Susceptibility of Anopheles aquasalis and An. darlingi to Plasmodium vivax VK210 and VK247

The susceptibility of Anopheles aquasalis (F3 generation) and An. darlingi (F1 generation) to Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein phenotypes from a limited number of blood samples of malaria patients in Belém, state of Pará, Brazil, was examined. A polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the P. vivax phenotypes in blood samples and the blood-fed infected mosquitoes were dissected and tested by ELISA. In all patient infections, more infected An. aquasalis and An. darlingi were positive for VK210 compared with VK247.

Antimalarial drugs disrupt ion homeostasis in malarial parasites

Plasmodium chabaudi malaria parasite organelles are major elements for ion homeostasis and cellular signaling and also target for antimalarial drugs. By using confocal imaging of intraerythrocytic parasites we demonstrated that the dye acridine orange (AO) is accumulated into P. chabaudi subcellular compartments. The AO could be released from the parasite organelles by collapsing the pH gradient with the K+/H+ ionophore nigericin (20 µM), or by inhibiting the H+-pump with bafilomycin (4 µM). Similarly, in isolated parasites loaded with calcium indicator Fluo 3-AM, bafilomycin caused calcium mobilization of the acidic calcium pool that could also be release with nigericin. Interestingly after complete release of the acidic compartments, addition of thapsigargin at 10 µM was still effective in releasing parasite intracellular calcium stores in parasites at trophozoite stage. The addition of antimalarial drugs chloroquine and artemisinin resulted in AO release from acidic compartments and also affected maintenance of calcium in ER store by using different drug concentrations.

The subgenus Migonemyia Galati 1995 (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae), with description of a new species Migonemyia vaniae: a review

The capture of a new species of the subgenus Migonemyia Galati, 1995 (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae), Migonemyia vaniae sp. nov. in the Ribeira Valley, state of São Paulo, Brazil, together with the other two species: Mg. migonei (França, 1920) and Mg. rabelloi (Galati & Gomes, 1992) lead us to review this subgenus. The new species was described and illustrated. The genitalia of the two other species were also illustrated and some genital characteristics (number of setae on the gonocoxite tuft, ejaculatory ducts and pump and ducts/pump ratio; and number of setae on the tergite VIII of the females) considered important to differentiate the three species, including five populations of Mg. migonei (from Northeastern, Southeastern, and Southern Brazilian regions and of Peru) were submitted to variance analyses. The Mg. migonei population of Northeastern Brazilian region showed distinct smaller values (P < 0.05) than the other Brazilian populations studied as regarding these characteristics. The capture of both sexes of these three species in sympatry confirms the association between the sexes of Mg. rabelloi, recognised as doubtful when this species was originally described. Identification keys for male and female of the three species are presented.

Feeding behavior of Triatoma vitticeps (Reduviidae: Triatominae) in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feeding behavior of Triatoma vitticeps through the identification of its food sources and the characterization of the blood ingestion process. In addition, we aimed to verify if the saliva of this vector interferes with the perception of the host during the feedings by creating a nervous impulse. Here, we demonstrated that the T. vitticeps saliva reduces, gradually and irreversibly, the amplitude of the compound action potential of the nervous fibre, which helps decrease the perception of the insect by the host. The precipitin reaction demonstrated the feeding eclecticism of this vector, with the identification of eight food sources - most of them found simultaneously in the same insect. The analysis of the electrical signals produced by the cibarial pump during meals demonstrated that the best feeding performance of T. vitticeps nymphs that fed on pigeons is mainly due to the higher contraction frequency of the pump. The longer contact period with the host to obtain a complete meal compared with other triatominae species of the same instar could favor the occurrence of multiple blood sources in T. vitticeps under natural conditions, as it was evidenced by the precipitin test.

Deciphering the contribution of lipid droplets in leprosy: multifunctional organelles with roles in Mycobacterium leprae pathogenesis

Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that affects the skin and nerves, presenting a singular clinical picture. Across the leprosy spectrum, lepromatous leprosy (LL) exhibits a classical hallmark: the presence of a collection of M. leprae-infected foamy macrophages/Schwann cells characterised by their high lipid content. The significance of this foamy aspect in mycobacterial infections has garnered renewed attention in leprosy due to the recent observation that the foamy aspect represents cells enriched in lipid droplets (LD) (also known as lipid bodies). Here, we discuss the contemporary view of LD as highly regulated organelles with key functions in M. leprae persistence in the LL end of the spectrum. The modern methods of studying this ancient disease have contributed to recent findings that describe M. leprae-triggered LD biogenesis and recruitment as effective mycobacterial intracellular strategies for acquiring lipids, sheltering and/or dampening the immune response and favouring bacterial survival, likely representing a fundamental aspect of M. leprae pathogenesis. The multifaceted functions attributed to the LD in leprosy may contribute to the development of new strategies for adjunctive anti-leprosy therapies.

Complete genome sequence of a clinical Bordetella pertussis isolate from Brazil

There has been a resurgence in the number of pertussis cases in Brazil and around the world. Here, the genome of a clinical Bordetella pertussis strain (Bz181) that was recently isolated in Brazil is reported. Analysis of the virulence-associated genes defining the pre- and post-vaccination lineages revealed the presence of the prn2-ptxS1A-fim3B-ptxP3 allelic profile in Bz181, which is characteristic of the current pandemic lineage. A putative metallo-β-lactamase gene presenting all of the conserved zinc-binding motifs that characterise the catalytic site was identified, in addition to a multidrug efflux pump of the RND family that could confer resistance to erythromycin, which is the antibiotic of choice for treating pertussis disease.

Influence of photoperiod on body weight and depth of burrowing in larvae of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (Diptera, Calliphoridae) and implications for forensic entomology

Blowflies use discrete, ephemeral breeding sites for larval nutrition. After exhaustion of the food supply, the larvae disperse in search of sites to pupate or to seek other sources of food in a process known as post-feeding larval dispersal. In this study, some of the most important aspects of this process were investigated in larvae of the blowflies Chrysomya megacephala exposed to a variety of light: dark (LD) cycles (0:0 h, 12:12 h and 24:0 h) and incubated in tubes covered with vermiculite. For each pupa, the body weight and depth of burrowing were determined. Statistical tests were used to examine the relationship of depth of burrowing and body weight to photoperiod at which burrowing occurred. The study of burial behavior in post-feeding larval dispersing can be useful for estimating the postmortem interval (PMI) of human corpses in forensic medicine.

Relações da rugosidade superficial do solo com o volume de chuva e com a estabilidade de agregados em água

A rugosidade superficial do solo é afetada, dentre outros fatores, pelo tipo de preparo, volume de chuva e estabilidade dos agregados estruturais diante da ação destrutiva da água. Em um Inceptisol, num experimento de erosão sob chuva natural realizado há 15 anos, no Sul da região do Planalto Catarinense, Brasil, avaliou-se a rugosidade superficial, a qual foi expressa por meio dos índices: rugosidade (RR), tortuosidade (T) e diferença de elevação limite (LD), no cultivo do milho, em 2003, e no cultivo da aveia, em 2004, em cujos períodos experimentais precipitaram 229 e 350 mm de chuva, respectivamente. Além disso, em 2004, entre os dois cultivos, avaliou-se a estabilidade dos agregados em água, expressa pelo diâmetro médio ponderado (DMP) e diâmetro médio geométrico (DMG) dos agregados. Os tratamentos de sistemas de manejo do solo foram: preparo convencional (PC) com uma aração + duas gradagens; cultivo mínimo (CM) com uma escarificação + uma gradagem, e semeadura direta (SD), ambos cultivados com milho e aveia, além de um tratamento adicional sem cultivo do solo (SC) em preparo convencional com uma aração + duas gradagens. A rugosidade foi avaliada em cinco oportunidades no cultivo do milho e em quatro da aveia, sendo a primeira avaliação imediatamente após o preparo do solo, e as demais, em intervalos sucessivos de 15 dias. A rugosidade inicial do solo foi alta e diminuiu com o aumento do volume das chuvas nos tratamentos SC, PC e CM, enquanto, na SD, a rugosidade foi alta apenas no cultivo da aveia e apresentou variação muito pequena com o aumento da chuva. O SC apresentou a maior redução da rugosidade ao acaso, enquanto a menor redução ocorreu na SD. A rugosidade superficial foi reduzida da condição original, na qual não se retiraram os efeitos da pendente e das marcas do preparo do solo, para a condição ao acaso, na qual esses efeitos foram retirados. A rugosidade superficial ao acaso relacionou-se inversamente com o volume das chuvas naturais. O decaimento máximo da rugosidade ao acaso relacionou-se inversamente com o DMP e com o DMG dos agregados estruturais.

Aggregation of subtropical soil under liming: a study using laser diffraction

Laser diffraction (LD) provides detailed analysis of particle size distribution. Its application to testing the stability of soil aggregates can assist studies on the aggregation of soils with contrasting electrochemical properties. The objectives of the present work were: (a) to propose a protocol for using LD to study soil aggregation, (b) to study the aggregation of an Acrisol under the influence of different doses and forms of lime. Samples were collected in 2005 from a Brazilian Acrisol that in 1994 had received 0.0; 2.0; 8.5 and 17.0 Mg ha-1 of lime, left on the soil surface or incorporated. Aggregates from 4.76 to 8.00 mm diameters were studied using the traditional method proposed by Kemper & Chepil (1965), with wet sieving, while aggregates from 1.00 to 2.00 mm were studied using a CILAS® laser diffractometer that distinguishes particles ranging from 0.04 to 2,500.00 μm. LD readings were made after six consecutive pre-treatments, using agitation times, a chemical dispersion agent and ultrasound. Mean Weighted Diameter (MWD) and the Aggregate Stability Index (ASI) calculated, using the traditional method does not discriminate the treatments. However, LD is able to produce detailed data on soil aggregation, resulting in indexes of stability of aggregates that are linearly related to the doses of lime applied (MWD: R² = 0.986 and ASI: R² = 0.876). It may be concluded that electrochemical changes in the Brazilian Acrisol resulting from incorporated lime affect the stability of aggregates, increasing stability with increased doses of lime.

Valores de referência de qualidade para metais pesados em solos no Estado do Espírito Santo

Valores de referência de qualidade (VRQ) para metais pesados em solos, em âmbito mundial, são bastante heterogêneos. No Brasil, poucos estudos para estabelecer esses valores foram concluídos. Na ausência de VRQ para metais pesados em solos, estabelecidos para as condições do Estado do Espírito Santo, utilizam-se valores genéricos internacionais ou desenvolvidos para outros Estados. Entretanto, deve-se ressaltar que o uso desses valores pode levar a avaliações inadequadas, já que existem diferenças nas condições técnicas e variáveis ambientais de cada região, em especial das condições geológicas, hídricas e pedológicas. Essas diferenças justificam o desenvolvimento de uma tabela própria com VRQ para metais pesados em solos, adequada às condições do Estado do Espírito Santo. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo buscou obter os teores naturais de 10 metais pesados e verificar a distribuição desses elementos nos solos das bacias hidrográficas Riacho, Reis Magos e Santa Maria da Vitória, no Estado do Espírito Santo, tendo em vista o estabelecimento de Valores de Referência de Qualidade (VRQ). Para isso, foram determinados os teores totais por ataque ácido, com digestão em forno micro-ondas, conforme o método SW-846 3052 da Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) e dosagem por espectrofotometria de emissão óptica com plasma induzido (ICP- OES). Os teores totais extraídos nos solos dessas bacias hidrográficas são relativamente baixos e inferiores aos reportados para solos de regiões brasileiras e de outros países. Os teores de cádmio ficaram abaixo do limite de detecção (LD) do método para todas as amostras. Em consequência, os VRQ obtidos para 12 metais pesados no Estado do Espírito Santo foram semelhantes ou inferiores aos obtidos para outras regiões do Brasil e do mundo. Os VRQ obtidos a partir do percentil 75 (quartil superior) para As (< 12,83), Cd (< 0,13), Co (10,21), Cr (54,13), Cu (5,91), Mn (137,80), Mo (1,74), Ni (9,17), Pb (< 4,54), V (109,96) e Zn (29,87), em mg kg-1; encontram-se próximos ou abaixo daqueles obtidos para o Estado de São Paulo e para solos brasileiros, de modo geral.

Critérios morfológicos e taxonômicos de Latossolo e Nitossolo validados por propriedades físicas mensuráveis analisadas em parte pela geoestatística

A morfologia e a classificação do solo estabelecem referenciais em atributos do solo que podem ser usados para inferência de propriedades ou para correlacionar sistemas e resultados de manejo entre sítios sob mesmas condições. Apesar das evidências nesse sentido, atributos morfológicos ainda são criticados por sua subjetividade. O objetivo deste estudo foi validar o uso de atributos morfológicos do solo, usados na taxonomia, como preditores de propriedades físicas mensuráveis e analisadas pela geoestatística, particularmente aquelas que diferenciam horizontes B níticos de B latossólicos. Três perfis de solo selecionados em áreas manejadas com sistema de plantio direto e em preparo convencional sob pousio foram descritos morfologicamente e classificados. Os perfis estudados foram classificados como Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico, tanto no sistema de plantio direto (LD) como no cultivo convencional (LC), e como Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico latossólico (ND), todos de textura muito argilosa. Amostras foram coletadas por horizonte genético, para caracterização físico-hídrica (curva de retenção de água, porosidade e densidade do solo), química e granulométrica. Em uma das paredes do perfil (0,40 x 1,5 m), em uma grade de 80 pontos distanciados de 10 cm, foram realizadas medições de resistência do solo à infiltração de água e de resistência do solo à penetração, para análise de dependência espacial utilizando geoestatística. A estrutura menos desenvolvida e a menor espessura do horizonte A do solo sob plantio convencional refletiram o revolvimento excessivo e a eliminação da cobertura do solo. O Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico latossólico diferiu dos demais por apresentar estrutura forte e em blocos desde a superfície até a profundidade de 1,0 m, caracterizando, em associação com sua cerosidade, horizonte B nítico sobrejacente a B latossólico. A estrutura do horizonte nítico condicionou não apenas a classificação do solo, mas também a resistência do solo à penetração e à infiltração de água e a retenção de água do solo. Os limites verticais dos horizontes diagnósticos de superfície e subsuperfície definidos por critérios morfológicos, como estrutura e consistência, mostraram estreita associação com as propriedades físicas mensuradas em campo e analisadas geoestatisticamente, validando os critérios morfológicos na separação de camadas de solo com propriedades físicas diferenciadas. A mensuração das propriedades físico-hídricas dos solos discriminou os horizontes diagnósticos B latossólicos do B nítico, mostrando a validade dos critérios morfológicos e taxonômicos para discriminação desses horizontes diagnósticos nos solos estudados e consolidando o uso desses critérios como indicadores de propriedades físicas diferenciadas dos solos.

Aggregate stability by the "high energy moisture characteristic" method in an oxisol under differentiated management

Studies testing the High Energy Moisture Characteristic (HEMC) technique in tropical soils are still incipient. By this method, the effects of different management systems can be evaluated. This study investigated the aggregation state of an Oxisol under coffee with Brachiaria between crop rows and surface-applied gypsum rates using HEMC. Soil in an experimental area in the Upper São Francisco region, Minas Gerais, was studied at depths of 0.05 and 0.20 m in coffee rows. The treatments consisted of 0, 7, and 28 Mg ha-1 of agricultural gypsum rates distributed on the soil surface of the coffee rows, between which Brachiaria was grown and periodically cut, and compared with a treatment without Brachiaria between coffee rows and no gypsum application. To determine the aggregation state using the HEMC method, soil aggregates were placed in a Büchner funnel (500 mL) and wetted using a peristaltic pump with a volumetric syringe. The wetting was applied increasingly at two pre-set speeds: slow (2 mm h-1) and fast (100 mm h-1). Once saturated, the aggregates were exposed to a gradually increasing tension by the displacement of a water column (varying from 0 to 30 cm) to obtain the moisture retention curve [M = f (Ψ) ], underlying the calculation of the stability parameters: modal suction, volume of drainable pores (VDP), stability index (slow and fast), VDP ratio, and stability ratio. The HEMC method conferred sensitivity in quantifying the aggregate stability parameters, and independent of whether gypsum was used, the soil managed with Brachiaria between the coffee rows, with regular cuts discharged in the crop row direction, exhibited a decreased susceptibility to disaggregation.

Grafted eggplant yield, quality and growth in infested soil with Verticillium dahliae and Meloidogyne incognita

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of grafting (onto Solanum torvum Sw.) on plant growth, yield and fruit quality of the Pala and Faselis eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) cultivars, grown in a soil infested with Verticillium dahliae Kleb. and Meloidogyne incognita, or in noninfested soil. Soil infestation decreased yield, plant height, final above-ground biomass, and also reduced fruit mean weight and shoot dry weight depending on cultivar or grafting. Grafting decreased fruit oxalic acid and the soluble solid contents, and increased mean fruit weight, depending on cultivar and soil infestation. Grafting also reduced the negative effects of the pathogens on disease index, plant height and shoot dry weight. Cultivar Pala was more vigorous than Faselis, and S. torvum was a vigorous rootstock. The combination of a vigorous rootstock with a weak cultivar (Faselis) is more profitable than that of a vigorous rootstock and a vigorous cultivar (Pala). Using S. torvum as a rootstock for cultivar Faselis, grown in soil infested with the pathogens, is most likely to be useful in conventional and low-input sustainable horticulture, since grafting increases protection against the pathogens, and reduces the losses in quality and yield.

Armazenamento de abacaxi 'smooth cayenne' minimamente processado sob refrigeração e atmosfera modificada

Estudou-se a influência de diferentes atmosferas modificadas durante o armazenamento de abacaxis da cv. Smooth Cayenne minimamente processados, por um período de oito dias, a 5º C e 85% UR. Foram realizadas as análises de acidez total titulável (ATT), sólidos solúveis totais (SST), pH, líquido drenado (LD), pectina total (PT), pectina solúvel (PS), firmeza e determinou-se a atividade das enzimas polifenoloxidase (PFO) e poligalacturonase (PG) da polpa dos frutos, a cada 2 dias. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: atmosferas modificadas com a injeção de 5% de O2 e 5% de CO2, com 2% de O2 e 10% de CO2 e o Controle (atmosfera modificada passivamente). As atmosferas modificadas ativas apresentaram ação injuriosa sobre os tecidos do abacaxi minimamente processado, estimulando a atividade da PFO. O uso de atmosferas modificadas proporcionou menor atividade da PG e, conseqüentemente, menor solubilização de substâncias pécticas. O abacaxi cv. Smooth Cayenne, minimamente processado, apresentou uma vida útil de 6 dias, pois, embora suas principais características físicas e físico-químicas não tenham sido comprometidas, as alterações químicas e bioquímicas não permitiram que o produto atingisse os 8 dias de armazenamento previstos.

Substâncias húmicas: sistema de fracionamento sequencial por ultrafiltração com base no tamanho molecular

A sequential system for fractionation by ultrafiltration (SSFU) equipped with advanced membranes filters (molecular size cut-off: 5, 10, 30, 50 and 100 kDalton) of the polyethersulfone type was developed for analytical fractionation of humic substances (HS) extracted from aquatic systems or soils. The device consists of five membrane filters (Sartocon® Micro) operated by a multi-channel peristaltic pump, enabling an easy handling, working in a closed system and with simple collection of the six obtained fractions (F1>100; F2: 100-50; F3: 50-30; F4:30-10; F5: 10-5 and F6 <5 kDalton). Then, the HS sample (250 mL solution 1.0 mg/mL, pH 5.0 to 6.0) to be fractionated is pumped by pump through the series of membrane filters with a tangential flow of 85 mL/min, initial pressure 0.2 to 0.3 bar and permeation flux through the membranes of 0.8 to 1.4 mL/min. The overall time for fractionation and cleaning of the device is about 10 h and 25 mL of each fraction is obtained.