Influence of angiotensin II receptor subtypes of the paraventricular nucleus on the physiological responses induced by angiotensin II injection into the medial septal area

OBJECTIVE: We determined the effects of losartan and PD 123319 (antagonists of the AT1 and AT2 angiotensin receptors, respectively), and [Sar¹, Ala8] ANG II (a relatively peptide antagonist of angiotensin receptors) injected into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on water and 3% NaCl intake, and the diuretic, natriuretic, and pressor effects induced by administration of angiotensin II (ANG II) into the medial septal area (MSA) of conscious rats. METHODS: Holtzman rats were used . Animals were anesthetized with tribromoethanol (20 mg) per 100 grams of body weight, ip. A stainless steel guide cannula was implanted into the MSA and PVN. All drugs were injected in 0.5-mul volumes for 10-15 seconds. Seven days after brain surgery, water and 3% NaCl intake, urine and sodium excretion, and arterial blood pressure were measured. RESULTS: Losartan (40 nmol) and [Sar¹, Ala8] ANG II (40 nmol) completely eliminated whereas PD 123319 (40 nmol) partially blocked the increase in water and sodium intake and the increase in arterial blood pressure induced by ANG II (10 nmol) injected into the MSA. The PVN administration of PD 123319 and [Sar¹, Ala8] ANG II blocked whereas losartan attenuated the diuresis and natriuresis induced by MSA administration of ANG II. CONCLUSION: MSA involvement with PVN on water and sodium homeostasis and arterial pressure modulation utilizing ANGII receptors is suggested.

Influência do cloro, sôbre a composição do caldo da cana de açúcar Co 290, aplicado no solo, na forma de cloreto de sódio

Considering the economic importance of the sugar industry among ourselves, the authors carried out a field experiment (Latin square) with Co 290 sugar cane, on a white sandy soil of Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil, applying NaCl in increasing rates (from 6.8 to 54.5 grams per plant), in order to study the effects of chlorides, on productivity and on the composition of juice. No toxic or stimulating effect was found, and there was no change in yield, in degree of purity of the juice, in general aspect of plants or in colour of leaves and culms. No difference was observed between potassium sulphate or chloride, as source of potash for sugar cane culture. Data collected and the literature cited suggest: (a) that the use of the variety Co 290 is indicated for soils rich in chlorine, such as the saline soils of the North-east and Atlantic Coast of Brazil; (b) that it is necessary to extend studies in Research Institutes and Agricultural Experiment Stations of the country to verify the behaviour of other varieties of sugar cane in the types of soils mentioned, especially with respect their yielding capacity. The authors are already planning such investigations.

A determinação direta do nitrogênio nítrico, amoniacal e amídico (uréia) em fertilizantes

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo o estudo da determinação direta de diversas formas de nitrogênio (nítrico, amoniacal e amídico) em fertilizantes simples e em misturas. Constatada a presença das três formas citadas de nitrogênio, o extrato aquoso de 250 ml, obtido pelo tratamento de 2,5000 g da amostra, pode ser destinado às mencionadas determinações. Uma alíquota de 50 ml é transferida para uma coluna de resina de troca aniônica DOWEX-1-X8, que, convenientemente preparada, retém o ânion nitrato(NO-3), separando-o de outras formas. Em seguida, determina-se o nitrogênio nítrico na solução obtida pela eluição da coluna com solução de NaCl a 20%. O nitrogênio amoniacal pode ser determinado em uma alíquota do extrato aquoso original ou na solução que passa através da coluna de resina para a separação do nitrato. O nitrogênio amídico (uréia) é determinado numa alíquota do extrato original pelo método da urease. Os métodos e técnicas preconizados foram préviamente estudados, através de determinações em soluções contendo substâncias puras (nitrato de sódio p.a., sulfato de amônio p.a. e uréia p.a.). Numa segunda fase, procedeu-se a aplicação dos mencionados métodos e técnicas na determinação do nitrogênio em misturas de fertilizantes preparadas em laboratório, em fertilizantes comerciais simples e em misturas também comerciais. Os resultados obtidos indicam que os métodos e técnicas recomendados permitem a determinação direta e relativamente rápida do nitrogênio nítrico, amoniacal e amídico (uréia) em fertilizantes.

Efeitos da salinidade em algodoeiros tratados com produtos químicos

Estudaram-se os efeitos de polissulfeto de polietileno (0,5%), o-xietileno docosanol (5%) e ácido succínico - 2,2-dimetil-hidrazida (2000 ppm), aplicados em pulverização, no desenvolvimento de algo-doeiro cultivar 'IAC-RM3', submetido à adubação N-P-K (5:10 5) e à irrigação com solução de NaCl - CaCl2 - MgCl2 (1,000,85:0,15). Os antitranspirantes permitiram aumento em área foliar do algo-doeiro; sendo que o retardador de crescimento provocou redução na área foliar com relação ao controle, em condições de salinidade. Os produtos químicos promoveram maior aumento no peso seco em relação ao controle. A taxa assimilatória líquida e a taxa de crescimento relativo mostraram-se mais altas nas plantas tratadas com produtos químicos em relação ao controle, nas condições de salinidade. N ao ocorreram diferenças marcantes entre as plantas tratadas com antitranspirantes e o controle, com relação à razão de área foliar; sendo que este parâmetro mostrou-se inferior no tratamento com retardador de crescimento.

Estudos sobre o efeito de doses crescentes de cloreto na soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) em solução nutritiva: I. crescimento e produção

Foi estudado, em solução nutritiva,o efeito de doses crescentes de Cl- no crescimento de três variedades de soja, IAC-2, UFV-1 e Viçoja. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre variedades e fontes de Cl- (KCl e NaCl). O aumento na concentração de Ca+2 no meio (fornecido como CaSO4) diminuiu o dano causado pela concentração excessiva de cloreto nas três variedades.

Influência do teor de lípides na absorção de sal pela sardinha (Sardinella aurita)

Este trabalho teve por objetivos, verificar se a variação estacional no teor de lípides, que ocorreu na espécie de pescado analisada, teve influência na maior ou menor absorção de sal durante o processamento para enlatamento e qual o reflexo na qualidade do produto final. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido durante um período de doze meses para levantamento dos teores de lípides das sardinhas. O processamento das sardinhas constou de descamação, evisceração e descabeçamento, seguido de salmouragem em três concentrações, enlatamento e esterilização por autoclavagem. Foram analisados peixes "in natura", após a salmouragem e enlatados após 90 dias de armazenamento das latas ao ambiente. Foi verificada uma variação do teor de lípides dos enlatados de 3,73% em novembro a 13,70% em setembro. Pela análise dos teores de NaCl nesses peixes verificou-se que o teor de sal na carne do produto final foi inversamente influenciado pelo teor de lípides.

Estudo sobre o processamento do palmito (Euterpe edulis Mart.). por apertização: III. Influencia de soluções de espera e tempos de esterilização

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a influência da composição da solução de espera e de tempos de esterilização na qualidade do palmito (Euterpe edulis Mart.) processado por apertização. Os resultados mostraram que, de um modo geral, o melhor método de processamento foi o que empregou a solução de espera 5% NaCl + 1% K2S2O5 Combinada com os tempos de esterilização de 50 minutos para os três primeiros cortes e de 60 minutos para os últimos cortes. Para os três primeiros cortes, em particular, o método que empregou a solução de espera 5% NaCl+1% ácido cítrico combinada com o tempo de esterilização de 45 minutos, foi o que apresentou os melhores resultados para todos os atributos de qualidade, exceto para "flavor", em que a solução de espera 1% ácido cítrico+0,25% ácido ascórbico com 40 minutos de esterilização foi superior.

Sobre o bi-iodeto de cobre: ensaios de farmacodinamica

O Cul² prepara-se sob a forma de hidrosol cuja dosagem pode ser rigorosa. De suas propriedades quimicas já estudadas por TRAUBE é mais notavel a sensibilidade desse corpo ao oxijeno nacente. Basta em verdade 0,00001 de H²O² para que o Cul² se decomponha desprendendo-se I. Inversamente ele decompõe a agua oxijenada em solução neutra a 1 % (Perhydrol MERCK). O oxijeno do ar atmosferico só o decompõe muito lentamente. As soluções se conservam bem por 6 mezes em vidro escuro. Mesmo em 24 horas, uma corrente de ar não o altera. A ação hemolitica desse hidrosol depende principalmente da H²O distilada que entra em sua composição. Em uma solução isotonisada pelo NaCl, a ação hemolitica diminue proporcionalmente ao aumento de concentração de NaCl, ainda mesmo que se aumente a concentração em Cul². A concentração em Cul² só tem influencia manifesta sobre o fenomeno da precipitação da hemoglobina, sobre a qual ele aje como redutor. Tem ação fixadora sobre os leucocitos, e aglutinante sobre as hematias. Não destroe o fermento da fibrina nem a catalase do sangue. Precipita os albuminoides do soro, pelo menos in vitro. In vivo, esses fenomenos não são aparentes. Foi possivel a aplicação do Cul² por via venosa, sem que isso tivesse determinado acidentes nos animais experimentados (cão, cobaia, coelho, rato). Por via peritoneal não era suportado pelo coelho, nem pela cobaia, morrendo os animais dentro das primeiras 24 horas. Por via subcutanea não era tolerado facilmente por cobaias e ratos. Formava-se sempre escara no ponto da inoculação. O cão tolerava bem as inoculaçõis subcutaneas. Mostrou-se esse hidrosol ineficaz na esporotricose e tuberculose experimentais. Ao terminar, deixo aqui consignado ao distinto colega Dr. ANTONIO PINTO JNR. os meus agradecimentos pelo valioso concurso prestado em toda a parte experimental por ele acompanhada com a maior dedicação e boa vontade.

Biologia do saguirú (Characidae, Curimatinae)

In Brazil all the fishes belonging to the sub-family Curimatinae are called « saguirú ». The present work gives a biological study of the Curimatus elegans Steind., a small fish without any economical importance, which is to be found along the whole brazilian coast, down till Paraguay. The specimens utilized for the present study come from Fortaleza (Ceará, north-eastern Brazil). The C. elegans is « ilyophagus », that means, it feeds itself exclusively with those organic materials to be found in mud, specially with microscopical algae. The intestines are very extent, some of them measuring about 9 to 11 times body's length. Studies have been made about growth and age of the C. elegans; the biggest sizes found were of 153 mm. for females and 88 mm. for males. The C. elegans shows developed sexual glands during a long period (April to September). The movements of the spermatozoa, in contact with water is of 40 to 50 seconds of intense movements, ceasing after 70 to 100 seconds. In contact with 0.5% NaCl-solution spermatozoa show a big increase in movements-time, that can last till about 25 minutes. The eggs' diameter measures 0.70 to 0.73 mm., mature and hydrated it attains 0.93 to 1,00 mm. There is a certain correlation between the size of the body and the quantity of eggs. Big specimens can produce a total of 200.000 eggs. The average quantity contained in 1 gr. and 1 cc. is 6018 and 6229 eggs, respectively. Maturity and spawning in laboratory has been obtained due to injections of suspension of fish-hypophysis. Three or four hours after the injection, fishes show more movement and evident signs of excitation, proceeding spawning after 5 to 6 hours. Males, persecuting females, describe successive circles (merry-go-round) - carroussel), swimming side by side with females up to water's surface, where sexual products are start beating dry, for there is no blood yet. Circulation-scheme is to be found on fig. 4 and 5. The swim-bladder and the stomach are but delineated; the intestine is formed by a cylindric tube, all closed. At the place, where later on there will open the mouth, we find a group of ciliary hairs that produce a liquid current, very evident by the semi-circle formed by attached solid particles. After 36 hours, opening of the mouth and formation of the gill slits begin. At the age of 90 hours (4 mm.) the larvas swim well and start to feed themselves; the digestive tube is now all open and the swimbladder works already. During the first days of life, larvas have an adhesive organ situated at their frontal region (fig. 7) in form of a crescent, by means of which they hang to surrounding vegetation (fig. 6). When the larva begins to swim and to feed itself and its yolk are having been absorbed. the adhesive organ retracts and disappears. While larvas and alevins feed themselves with plancton, they have small eye-teeth, which disappear,. when fishes become « ilyophagus ». There exist too, during their life as larvas, pharyngeal-teeth. The lateral line appears in the larva after 16 to 18 days; more or less at the same time all fins are completely developed. Shortly after, first scales appear (20 to 23 days). Evolution of intestines twisting followed (fig. 9). Larvas show at different parts of their bodies small of organs excretory functions, that are constituted by bottons in serial disposition, every one with an excretory canal that opens towards the outside. These formations disappear suddenly when larvas attain their phase of alevin. The existence of a great number of said formations at the caudal fin (fig. 12) is of great interest. In our experiences of breeding we have employed several thousands of C. elegans larvas in different environs and we made conditions of surrounding change (illumination), depth of water, temperature, presence of sand at bottom of aquariums and without sand, food). In this way we could compare the results obtained, estimate the action of each factor for the realisation of a good bring-up of larvas.

Eliminação urinaria do cloreto de sodio na anemia ancilostomotica

Os autores verificaram, em três casos de anemia ancilostomótica, diminuição acentuada na eliminação de cloreto de sódio na urina (2.5 g NaCl em 1.000 cm3 de urina) e progressivo retôrono à normalidade, após administação isolada de sais de ferro, sem eliminação dos helmintos do intestino.

Distribuição geográfica da fauna e flora da Baía de Guanabara

The author studied, the horizontal and vertical distribution of most common part of the flora and fauna of the bay of Guanabara at Rio de Janeiro. In this paper the eulittoral, poly, meso and oligohaline regions were localised and studied; and the first chart of its distribution was presented (fig. 2). The salinity of superficial waters was established through determinations based on 30 trips inside the buy for collecting biological materials. Some often 409 determinations which were previous reported together with the present ones served for the eleboration of a salinity map of the bay of Guanabara (fig. 1). This map of fig. 2 shows the geographic locations of the water regions. EULITTORAL WATER REGIME — Fig. 3 shows the diagram scheme of fauna and flora of this regime. Sea water salinity 34/1.000, density mean 1.027, transparent greenish waters, sea coast with moderate bursting waves. Limpid sea shore with white sand, gneiss with the big barnacle Tetraclita squamosa var. stalactifera (Lam. Pilsbry. Vertical distributions: barna¬cles layers with a green region in which are present the oyster Ostrea pa-rasitica L., the barnacles Tetraclita, Chthamalus, Balanus tintinnabulum var. tintinnabulum (L.) e var. antillensis Pilsbry in connection with several mollusca and the sea beatle Isopoda Lygia sp. Covered by water and exposed to air by the tidal ritms, there is a stratum of brown animals that is the layer of mussels Mytilus perna L., with others brown and chestnut animals : the Crustacea Pachygrapsus, the little crab Porcellana sp., the stone crab Me-nippe nodifrons Stimpson, the sea stars Echinaster brasiliensis (Mull. & Tr.), Astropecten sp. and the sea anemones Actinia sp. Underneath and never visible there is a subtidal region with green tubular algae of genus Codium and amidst its bunches the sea urchin Lycthchinus variegatus (Agass.) walks and more deeply there are numerous sand-dollars Encope emarginata (Leske). The microplancton of this regime is Ceratiumplancton. POLYHALINE WATER REGIMB — Water almost sea water, but directly influenced by continental lands, with rock salts dissolved and in suspension. Salinity: 33 to 32/1.000. This waters endure the actions of the popular nicknamed «water of the hill» (as the waters of mesohaline and oligohaline regimes), becoming suddenly reddish during several hours. That pheno¬menon returns several times in the year and come with great mortality of fishes. In these waters, according to Dr. J. G. FARIA there are species of Protozoa : Peridinea, the Glenoidinium trochoideum St., followed by its satellites which he thinks that they are able to secret toxical substances which can slaughter some species of fishes. In these «waters of the hill» was found a species of Copepoda the Charlesia darwini. In August 1946 the west shore of the Guanabara was plenty of killed fishes occupying a area of 8 feet large by 3 nautical miles of lenght. The enclosure for catching fishes in the rivers mouthes presents in these periods mass dead fishes. The phenomenon of «waters of the hill» appears with the first rains after a period of long dryness. MESOHALINE WATER REGIME — Fig. 4 shows the the diagramm scheme. Salt or brackish water from 30 to 17/1.000 salinity, sometimes until 10/1.000. Turbid waters with mud in suspension, chestnut, claveyous waters; shore dirty black mud without waving bursting; the waters are warmer and shorner than those of the polihaline regime. Mangrove shore with the mangrove trees : Rhizophora mangle L., Avicennia sp., Laguncularia sp., and the »cotton tree of sea» Hibiscus sp. Fauna: the great land crab «guaimú» Cardisoma guanhumi Latr., ashore in dry firm land. There is the real land crab Ucides cordatus (L.) in wetting mud and in neigh¬ bourhood of the burrows of the fiddler-crabs of genus Uca. On stones and in the roots of the Rhizophora inhabits the brightly colored mangrove-tree-crab («aratu» Portuguese nickname) Goniopsis cruentata (Latreille) and the sparingly the big oyster Ostrea rhizophorae Guild. Lower is the region of barnacles Balanus amphitrite var. communis Darwin and var. niveus Darwin; Balanus tintinnabulum var. tintinnabulum (L.) doesn't grow in this brackish water; lower is the region of Pelecipoda with prepollency of Venus and Cytherea shell-fishes and the Panopeus mud crab; there are the sea lettuce Ulva and the Gastreropod Cerithium. The Paguridae Clibanarius which lives in the empty shells of Gasteropod molluscs, and the sessile ascidians Tethium plicatum (Lesuer) appears in some seasons. In the bottom there is a black argillous mud where the «one landed shrimps» Alpheus sp. is hidden. OLIGOHALINE WATER REGIME — The salinity is lower than 10/1.000. average 8/1.000. There are no barnacles and no sea-beetles Isopods of genus Lygia; on the hay of the shore there are several graminea. This brackish water pervades by mouthes of rivers and penetrates until about 3 kilometers river above. While there is some salt dissolved in water, there are some mud crabs of the genus Uca, Sesarma, Metasesarma and Chasmagnatus. The presence of floating green plants coming from the rivers in the waters of a region indicated the oligohaline waters, with low salt content because when the average of NaCl increases above 8/1.000 these plants die and become rusty colored.

Sôbre u'a modificação do meio de Monteverde

It is well known that the culture media used in the presumptive diagnosis of suspiciuous colonies from plates inoculated with stools for isolation of enteric organisms do not always correctly indicate the major groups of enterobacteria. In an effort to obtain a medium affording more exact indications, several media (1-9) have been tested. Modifications of some of these media have also been tested with the result that a satisfactory modification of Monteverde's medium was finaly selected. This proved to be most satisfactory, affording, as a result of only one inoculation, a complete series of basic indications. The modification involves changes in the formula, in the method of preparation and in the manner of storage. The formulae are: A. Thymol blue indicator: NaOH 0.1/N .............. 34.4 ml; Thymol blue .............. 1.6 g; Water .................... 65.6 ml. B. Andrade's indicator. C. Urea and sugar solution: Urea ..................... 20 g; Lactose ................... 30 g; Sucrose ................... 30 g; Water .................... 100 ml. The mixture (C.) should be warmed slightly in order to dissolve the ingredients rapidly. Sterilise by filtration (Seitz). Keep stock in refrigeratior. The modification of Monteverde's medium is prepared in two parts. Semi-solid part - Peptone (Difco) 2.0 g; NaCl 0.5 g; Agar 0.5 g; Water 100.0 ml. Boil to dissolve the ingredients. Adjust pH with NaOH to 7.3-7.4. Boil again for precipitation. Filter through cotton. Ad indicators "A" 0.3 ml and "B" 1.0 ml. Sterilise in autoclave 115ºC, 15 minutes in amounts not higher than 200 ml. Just before using, add solution "C" asseptically in amounts of 10 ml to 200 ml of the melted semi-solid medium, maintained at 48-50ºC. Solid part - Peptone (Difco) 1.5 g; Trypticase (BBL) 0.5 g; Agar 2.0 g; Water 100,00 ml. Boil to dissolve the ingredients. Adjust pH with NaOH to 7.3-7.4. Boils again. Filter through cotton. Add indicators "A" 0.3 ml and "B" 1.0 ml; ferrous ammonium sulfate 0.02 g; sodiun thiosulfate 0.02 g. Sterilise in autoclave 115ºC, 15 minutes in amounts not higher than 200 ml. Just before using, add solution "C" asseptically in amounts of 10 ml to 200 ml of the melted solid medium, maintained at 48-50ºC. Final medium - The semi-solid part is dispensed first (tubes about 12 x 120 mm) in 2.5 ml amounts and left to harden at room temperature, in vertical position. The solid part is dispensed over the hardened semi-solid one in amounts from 2.0 ml to 2.5 ml and left to harden in slant position, affording a butt of 12 to 15 mm. The tubes of medium should be subjected to a sterility test in the incubator, overnight. Tubes showing spontaneous gas bubbles (air) should then be discarded. The medium should be stored in the incubator (37ºC), for not more than 2 to 4 days. Storage of the tubes in the ice-box produces the absorption of air which is released as bubbles when the tubes are incubated at 37ºC after inoculation. This fact confirmed the observation of ARCHAMBAULT & McCRADY (10) who worked with liquid media and the aplication of their observation was found to be essential to the proper working conditions of this double-layer medium. Inoculation - The inoculation is made by means of a long straight needle, as is usually done on the triple sugar, but the needel should penetrate only to about half of the height of the semi-solid column. Indol detection - After inoculation, a strip of sterelized filter papaer previously moistened with Ehrlich's reagent, is suspended above the surface of the medium, being held between the cotton plug and the tube. Indications given - In addition to providing a mass of organisms on the slant for serological invetigations, the medium gives the following indications: 1. Acid from lactose and/or sucrose (red, of yellowsh with strains which reduce the indicators). 2. Gas from lactose and/or sucrose (bubbles). 3. H[2]S production, observed on the solid part (black). 4. Motility observed on the semi-solid part (tubidity). 5. Urease production, observed on solid and semi-solid parts (blue). 6. Indol production, observed on the strip of filter paper (red or purplish). Indol production is not observed with indol positive strains which rapidly acidify the surface o the slant, and the use of oxalic acid has proved to give less sensitive reaction (11). Reading of results - In most cases overnight incubation is enough; sometimes the reactions appear within only a few hours of incubation, affording a definitive orientation of the diagnosis. With some cultures it is necessary to observe the medium during 48 hours of incubation. A description showing typical differential reaction follows: Salmonella: Color of the medium unchanged, with blackening of the solid part when H[2]S is positive. The slant tends to alkalinity (greenish of bluish). Gas always absent. Indol negative. Motility positive or negative. Shigella: Color of the medium unchanged at the beginning of incubation period, but acquiring a red color when the strain is late lactose/sucrose positive. Slant tending to alkalinity (greenish or purplish). Indol positive or negative. Motility, gas and H[2]S always negative. Proteus: Color of the medium generally changes entirely to blue or sometimes to green (urease positive delayed), with blackening of solid part when H[2]S is positive. Motility positive of negative. Indol positive. Gas positive or negative. The strains which attack rapidly sucrose may give a yellow-greenish color to the medium. Sometimes the intense blue color of the medium renders difficult the reading of the H[2]S production. Escherichiae and Klebsiellae: Color of the medium red or yellow (acid) with great and rapid production of gas. Motility positive or negative. Indol generally impossible to observe. Paracoli: Those lactose of sucrose positive give the same reaction as Esherichia. Those lactose or sucrose negatives give the same reactions as Salmonellae. Sometimes indol positive and H[2]S negative. Pseudomonas: Color of the medium unchanged. The slant tends to alkalinity. It is impossible to observe motility because there is no growth in the bottom. Alkaligenes: Color of the medium unchanged. The slant tends to alkalinity. The medium does not alter the antigenic properties of the strains and with the mass of organisms on the slant we can make the serologic diagnosis. It is admitted that this medium is somewhat more laborious to prepare than others used for similar purposes. Nevertheless it can give informations generally obtained by two or three other media. Its use represents much saving in time, labor and material, and we suggest it for routine laboratory work in which a quick presumptive preliminary grouping of enteric organisms is needed.

Estudo microbiológico do sal (Cloreto de sódio) de origem marinha

Foram analisadas 19 amostras de SAL (NaCl), tipo grosso, oriundas de diferentes salinas, para verificação da flora microbiana e presença de bactérias nocivas em Microbiologia Alimentar. O material apresentou grande contaminação por microrganismos saprófitas, bactérias aeróbias e anaeróbias, Gram positivas e negativas, proteolíticas, pigmentadas, esporuladas, leveduras e fungos. A alta incidência das bactérias halofílicas "vermelhas", responsáveis pela deterioração de carnes, pescados e outros produtos salgados foi estudada. A freqüência, em 15 amostras de SAL, de bactérias esporuladas termorresistentes foi calculada em 33%, possuindo um SAL germe termofílico. Para anaeróbios a positividade foi de 80%, havendo esporulação em 40% das culturas isoladas. Os índices para leveduras e fungos foram de 73% e 93%, respectivamente.

Pharmacokinetic aspects of Tert-Butylaminoethyl disulfide, an experimental drug against schistosomiasis in mice

A preliminary study of the pharmacokinetic parameters of t-Butylaminoethyl disulfide was performed after administration of two different single doses (35 and 300 mg/kg) of either the cold or labelled drug. Plasma or blood samples were treated with dithiothreitol, perchloric acid, and, after filtration, submitted to further purification with anionic resein. In the final step, the drug was retained on a cationic resin column, eluted with NaCl 1M and detected according to the method of Ellman (1958). Alternatively, radioactive drug was detected by liquid scintillation counting. The results corresponding to the smaller dose of total drug suggested a pharmacokinetic behavior related to a one open compartment model with the following parameters: area under the intravenous curve (AUC i.v.):671 ± 14; AUC oral: 150 ± 40 µg.min. ml [raised to the power of -1]; elimination rate constant: 0.071 min [raised to the power of -1]; biological half life: 9.8 min; distribution volume: 0.74 ml/g. For the higher dose, the results seemed to obey a more complex undertermined model. Combining the results, the occurence of a dose-dependent pharmacokinetic behavior is suggested, the drug being rapidly absorbed and rapidly eliminated; the elimination process being related mainly to metabolization. The drug seems to be more toxic when administered I.V. because by this route it escapes first pass metabolism, while being quickly distributed to tissues. The maximum tolerated blood level seems to be around 16 µg/ml.

Pharmacokinetic profile of tert-butylaminoethanethiol

A preliminary study of the pharmacokinetic parameters of t-Butylaminoethanethiol (TBAESH) was performed after administration of a single dose (35 mg/kg) either orally or intravenously. Plasma or blood samples were treated with dithiothreitol, perchloric acid and, after filtration, submitted to further purification with anionic resin. In the final step the drug was retained on a cationic resin column, eluted with NaCl lM and detected according to the method of Ellman (1958). The results suggested a pharmacokinetic behavior related to a one open compartment model with the following values for the total drug: area under the intravenous curve (AUC i.v.): 443(+ ou -) 24.0; AUC oral: 85.5(+ ou -) 14.5 ug min.ml(elevado a -1); elimination rate constant: 0.069(+ ou -) 0.0055 min(elevado a -1), biological half-life: 10.0(+ ou -) 0.80 min; distribution volume 1.15(+ ou -) 0.15 ml/g; biodisponibility: 0.19(+ ou -) 0.02. From a pharmacokinetic standpoint, TBAESH seems to have no advantage over the analogous disulfide compound.