Towards a Unified Theory of Health-Disease: I. Health as a complex model-object

Theory building is one of the most crucial challenges faced by basic, clinical and population research, which form the scientific foundations of health practices in contemporary societies. The objective of the study is to propose a Unified Theory of Health-Disease as a conceptual tool for modeling health-disease-care in the light of complexity approaches. With this aim, the epistemological basis of theoretical work in the health field and concepts related to complexity theory as concerned to health problems are discussed. Secondly, the concepts of model-object, multi-planes of occurrence, modes of health and disease-illness-sickness complex are introduced and integrated into a unified theoretical framework. Finally, in the light of recent epistemological developments, the concept of Health-Disease-Care Integrals is updated as a complex reference object fit for modeling health-related processes and phenomena.

Towards a unified theory of health-disease: II. Holopathogenesis

This article presents a systematic framework for modeling several classes of illness-sickness-disease named as Holopathogenesis. Holopathogenesis is defined as processes of over-determination of diseases and related conditions taken as a whole, comprising selected facets of the complex object Health. First, a conceptual background of Holopathogenesis is presented as a series of significant interfaces (biomolecular-immunological, physiopathological-clinical, epidemiological-ecosocial). Second, propositions derived from Holopathogenesis are introduced in order to allow drawing the disease-illness-sickness complex as a hierarchical network of networks. Third, a formalization of intra- and inter-level correspondences, over-determination processes, effects and links of Holopathogenesis models is proposed. Finally, the Holopathogenesis frame is evaluated as a comprehensive theoretical pathology taken as a preliminary step towards a unified theory of health-disease.

HIV/AIDS knowledge among men who have sex with men: applying the item response theory

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the level of HIV/AIDS knowledge among men who have sex with men in Brazil using the latent trait model estimated by Item Response Theory. METHODS Multicenter, cross-sectional study, carried out in ten Brazilian cities between 2008 and 2009. Adult men who have sex with men were recruited (n = 3,746) through Respondent Driven Sampling. HIV/AIDS knowledge was ascertained through ten statements by face-to-face interview and latent scores were obtained through two-parameter logistic modeling (difficulty and discrimination) using Item Response Theory. Differential item functioning was used to examine each item characteristic curve by age and schooling. RESULTS Overall, the HIV/AIDS knowledge scores using Item Response Theory did not exceed 6.0 (scale 0-10), with mean and median values of 5.0 (SD = 0.9) and 5.3, respectively, with 40.7% of the sample with knowledge levels below the average. Some beliefs still exist in this population regarding the transmission of the virus by insect bites, by using public restrooms, and by sharing utensils during meals. With regard to the difficulty and discrimination parameters, eight items were located below the mean of the scale and were considered very easy, and four items presented very low discrimination parameter (< 0.34). The absence of difficult items contributed to the inaccuracy of the measurement of knowledge among those with median level and above. CONCLUSIONS Item Response Theory analysis, which focuses on the individual properties of each item, allows measures to be obtained that do not vary or depend on the questionnaire, which provides better ascertainment and accuracy of knowledge scores. Valid and reliable scales are essential for monitoring HIV/AIDS knowledge among the men who have sex with men population over time and in different geographic regions, and this psychometric model brings this advantage.

On the current existence of a coccidial line of development in the malaria parasites: a theory

Most opinion favors the origin of the malaria parasites from a coccidial ancestor. It is assumed that whatever the process through which the coccidia differentiated into a Plasmodium this phenomenon very probably occured millions of year ago, and during that differentiation process the original coccidia vanished. Therefore it has never repeated. At the light of some experiments the existence, at the present time, of a coccidial cycle of development in the malaria parasites, is proposed. The conection routes and mechanisms through which the malaria parasite changes to a coccidial life, and the routes in reverse are exposed. Transmission of the malaria-coccidial forms is suggested.

Paleopharmacology and pollen: theory, method, and application

Parasitism was a universal human condition. Because of this, people developed herbal medicines to treat parasites as part of their pharmacopoeias. We propose that it is possible to recover evidence of medicinal plants from archaeological sites and link their use to specific health conditions. This is a multidisciplinary approach that must involve at least paleoethnobotanists, archaeoparasitologists, paleopathologists, and pharmacologists.

Perioperative thirst: an analysis from the perspective of the Symptom Management Theory

A theoretical study aimed to analyze the existing knowledge in the literature on the perioperative thirst symptom from the perspective of Symptom Management Theory, and supplemented with the experience of the study group and thirst research. Thirst is described as a very intense symptom occurring in the perioperative period, and for this reason it cannot be ignored. The Symptom Management Theory is adequate for understanding the thirst symptom and is a deductive theory, focused on the domains of the Person, Environment and Health / Illness Status, as well as on the dimensions of Experience, Management Strategies and Symptom Outcomes. Using the theory leads us to consider perioperative thirst in its multifactorial aspects, analyzing the interrelation of its domains and dimensions in order to draw attention to this symptom that has been insufficiently valued, recorded and treated in clinical practice.

Determination or determinants? A debate based on the Theory on the Social Production of Health

This article aims to discuss the concepts of Social Determination of Health and Social Determinants of Health, by establishing a comparison between each of their guiding perspectives and investigating their implications on the development of health policies and health actions. We propose a historical and conceptual reflection, highlighting the Theory on the Social Production of Health, followed by a debate on the concepts, with a comparative approach among them.

Intimate partner violence against pregnant women: the environment according to Levine's nursing theory

Abstract OBJECTIVE Analyzing the elements that compose the environment of pregnant women who have experienced intimate partner violence in the light of Levine's Nursing Theory. METHOD A qualitative, descriptive study conducted from September to January 2012, with nine pregnant women in a Municipal Health Center in Rio de Janeiro. The interviews were semi-structured and individual. The theoretical framework was based on Levine's Nursing Theory. RESULTS Thematic analysis evidenced the elements that composed the external environment, such as violence perpetrated by intimate partners before and during pregnancy, violence in childhood and adolescence, alcohol consumption and drug use by the partner, unemployment, low education and economic dependency, which affected health and posed risks to the pregnancy. CONCLUSION Violence perpetrated by an intimate partner was the main external factor that influenced the internal environment with repercussions on health. This theory represents a tool in nursing care which will aid in detecting cases and the fight against violence.

Development of premature children: caregivers' understanding according to the Bioecological Theory

Abstract OBJECTIVE Understanding the conceptions of premature children caregivers on child development and associated factors. METHOD An exploratory-descriptive qualitative study of 12 families with children under three years of age. Interviews were submitted to thematic content analysis, systematized into the categories of Bioecological Theory of Human Development: Process, Person, Context and Time, and in the Functional Development category. RESULTS There are concerns about impairment in the current and future development of a Person/child defined as fragile as a result of premature birth (Time dimension), minimized by the scope of observable competencies such as motor skills. The Context, especially family and health services, and Proximal Processes, described as one-way caregiver interactions, are considered determinants of development. Functional Development is considered a natural consequence and result of education. The support network is crucial, supporting or limiting care. CONCLUSION Concerns about the development mobilize caregivers to stimulate the premature child/person and requests family and healthcare assistance.

Método computacional para correção da alcalinidade de águas para fertirrigação

A alcalinidade excessiva das águas destinadas à fertirrigação pode criar uma série de inconvenientes, que vão desde o entupimento dos emissores, pela precipitação de carbonatos, até a redução da disponibilidade dos micronutrientes para as culturas. Com o propósito de auxiliar a tomada de decisão quanto ao manejo da alcalinidade dessas águas, desenvolveu-se o ALKA 1.0, um software em CLIPPER 5.2, que pode ser rodado em microcomputadores IBM-PC/XT/AT/PENTIUM ou outros 100% compatíveis. A partir do fornecimento do pH original da água de irrigação, da sua alcalinidade total ou subdividida em CO3(2-) e HCO3- (em mmol L-1), e da lâmina de irrigação utilizada durante o ciclo da cultura, o ALKA 1.0 fornece as quantidades de HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 e H3PO4 que devem ser adicionadas à água de irrigação para que o seu pH atinja o valor estipulado pelo usuário. Além do volume de cada ácido a ser adicionado, o programa fornece a quantidade de nutrientes introduzidas pelos ácidos, na dosagem recomendada, bem como o custo total de cada uma das possíveis escolhas. Para tal, cadastram-se, inicialmente, a densidade e a pureza (%p/p) de cada ácido, bem como seu custo por litro. O ALKA 1.0 oferece, ainda, a opção de adições mistas dos diversos ácidos, visando não só à remoção da alcalinidade excessiva da água, mas também a um balanço adequado à cultura em questão dos nutrientes (N, P, S) adicionados via ácido. Por fim, o ALKA 1.0 oferece a possibilidade de trabalhar-se com bancos de dados, pré-cadastrados, que contêm informações sobre as origens (localidades) e fontes (rios, poços, lagos, açudes e outros) de diversas águas, além do seu pH e alcalinidade total. Desta forma, podem-se conhecer as características de manejo da alcalinidade dessas águas em função de características definidas pelo usuário, tais como um município em particular, determinada fonte, pH, e outros. O ALKA 1.0 foi validado com uma mistura sintética de CO3(2-) e HCO3-, com pH 9,19, em que se verificou a eficiência dos cálculos efetuados para o abaixamento do pH para 7,0, 6,5 e 5,5; e com amostras de águas naturais, para o abaixamento do pH para 6,5 e 6,0; obtendo-se resultados bastante satisfatórios. A redução do pH das amostras naturais para 5,0 não foi eficiente.

Ponto de efeito salino nulo: determinação analítico-computacional a partir de dados de titulação potenciométrica

O ponto de efeito salino nulo (PESN) de amostras de solo é normalmente determinado por método gráfico e corresponde ao valor de pH referente ao ponto de interseção de curvas de titulação potenciométrica. Embora a elaboração dos gráficos em planilhas eletrônicas diminua a subjetividade existente no traçado manual, um tempo considerável é necessário quando a determinação do PESN envolve grande número de amostras. Este trabalho objetivou o desenvolvimento de um programa computacional para a determinação analítica do PESN de amostras de solo, com vistas em eliminar a subjetividade do método gráfico, proporcionar rapidez às determinações e permitir o conhecimento do grau de precisão dos valores calculados. Com o procedimento de cálculo desenvolvido, determinaram-se os valores de PESN a partir de resultados experimentais de titulação potenciométrica obtidos por outros autores. A comparação dos valores calculados pelo programa com os apresentados nos trabalhos consultados, os quais foram obtidos pelos autores por meio do método gráfico convencional, demonstrou ser o método analítico-computacional proposto bastante adequado para a determinação rápida e não-subjetiva do PESN de amostras de solo.

Permeâmetro de carga decrescente associado a programa computacional para a determinação da condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado

A condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado (Kθs) é uma propriedade com grande variabilidade, o que exige a utilização de um número maior de determinações para que sua descrição possa ser feita adequadamente pela função densidade de probabilidade normal. Consequentemente, há aumento de trabalho e de tempo para a obtenção dos resultados, principalmente se as determinações forem feitas com equipamentos de pouca praticidade. A construção de equipamentos de maior praticidade e o desenvolvimento de ferramentas computacionais podem tornar o processo de análise mais rápido e preciso. Com esse objetivo, foi construído um permeâmetro de carga decrescente e desenvolvido um software para a aquisição de dados. As medidas de Kθs obtidas com esses equipamentos, em amostras de um Argissolo, mostraram menor variabilidade, avaliada pelo coeficiente de variação, o que resultou em maior precisão das determinações. Além disso, o tempo de análise foi reduzido em 30 %.

Modeling water movement in horizontal columns using fractal theory

Fractal mathematics has been used to characterize water and solute transport in porous media and also to characterize and simulate porous media properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the soil infiltration parameters sorptivity (S) and time exponent (n) and the parameters dimension (D) and the Hurst exponent (H). For this purpose, ten horizontal columns with pure (either clay or loam) and heterogeneous porous media (clay and loam distributed in layers in the column) were simulated following the distribution of a deterministic Cantor Bar with fractal dimension H" 0.63. Horizontal water infiltration experiments were then simulated using Hydrus 2D software. The sorptivity (S) and time exponent (n) parameters of the Philip equation were estimated for each simulation, using the nonlinear regression procedure of the statistical software package SAS®. Sorptivity increased in the columns with the loam content, which was attributed to the relation of S with the capillary radius. The time exponent estimated by nonlinear regression was found to be less than the traditional value of 0.5. The fractal dimension estimated from the Hurst exponent was 17.5 % lower than the fractal dimension of the Cantor Bar used to generate the columns.