglios linfaticos o aspéto reacional é caracterizado por uma disposição epitelioide, muito evidente dos histiocitos que são abundantes. 4º No pancreas, as lesões são as mais pobres em aspétos reacionais. Os AA. mostraram um conjunto de 9 observações de infestação antiga de esquistosomose onde se encontrava um disturbio da formula sanguinea expressivo da frenação medular. Nestes 9 casos, 7 deles apresentavam esplenomegalias de intensidades varias. Oito deles eram portadores de outras infestações verminoticas. Em quatro, realisou-se a ablação esplenica. Em outros quatro, aplicou-se o tratamento anti-esquistosomoso pelos sais de Antimonio. Os sinais sanguineos de hipomielia, manifestaram-se irredutiveis apesar da desinfestação dos outros parasitas intestinais, do tratamento corretivo das sindromes anemicas e da terapeutica anti-esquistosomotica. Somente a esplenectomia conseguiu apagar aquela disfunção hemo-reguladora. Os AA. acreditam que alguns dos casos apresentados sejam de esplenopatias cronicas de origem esquistosomotica. Como tal procuram realçar uma das variedades do acometimento esquistosomoso esplenico moldado na sindrome de hiperesplenia cronica hipomielica. Os requisitos exigidos para esta catalogação estiveram presentes, tal como em verdadeiras esplenopatias cronicas palustres, leishmanioticas ou de outra etiologia semelhante em atuação.

Adenocancróide primário do estômago

Os AA. referem um caso de blastoma primitivo do estômago, mostrando a par das estruturas de adenoma destruens e de adenocarcinoma, a de carcinoma epidermoide. O tumor corresponde ao tipo descrito no literatura como adenocancroide e apresenta metástases no figado, gânglios linfáticos regionais, apêndice cecal, colon transverso, peritônio e diafragma. Uma revisão da literatura e discussão sobre a origem de tais tumores são apresentadas.

BUSP: um fibrosarcoma experimental de crescimento lento: nota prévia

Após ter-se verificado que a buclizina era capaz de acelerar o crescimento de tumor maligno até 33%, animais de laboratório foram tratados com essa substância em doses subletais agudas e muito acima das doses terapêuticas, por vias subcutâneas e intraperitoneal, ocorrendo, ocasionalmente, o aparecimento de fibrosarcomas nos ratos Wistar e sarcoma indiferenciado e adenoma papilífero em camundongos Swiss. O primeiro tumor surguiu em 1970, ao qual foi dada a sigla "BUSP" (BUclizina-SPoladore). O tumor vem sendo mantido com facilidade, apresentando como características: crescimento lento, permitindo uma sobrevida do animal em torno de três meses; peso em torno de cento e vinte e cinco gramas na fase final; intensa hiperemia peritumoral; tumor maciço, quase sem necrose na parte central; persistindo bastante livre entre a pele e os tecidos subjacentes, durante toda a evolução.