Eficácia de dados Hyperion/EO-1 para identificação de alvos agrícolas: comparação com dados ETM+/Landsat-7

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o uso de dados hiperespectrais Hyperion/EO-1 na discriminação de alvos agrícolas, comparando a acurácia de classificação obtida pelos dados desse sensor à obtida por dados multiespectrais ETM+/Landsat-7. Para isso, alvos agrícolas da região de Franca - SP, com diferenças espectrais bem definidas e outros alvos com diferenças espectrais sutis, imageados por ambos os sensores, em 16 de julho de 2002, foram discriminados utilizando o classificador supervisionado de Máxima Verossimilhança (MaxVer). Os alvos agrícolas com diferenças espectrais bem definidas foram caracterizados por seis classes de uso e cobertura do solo; já os com diferenças espectrais sutis, por cinco classes de variedades de cana-de-açúcar. Quando os dados ETM+ foram classificados, a acurácia foi de 91,5% para as classes de uso e cobertura do solo e de 67,6% para as classes de variedades de cana-de-açúcar, enquanto, para os dados do sensor Hyperion, a acurácia de classificação foi de 94,9% e de 87,1%, respectivamente, demonstrando, assim, a importância do uso de dados hiperespectrais na discriminação de alvos agrícolas com características espectrais semelhantes.

Mapeamento de semeaduras de soja (Glycine max (L.)Merr.) mediante dados MODIS/Terra E TM/Landsat 5: um comparativo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar mapeamentos de semeadura da cultura da soja na região oeste do Paraná, realizados com imagens MODIS/Terra e TM/Landsat 5. Primeiramente, construiu-se máscara de referência, considerando seis imagens TM ao longo do ciclo da cultura, utilizando-se dos algoritmos Paralelepípedo e MaxVer com posterior análise visual. As imagens MODIS foram classificadas com o algorítimo Paralelepípedo, em quatro passagens referentes ao pico vegetativo. O desempenho das classificações foi avaliado por meio de Matrizes de Erros, calculadas pela análise de 100 pontos amostrais (soja ou não-soja), aleatoriamente distribuídos em cada um dos oito municípios da área de estudo. Os principais resultados mostraram que a Exatidão Global (EG) e o Índice Kappa (IK), que variaram entre 0,55 e 0,80, em ambos os sensores, são considerados bons a muito bons. Quando EG e IK dos sensores TM e MODIS foram comparados, não se encontrou diferença significativa. O mapeamento da soja utilizando o sensor MODIS produziu 70% de confiabilidade sob o ponto de vista do usuário. A principal conclusão é a viabilidade de mapear a soja pelo sensor MODIS com as vantagens de que as imagens MODIS têm melhor resolução temporal e são disponibilizadas gratuitamente na Internet.

Características espectrais da soja ao longo do ciclo vegetativo com imagens landsat 5/TM em área agrícola no oeste do Paraná

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as mudanças no comportamento espectral da cultura da soja, por meio dos perfis espectrais temporais dos índices de vegetação NDVI e GVI, expressos em diferentes valores físicos: fator de reflectância bidirecional (FRB) aparente, de superfície e normalizado derivados de imagens Landsat 5/TM. Foi monitorada área de cultura de soja localizada próxima ao município de Cascavel - PR, utilizando cinco imagens da safra de 2004/2005, sendo realizados nessas imagens os procedimentos de transformação radiométrica, correção atmosférica e normalização, determinando valores físicos dos fatores de reflectância bidirecional aparente, de superfície e normalizado, respectivamente. Com o intuito de caracterizar a resposta espectral da biomassa da soja, geraram-se imagens referentes aos índices de vegetação NDVI e GVI. Como resultado, a cultura mostrou-se diferente para os tratamentos dos fatores de reflectância bidirecional aparente, de superfície e de normalização. Por meio dos perfis médios espectrais do NDVI e GVI, foi possível acompanhar todo o ciclo da cultura da soja, caracterizando o seu desenvolvimento. Observou-se, ainda, que os dados provenientes do fator de reflectância bidirecional normalizado descaracterizaram a curva espectral da cultura da soja, principalmente em meio à fase de crescimento vegetativo, na data de 9-12-2004.

Cadastral maps of irrigated areas by center pivots in the State of Minas Gerais, using CBERS-2B/CCD satellite imaging

Medium-resolution satellite images have been widely used for the identification and quantification of irrigated areas by center pivot. These areas, which present predominantly circular forms, can be easily identified by visual analyses of these images. In addition to identifying and quantifying areas irrigated by center pivot, other information that is associated to these areas is fundamental for producing cadastral maps. The goal of this work was to generate cadastral mapping of areas irrigated by center pivots in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, with the purpose of supplying information on irrigated agriculture. Using the satellite CBERS2B/CCD, images were used to identify and quantify irrigated areas and then associate these areas with a database containing information about: irrigated area, perimeter, municipality, path row, basin in which the pivot is located, and the date of image acquisition.3,781 center pivots systems were identified. The smallest area irrigated was 4.6 hectares and the largest one was 192.6 hectares. The total estimated value of irrigated area was 254,875 hectares. The largest number of center pivots appeared in the municipalities of Unaí and Paracatu, with 495 and 459 systems, respectively. Cadastral mapping is a very useful tool to assist and enhance information on irrigated agriculture in the State of Minas Gerais.

Detection of soybean planted areas through orbital images based on culture spectral dynamics

The soybean is important to the economy of Brazil, so the estimation of the planted area and the production with higher antecedence and reliability becomes essential. Techniques related to Remote Sensing may help to obtain this information at lower cost and less subjectivity in relation to traditional surveys. The aim of this study is to estimate the planted area with soybean culture in the crop of 2008/2009 in cities in the west of the state of Paraná, in Brazil, based on the spectral dynamics of the culture and through the use of the specific system of analysis for images of Landsat 5/TM satellite. The obtained results were satisfactory, because the classification supervised by Maximum Verisimilitude - MaxVer along with the techniques of the specific system of analysis for satellite images has allowed an estimate of soybean planted area (soybean mask), obtaining values ​​of the metrics of Global Accuracy with an average of 79.05% and Kappa Index over 63.50% in all cities. The monitoring of a reference area was of great importance for determining the vegetative phase in which the culture is more different from the other targets, facilitating the choice of training samples (ROIs) and avoiding misclassifications.

Analysis of land use and occupancy in permanent preservation areas according to the hydrography of Ribeirão Água Fria - Bofete, SP - Brazil

The use conflicts are determined by the inadequate occupations of the soil, as it is the case of soil occupation inside of permanent preservation areas. This study aimed to determine the classes of the soil use and if there are conflicts inside of permanent preservation areas along the drainage network of the Água Fria Stream watershed, located in Bofete city - São Paulo, Brazil. It locates geographically between the coordinates: 48°09'30" to 48°18'30" longitude WGr., 22°58'30" to 23°04'30" latitude S, with an area of 15242.84 ha. The map of soil use was elaborated through the interpretation directly in the computer screen of satellite digital image. In the orbital data, the study area is inserted in the quadrant A, of image TM/Landsat - 5, orbit 220, point 76, passage 9/8th/2007. The Geographical Information System used was CartaLinx. The conflict areas of the watershed were obtained from the crossing between the maps of soil use and of PPAs. The results allowed the conclusion that more than half of the area (51.09%) is occupied by pastures, reflex of sandy soils and low fertility. It was also verified that although almost half of the watershed is covered with some type of vegetation (48.78% of natural forest /reforestation), it has approximately a third of permanent preservation areas used inappropriately by pastures (88.15%), reforestation (10.42%) and exposed soil (1.43%), totaling 343.07ha of conflicting areas, in a total of 993.26 ha of PPAs.

Spatial autocorrelation of ndvi and gvi indices derived from landsat/tm images for soybean crops in the western of the state of Paraná in 2004/2005 crop season

This research aims at studying spatial autocorrelation of Landsat/TM based on normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and green vegetation index (GVI) of soybean of the western region of the State of Paraná. The images were collected during the 2004/2005 crop season. The data were grouped into five vegetation index classes of equal amplitude, to create a temporal map of soybean within the crop cycle. Moran I and Local Indicators of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA) indices were applied to study the spatial correlation at the global and local levels, respectively. According to these indices, it was possible to understand the municipality-based profiles of tillage as well as to identify different sowing periods, providing important information to producers who use soybean yield data in their planning.

Influence of urbanization on land surface temperature in Recife city

Urbanization has caused significant environmental impacts, replacing natural surfaces by buildings, decreasing green vegetated areas, soil sealing and atmospheric pollution which contribute to increase the land surface temperature in such areas. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the influence of urbanization on land surface temperature (Ts) in Recife city - Pernambuco (PE), in Brazil, using the Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor images from Landsat 5 satellite. To perform the study, images of August 4, 1998 and September 6, 2010 were obtained and processed to generate Ts thematic maps of Recife-PE and of two districts of this city (Curado and Casa Amarela), in order to analyze the transformation dynamics that has occurred in the area. Through the profile produced for the study area, a spatial and temporal increase of the Ts surface was noticeable in the suburb-downtown direction: 6°C of difference between these areas. The Casa Amarela district, with high urban concentration, presented the highest Ts values observed (>27°C).

Técnicas de mineração de dados para identificação de áreas com cana-de-açúcar em imagens Landsat 5

Neste trabalho, verificou-se a aderência de técnicas de mineração de dados voltadas para problemas de classificação de dados na identificação automatizada de áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar, em imagens do satélite Landsat 5/TM. Para essa verificação, foram estudadas imagens de áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar em três fases fenológicas diferentes. Os pixels foram convertidos em valores de refletância de superfície, nas vizinhanças das cidades de Araras, São Carlos e Araraquara, no Estado de São Paulo. Foram gerados cinco modelos de árvores de decisão binária, induzidos pelo algoritmo C4.5, em que todos produziram taxas de acerto superiores a 90%. A introdução de atributos de textura trouxe ganhos significativos na acurácia do modelo de classificação e contribuiu para melhorar a distinção de áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar em meio a tipos diversos de cobertura do solo, como solo exposto, área urbana, lagos e rios. Os índices de vegetação mostraram-se relevantes na distinção da fase e do estado fenológico das culturas. Os resultados reforçam o potencial forte das árvores de decisão no processo de classificação e identificação de áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar, em diferentes cidades produtoras, no Estado de São Paulo.

Optimized Fast-FISH with a-satellite probes: acceleration by microwave activation

It has been shown for several DNA probes that the recently introduced Fast-FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) technique is well suited for quantitative microscopy. For highly repetitive DNA probes the hybridization (renaturation) time and the number of subsequent washing steps were reduced considerably by omitting denaturing chemical agents (e.g., formamide). The appropriate hybridization temperature and time allow a clear discrimination between major and minor binding sites by quantitative fluorescence microscopy. The well-defined physical conditions for hybridization permit automatization of the procedure, e.g., by a programmable thermal cycler. Here, we present optimized conditions for a commercially available X-specific a-satellite probe. Highly fluorescent major binding sites were obtained for 74oC hybridization temperature and 60 min hybridization time. They were clearly discriminated from some low fluorescent minor binding sites on metaphase chromosomes as well as in interphase cell nuclei. On average, a total of 3.43 ± 1.59 binding sites were measured in metaphase spreads, and 2.69 ± 1.00 in interphase nuclei. Microwave activation for denaturation and hybridization was tested to accelerate the procedure. The slides with the target material and the hybridization buffer were placed in a standard microwave oven. After denaturation for 20 s at 900 W, hybridization was performed for 4 min at 90 W. The suitability of a microwave oven for Fast-FISH was confirmed by the application to a chromosome 1-specific a-satellite probe. In this case, denaturation was performed at 630 W for 60 s and hybridization at 90 W for 5 min. In all cases, the results were analyzed quantitatively and compared to the results obtained by Fast-FISH. The major binding sites were clearly discriminated by their brightness

Apoptosis of sensory neurons and satellite cells after sciatic nerve transection in C57BL/6J mice

The rate of axonal regeneration, after sciatic nerve lesion in adult C57BL/6J mice, is reduced when compared to other isogenic strains. It was observed that such low regeneration was not due just to a delay, since neuronal death was observed. Two general mechanisms of cell death, apoptosis and necrosis, may be involved. By using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) technique, we demonstrated that a large number of sensory neurons, as well as satellite cells found in the dorsal root ganglia, were intensely labeled, thus indicating that apoptotic mechanisms were involved in the death process. Although almost no labeled neurons or satellite cells were observed one week after transection, a more than ten-fold increase in TUNEL labeling was detected after two weeks. The results obtained with the C57BL/6J strain were compared with those of the A/J strain, which has a much higher peripheral nerve regeneration potential. In A/J mice, almost no labeling of sensory neurons or satellite cells was observed after one or two weeks, indicating the absence of neuronal loss. Our data confirm previous observations that approximately 40% of C57BL/6J sensory neurons die after sciatic nerve transection, and indicate that apoptotic events are involved. Also, our observations reinforce the hypothesis that the low rate of axonal regeneration occurring in C57BL/6J mice may be the result of a mismatch in the timing of the neurons need for neurotrophic substances, and production of the latter by non-neuronal cells in the distal stump.

Ectopic development of skeletal muscle induced by subcutaneous transplant of rat satellite cells

The present study analyzes the ectopic development of the rat skeletal muscle originated from transplanted satellite cells. Satellite cells (10(6) cells) obtained from hindlimb muscles of newborn female 2BAW Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously into the dorsal area of adult male rats. After 3, 7, and 14 days, the transplanted tissues (N = 4-5) were processed for histochemical analysis of peripheral nerves, inactive X-chromosome and acetylcholinesterase. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) were also labeled with tetramethylrhodamine-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin. The development of ectopic muscles was successful in 86% of the implantation sites. By day 3, the transplanted cells were organized as multinucleated fibers containing multiple clusters of nAChRs (N = 2-4), resembling those from non-innervated cultured skeletal muscle fibers. After 7 days, the transplanted cells appeared as a highly vascularized tissue formed by bundles of fibers containing peripheral nuclei. The presence of X chromatin body indicated that subcutaneously developed fibers originated from female donor satellite cells. Differently from the extensor digitorum longus muscle of adult male rat (87.9 ± 1.0 µm; N = 213), the diameter of ectopic fibers (59.1 µm; N = 213) did not obey a Gaussian distribution and had a higher coefficient of variation. After 7 and 14 days, the organization of the nAChR clusters was similar to that of clusters from adult innervated extensor digitorum longus muscle. These findings indicate the histocompatibility of rats from 2BAW colony and that satellite cells transplanted into the subcutaneous space of adult animals are able to develop and fuse to form differentiated skeletal muscle fibers.

Diversity among satellite glial cells in dorsal root ganglia of the rat

Peripheral glial cells consist of satellite, enteric glial, and Schwann cells. In dorsal root ganglia, besides pseudo-unipolar neurons, myelinated and nonmyelinated fibers, macrophages, and fibroblasts, satellite cells also constitute the resident components. Information on satellite cells is not abundant; however, they appear to provide mechanical and metabolic support for neurons by forming an envelope surrounding their cell bodies. Although there is a heterogeneous population of neurons in the dorsal root ganglia, satellite cells have been described to be a homogeneous group of perineuronal cells. Our objective was to characterize the ultrastructure, immunohistochemistry, and histochemistry of the satellite cells of the dorsal root ganglia of 17 adult 3-4-month-old Wistar rats of both genders. Ultrastructurally, the nuclei of some satellite cells are heterochromatic, whereas others are euchromatic, which may result from different amounts of nuclear activity. We observed positive immunoreactivity for S-100 and vimentin in the cytoplasm of satellite cells. The intensity of S-100 protein varied according to the size of the enveloped neuron. We also noted that vimentin expression assumed a ring-like pattern and was preferentially located in the cytoplasm around the areas stained for S-100. In addition, we observed nitric oxide synthase-positive small-sized neurons and negative large-sized neurons equal to that described in the literature. Satellite cells were also positive for NADPH-diaphorase, particularly those associated with small-sized neurons. We conclude that all satellite cells are not identical as previously thought because they have different patterns of glial marker expression and these differences may be correlated with the size and function of the neuron they envelope.

Implantation of muscle satellite cells overexpressing myogenin improves denervated muscle atrophy in rats

This study evaluated the effect of muscle satellite cells (MSCs) overexpressing myogenin (MyoG) on denervated muscle atrophy. Rat MSCs were isolated and transfected with the MyoG-EGFP plasmid vector GV143. MyoG-transfected MSCs (MTMs) were transplanted into rat gastrocnemius muscles at 1 week after surgical denervation. Controls included injections of untransfected MSCs or the vehicle only. Muscles were harvested and analyzed at 2, 4, and 24 weeks post-transplantation. Immunofluorescence confirmed MyoG overexpression in MTMs. The muscle wet weight ratio was significantly reduced at 2 weeks after MTM injection (67.17±6.79) compared with muscles injected with MSCs (58.83±5.31) or the vehicle (53.00±7.67; t=2.37, P=0.04 and t=3.39, P=0.007, respectively). The muscle fiber cross-sectional area was also larger at 2 weeks after MTM injection (2.63×103±0.39×103) compared with MSC injection (1.99×103±0.58×103) or the vehicle only (1.57×103±0.47×103; t=2.24, P=0.049 and t=4.22, P=0.002, respectively). At 4 and 24 weeks post-injection, the muscle mass and fiber cross-sectional area were similar across all three experimental groups. Immunohistochemistry showed that the MTM group had larger MyoG-positive fibers. The MTM group (3.18±1.13) also had higher expression of MyoG mRNA than other groups (1.41±0.65 and 1.03±0.19) at 2 weeks after injection (t=2.72, P=0.04). Transplanted MTMs delayed short-term atrophy of denervated muscles. This approach can be optimized as a novel stand-alone therapy or as a bridge to surgical re-innervation of damaged muscles.