Comparative Histopathology of Biomphalaria glabrata, B. tenagophila and B. straminea with Variable Degrees of Resistance to Schistosoma mansoni Miracidia

A comparative histopathological study of three snails species - Biomphalaria glabrata, B. tenagophila and B. straminea - which had been infected with Schistosoma mansoni miracidia revealed similar qualitative features, consisting of areas of sporocyst proliferation and differentiation associated with reactive host reaction, at the time they were actively eliminating great number of cercariae. However, in specimens that were exposed to miracidia but failed to eliminate cercariae later on, different histopathological pictures were observed in different snail species. While B. glabrata exhibited frequent focal (granulomatous) proliferation of amebocytes in several organs, B. tenagophila and B. straminea only rarely showed such reactive changes, suggesting that the mechanism of resistance to miracidial infection probably follows different pathways in the snail species studied

Evaluation of a linear spectral mixture model and vegetation indices (NDVI and EVI) in a study of schistosomiasis mansoni and Biomphalaria glabrata distribution in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil

This paper analyses the associations between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) on the prevalence of schistosomiasis and the presence of Biomphalaria glabrata in the state of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil. Additionally, vegetation, soil and shade fraction images were created using a Linear Spectral Mixture Model (LSMM) from the blue, red and infrared channels of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer spaceborne sensor and the relationship between these images and the prevalence of schistosomiasis and the presence of B. glabrata was analysed. First, we found a high correlation between the vegetation fraction image and EVI and second, a high correlation between soil fraction image and NDVI. The results also indicate that there was a positive correlation between prevalence and the vegetation fraction image (July 2002), a negative correlation between prevalence and the soil fraction image (July 2002) and a positive correlation between B. glabrata and the shade fraction image (July 2002). This paper demonstrates that the LSMM variables can be used as a substitute for the standard vegetation indices (EVI and NDVI) to determine and delimit risk areas for B. glabrata and schistosomiasis in MG, which can be used to improve the allocation of resources for disease control.

A geoprocessing approach for studying and controlling schistosomiasis in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Geographical information systems (GIS) are tools that have been recently tested for improving our understanding of the spatial distribution of disease. The objective of this paper was to further develop the GIS technology to model and control schistosomiasis using environmental, social, biological and remote-sensing variables. A final regression model (R² = 0.39) was established, after a variable selection phase, with a set of spatial variables including the presence or absence of Biomphalaria glabrata, winter enhanced vegetation index, summer minimum temperature and percentage of houses with water coming from a spring or well. A regional model was also developed by splitting the state of Minas Gerais (MG) into four regions and establishing a linear regression model for each of the four regions: 1 (R² = 0.97), 2 (R² = 0.60), 3 (R² = 0.63) and 4 (R² = 0.76). Based on these models, a schistosomiasis risk map was built for MG. In this paper, geostatistics was also used to make inferences about the presence of Biomphalaria spp. The result was a map of species and risk areas. The obtained risk map permits the association of uncertainties, which can be used to qualify the inferences and it can be thought of as an auxiliary tool for public health strategies.

Spoligotyping and variable number tandem repeat analysis of Mycobacterium bovis isolates from cattle in Brazil

We performed spoligotyping and 12-mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTRs) typing to characterise Mycobacterium bovis isolates collected from tissue samples of bovines with lesions suggestive for tuberculosis during slaughter inspection procedures in abattoirs in Brazil. High-quality genotypes were obtained with both procedures for 61 isolates that were obtained from 185 bovine tissue samples and all of these isolates were identified as M. bovis by conventional identification procedures. On the basis of the spoligotyping, 53 isolates were grouped into nine clusters and the remaining eight isolates were unique types, resulting in 17 spoligotypes. The majority of the Brazilian M. bovis isolates displayed spoligotype patterns that have been previously observed in strains isolated from cattle in other countries. MIRU-VNTR typing produced 16 distinct genotypes, with 53 isolates forming eight of the groups, and individual isolates with unique VNTR profiles forming the remaining eight groups. The allelic diversity of each VNTR locus was calculated and only two of the 12-MIRU-VNTR loci presented scores with either a moderate (0.4, MIRU16) or high (0.6, MIRU26) discriminatory index (h). Both typing methods produced similar discriminatory indexes (spoligotyping h = 0.85; MIRU-VNTR h = 0.86) and the combination of the two methods increased the h value to 0.94, resulting in 29 distinct patterns. These results confirm that spoligotyping and VNTR analysis are valuable tools for studying the molecular epidemiology of M. bovis infections in Brazil.

Local-scale spatial variation in diversity of social wasps in an Amazonian rain forest in Caxiuanã, Pará, Brazil (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae)

Polistine wasps are important in Neotropical ecosystems due to their ubiquity and diversity. Inventories have not adequately considered spatial attributes of collected specimens. Spatial data on biodiversity are important for study and mitigation of anthropogenic impacts over natural ecosystems and for protecting species. We described and analyzed local-scale spatial patterns of collecting records of wasp species, as well as spatial variation of diversity descriptors in a 2500-hectare area of an Amazon forest in Brazil. Rare species comprised the largest fraction of the fauna. Close range spatial effects were detected for most of the more common species, with clustering of presence-data at short distances. Larger spatial lag effects could also be identified in some species, constituting probably cases of exogenous autocorrelation and candidates for explanations based on environmental factors. In a few cases, significant or near significant correlations were found between five species (of Agelaia, Angiopolybia, and Mischocyttarus) and three studied environmental variables: distance to nearest stream, terrain altitude, and the type of forest canopy. However, association between these factors and biodiversity variables were generally low. When used as predictors of polistine richness in a linear multiple regression, only the coefficient for the forest canopy variable resulted significant. Some level of prediction of wasp diversity variables can be attained based on environmental variables, especially vegetation structure. Large-scale landscape and regional studies should be scheduled to address this issue.

Comparação entre os métodos da transeção linear e fotográfico na avaliação de cobertura vegetal morta, sob dois métodos de preparo, após a colheita da soja

A eficácia da cobertura vegetal morta no controle da erosão pode ser avaliada através de dois indicadores principais: a porcentagem de cobertura do solo pelos resíduos culturais e sua persistência sobre a superfície ao longo do tempo. O preparo do solo, por sua vez, pode exercer influência significativa sobre esses indicadores. O trabalho foi realizado no campo, no município de Eldorado do Sul, Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul. Avaliou-se a persistência da cobertura vegetal morta durante um período de pousio, que foi de maio de 1989 a abril de 1990, em sucessão à cultura da soja. Os resíduos dessa cultura foram manejados sem preparo, por escarificação e por gradagem. A porcentagem de cobertura do solo pelos resíduos culturais foi quantificada pelo método fotográfico e pelo da transeção linear. A cultura da soja produziu cobertura vegetal morta em pequena quantidade e de baixa durabilidade. A distribuição dos resíduos na superfície, sem preparo do solo, foi o tratamento que possibilitou melhor correlação (R²) entre os índices de cobertura obtidos pelos dois métodos testados. Nas áreas sob gradagem ou escarificação do solo, os índices de cobertura obtidos pelo método fotográfico foram superiores aos da transeção linear, enquanto, na área sem preparo do solo, houve similaridade entre os resultados dos dois métodos.

Correlação linear e espacial entre o rendimento de grãos do feijoeiro e a resistência mecânica à penetração em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico

A resistência mecânica à penetração apresentada pelo solo exerce grande influência sobre o desenvolvimento vegetal, uma vez que o crescimento das raízes, assim como o rendimento das culturas, varia de forma inversamente proporcional ao seu valor. No ano agrícola de 2001/2002, na Fazenda Experimental de Ensino e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Engenharia/UNESP - Campus de Ilha Solteira, foram analisados o rendimento de grãos do feijoeiro (PG) e a resistência mecânica à penetração (R), de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. O objetivo foi apurar diretrizes relacionadas com o aumento da produtividade agrícola em questão, estudando a correlação linear e a espacial entre a PG e a R. Foi instalada uma rede geoestatística para a coleta dos dados do solo e da planta, estabelecida com espaçamentos de 5 x 5 m e 2,5 x 2,5 m, que continham 120 pontos amostrais distribuídos numa área de 1.875 m². A correlação linear entre a PG e a R foi praticamente nula, uma vez que, dependendo das profundidades estudadas do solo, apresentou coeficientes de correlação (r) menores do que 0,20. A análise geoestatística apresentou boa estrutura de dependência espacial, tanto para a PG quanto para a R, quando analisadas isoladamente. Entretanto, a análise espacial conjunta de tais atributos apresentou-se inconsistente. Assim, com o aumento da resistência mecânica à penetração, em determinada região do solo ocorreu ora aumento, ora diminuição do rendimento de grãos do feijoeiro.

Correlação linear e espacial entre a produtividade de forragem, a porosidade total e a densidade do solo de Pereira Barreto (SP)

Em relação aos sistemas de manejo adotados pelo homem, a porosidade total e a densidade do solo são atributos ativamente alterados, refletindo decisivamente sobre a produtividade vegetal agrícola. No ano agrícola de 2005, na Fazenda Bonança, no município de Pereira Barreto, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, foram analisadas a produtividade de forragem do milho outonal (MSF) no sistema plantio direto irrigado, a porosidade total (PT) e a densidade do solo (DS) em profundidade, em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. O objetivo foi estudar a variabilidade e as correlações lineares e espaciais entre os atributos da planta e do solo, visando selecionar um indicador da qualidade física do solo de boa representatividade para produtividade da forragem. Foi instalada a malha geoestatística, para coleta de dados do solo e planta, contendo 125 pontos amostrais, numa área de 2.500 m². Os atributos estudados, além de não terem variado aleatoriamente, apresentaram variabilidade dos dados entre média e baixa e seguiram padrões espaciais bem definidos, com alcance entre 6,8 e 23,7 m. Por sua vez, a correlação linear entre o atributo da planta e os do solo, em razão do elevado número de observações, foi baixa. As observações de melhor correlação com a MSF foram a DS1 e a PT1. Entretanto, do ponto de vista espacial, houve excelente correlação inversa entre a MSF e a DS1, assim como entre a DS1 e a PT1. Nos sítios onde a DS1 aumentou (1,45-1,64 kg dm-3) a MSF variou entre 11.653 e 14.552 kg ha-1; já naqueles onde diminuiu (1,35-1,45 kg dm-3) a MSF, ficou entre 14.552 e 17.450 kg ha-1. Portanto, a densidade global, avaliada na camada de 0-0,10 m (DS1), apresentou-se como satisfatório indicador da qualidade física do solo de Pereira Barreto (SP), quando destinado à produtividade de forragem do milho outonal.

Correlação linear e espsacial entre a produtividade de feijão e a porosidade de um Latossolo Vermelho de Selvíria (MS)

A porosidade do solo exerce grande influência sobre o crescimento e desenvolvimento vegetal, uma vez que o crescimento das raízes, tal como a produtividade das culturas, é limitado pela profundidade que atingem. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a variabilidade espacial e as correlações lineares entre a produtividade de feijão e a porosidade do solo. No ano de 2004/2005, no município de Selvíria, MS, foram analisadas a produtividade de grãos de feijão (PG), cultivar IAC Carioca, irrigado, a macroporosidade (MA), a microporosidade (MI) e a porosidade total (PT) do solo em quatro profundidades: 1 (0,0-0,10); 2(0,10-0,20); 3(0,20-0,30) e 4(0,30-0,40 m), num Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. As amostras de solo e planta foram coletadas em uma malha geoestatística com 75 pontos espaçados de 10 x 10 m, mais 60 pontos de quatro malhas de refinamento numa área de 50 x 150 m. Os atributos estudados, além de não terem variado aleatoriamente, apresentaram média e baixa variabilidades. Seguiram padrões espaciais bem definidos, com alcances entre 11,70 e 104,40 m. A correlação linear entre o atributo da planta e os do solo, em função do elevado número de observações, foi baixa. As de melhor correlação linear com a PG foram a MA1, MI1 e a PT3. Entretanto, do ponto de vista espacial, houve excelente correlação inversa entre a PG e a #PT2. Assim, nos sítios onde a #PT2 diminuiu (0,030-0,045 m³ m-3 ), a PG variou entre 2.173 e 3.529 kg ha-1. Já naqueles onde aumentou (0,045-0,076 m³ m-3 ), a PG ficou entre 1.630-2.173 kg ha-1. Assim, a porosidade total do solo, quando avaliada na camada de 0,10-0,20 m (#PT2), indicou a importância do contato raiz/solo e, de modo inverso, apresentou satisfatório indicador da qualidade física do solo estudado, quando destinado à produtividade de grãos de feijão irrigado.

Correlação linear e espacial entre a resistência do solo ao penetrômetro e a produtividade do feijoeiro irrigado

A resistência do solo ao penetrômetro exerce grande influência sobre o crescimento e desenvolvimento vegetal, uma vez que o crescimento das raízes, assim como o rendimento das culturas, varia de forma inversamente proporcional ao seu valor. Dessa forma, a análise da variabilidade espacial da resistência do solo ao penetrômetro e da produtividade, por meio da geoestatística, pode indicar alternativas de manejo para reduzir os efeitos da variabilidade do solo sobre a produtividade e também melhorar a estimativa de respostas das culturas sob determinadas práticas de manejo. Diante do exposto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi relacionar e caracterizar a variabilidade espacial da resistência do solo ao penetrômetro (RP) e a produtividade do feijoeiro irrigado em sistema de semeadura direta, em duas safras consecutivas. O experimento foi realizado em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico, no campo experimental da Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola da Unicamp, no município de Campinas-SP, cujas coordenadas geográficas são: 22 ° 48 ' 57 " de latitude sul, 47 ° 03 ' 33 " de longitude oeste e altitude média de 640 m. As avaliações foram realizadas em uma malha regular de amostragem de 3 x 3 m, totalizando 60 pontos amostrais por parcela. A análise da dependência espacial foi avaliada pela geoestatística, e os parâmetros dos semivariogramas utilizados para construir mapas de isolinhas, por meio do interpolador de krigagem do programa Surfer 8.0. A regressão linear simples entre mapas (pixel-a-pixel) mostrou correlação negativa entre os valores de RP e a produtividade; no entanto, a produtividade do feijoeiro irrigado apresentou baixa correlação com a resistência do solo ao penetrômetro em sistema semeadura direta nas duas safras.

Selecting statistical models to study the relationship between soybean yield and soil physical properties

Statistical models allow the representation of data sets and the estimation and/or prediction of the behavior of a given variable through its interaction with the other variables involved in a phenomenon. Among other different statistical models, are the autoregressive state-space models (ARSS) and the linear regression models (LR), which allow the quantification of the relationships among soil-plant-atmosphere system variables. To compare the quality of the ARSS and LR models for the modeling of the relationships between soybean yield and soil physical properties, Akaike's Information Criterion, which provides a coefficient for the selection of the best model, was used in this study. The data sets were sampled in a Rhodic Acrudox soil, along a spatial transect with 84 points spaced 3 m apart. At each sampling point, soybean samples were collected for yield quantification. At the same site, soil penetration resistance was also measured and soil samples were collected to measure soil bulk density in the 0-0.10 m and 0.10-0.20 m layers. Results showed autocorrelation and a cross correlation structure of soybean yield and soil penetration resistance data. Soil bulk density data, however, were only autocorrelated in the 0-0.10 m layer and not cross correlated with soybean yield. The results showed the higher efficiency of the autoregressive space-state models in relation to the equivalent simple and multiple linear regression models using Akaike's Information Criterion. The resulting values were comparatively lower than the values obtained by the regression models, for all combinations of explanatory variables.

Spatial and linear correlations between soil and corn

The Technologies setting at Agricultural production system have the main characteristics the vertical productivity, reduced costs, soil physical, chemical and biological improvement to promote production sustainable growth. Thus, the study aimed to determine the variability and the linear and special correlations between the plant and soil attributes in order to select and indicate good representation of soil physical quality for forage productivity. In the growing season of 2006, on the Fazenda Bonança in Pereira Barreto (SP), the productivity of autumn corn forage (FDM) in an irrigated no-tillage system and the soil physical properties were analyzed. The purpose was to study the variability and the linear and spatial correlations between the plant and soil properties, to select an indicator of soil physical quality related to corn forage yield. A geostatistical grid was installed to collect soil and plant data, with 125 sampling points in an area of 2,500 m². The results show that the studied properties did not vary randomly and that data variability was low to very high, with well-defined spatial patterns, ranging from 7.8 to 38.0 m. On the other hand, the linear correlation between the plant and the soil properties was low and highly significant. The pairs forage dry matter versus microporosity and stem diameter versus bulk density were best correlated in the 0-0.10 m layer, while the other pairs - forage dry matter versus macro - and total porosity - were inversely correlated in the same layer. However, from the spatial point of view, there was a high inverse correlation between forage dry matter with microporosity, so that microporosity in the 0-0.10 m layer can be considered a good indicator of soil physical quality, with a view to corn forage yield.

Optical crop sensor for variable-rate nitrogen fertilization in corn: i - plant nutrition and dry matter production

Variable-rate nitrogen fertilization (VRF) based on optical spectrometry sensors of crops is a technological innovation capable of improving the nutrient use efficiency (NUE) and mitigate environmental impacts. However, studies addressing fertilization based on crop sensors are still scarce in Brazilian agriculture. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of an optical crop sensor to assess the nutritional status of corn and compare VRF with the standard strategy of traditional single-rate N fertilization (TSF) used by farmers. With this purpose, three experiments were conducted at different locations in Southern Brazil, in the growing seasons 2008/09 and 2010/11. The following crop properties were evaluated: above-ground dry matter production, nitrogen (N) content, N uptake, relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) reading, and a vegetation index measured by the optical sensor N-Sensor® ALS. The plants were evaluated in the stages V4, V6, V8, V10, V12 and at corn flowering. The experiments had a completely randomized design at three different sites that were analyzed separately. The vegetation index was directly related to above-ground dry matter production (R² = 0.91; p<0.0001), total N uptake (R² = 0.87; p<0.0001) and SPAD reading (R² = 0.63; p<0.0001) and inversely related to plant N content (R² = 0.53; p<0.0001). The efficiency of VRF for plant nutrition was influenced by the specific climatic conditions of each site. Therefore, the efficiency of the VRF strategy was similar to that of the standard farmer fertilizer strategy at sites 1 and 2. However, at site 3 where the climatic conditions were favorable for corn growth, the use of optical sensors to determine VRF resulted in a 12 % increase in N plant uptake in relation to the standard fertilization, indicating the potential of this technology to improve NUE.

Optical crop sensor for variable-rate nitrogen fertilization in corn: II - indices of fertilizer efficiency and corn yield

Generally, in tropical and subtropical agroecosystems, the efficiency of nitrogen (N) fertilization is low, inducing a temporal variability of crop yield, economic losses, and environmental impacts. Variable-rate N fertilization (VRF), based on optical spectrometry crop sensors, could increase the N use efficiency (NUE). The objective of this study was to evaluate the corn grain yield and N fertilization efficiency under VRF determined by an optical sensor in comparison to the traditional single-application N fertilization (TSF). With this purpose, three experiments with no-tillage corn were carried out in the 2008/09 and 2010/11 growing seasons on a Hapludox in South Brazil, in a completely randomized design, at three different sites that were analyzed separately. The following crop properties were evaluated: aboveground dry matter production and quantity of N uptake at corn flowering, grain yield, and vegetation index determined by an N-Sensor® ALS optical sensor. Across the sites, the corn N fertilizer had a positive effect on corn N uptake, resulting in increased corn dry matter and grain yield. However, N fertilization induced lower increases of corn grain yield at site 2, where there was a severe drought during the growing period. The VRF defined by the optical crop sensor increased the apparent N recovery (NRE) and agronomic efficiency of N (NAE) compared to the traditional fertilizer strategy. In the average of sites 1 and 3, which were not affected by drought, VRF promoted an increase of 28.0 and 41.3 % in NAE and NRE, respectively. Despite these results, no increases in corn grain yield were observed by the use of VRF compared to TSF.