Labrea-like hepatitis in Vitoria, Espirito Santo state, Brazil: report of a case

A case of fulminat hepatitis with microvesicular steatosis resembling Labrea 's fever, diagnosed in Vitoria (ES) is reported. The 16 year old bcy presented with severe epistaxis, agitation, jaundice and hemorrhagic vomiting and died two days after admission to the emergency unit of the Vnivesity Hospital. The disease started five days before with fever, myalgias, dark urine and jaundice andprogressed withpsychic agitation, torpor and coma. The liver andspleen were notpalpable. HBsAg was negative in the serum. The autopsy showed acute hepatitis with tylic necrosis confluent in the midizonal and periportal areas with massive microvesicular steatosis in the remaining hepatocytes. Mononuclear cellspredominated in the exudate. The reticulum showed condensation in the necrotic areas without typical bands of collapse. The portal tracts were edematous with mononuclear infiltration and mild bile duct proliferation. Absence of cholestasis. Exceptfor the confluent midzonalandperiportal necrosis this case showed several clinical and morphological aspects of the Labreafever describedfrom the East Amazon, demonstrating that the anatomical picture of this disease probabty is not in related to afactor peculiar to the Amazon region.

Abscesso piogênico do fígado e esquistossomose mansônica: observações no Estado do Espírito Santo

Recentemente, foi demonstrado que a forma toxêmica da esquistossomose mansônica em crianças pode serfator predisponente para abscesso piogênico do fígado (APF). Como no Estado do Espírito Santo, a esquistossomose é endêmica em grande parte do estado e os APF são freqüentemente diagnosticados no Hospital Infantil Nossa Senhora da Glória de Vitória, realizou-se revisão dos casos de APF diagnosticados entre maio de 1991 e abril de 1994, com a finalidade de identificar-se os casos com infecção esquistossomótica e a sua procedêitcia. Identificaram-se 65 casos de APF e 39 apresentavam exame de fezes registrado no prontuário, sendo 3 positivos para Schistosoma mansoni e 29 positivos para outros helmintos intestinais, principalmente áscaris e tricocéfalo. A procedência dos pacientes mostrou que 7 (10,6%) eram provenientes de zona endêmica da esquistossomose. A associação APF e esquistossomose mostrou-se pequena e não há grande sobreposição na distribuição geográfica das duas doenças. Por outro lado a alta prevalência de infecção por outros helmintos intestinais e o grande número de abscessos piogênicos criptogenéticos diagnosticados, faz pensar que as infecções helmínticas com larvas que podem migrar para o fígado e formar granulomas, possam também ser um fator predisponente para o abscesso hepático em crianças.

Surto de leishmaniose tegumentar americana em Canoa, Santo Amaro, Bahia, Brasil

Em 1993, um surto leishmaniose tegumentar americana (LTA) foi detectado no povoado rural de Canoa, município de Santo Amaro, Bahia. Um estudo observacional prospectivo delineou-se, com objetivo de determinar as taxas de freqüência e caracterizar clinicamente a doença. Foram acompanhados 555 indivíduos, registrando-se 29 casos de LTA, 11 casos sugestivos de LTA pregressa e 529 sadios. Desses 529 sadios, 65 apresentaram reação de Montenegro positiva sem qualquer evidência presente ou passada de doença. A prevalência de LTA no período de estudo foi de 5,2% (29/555). A leishmania envolvida foi caracterizada como Leishmania braziliensis e o vetor, Lutzomyia intermedia. Foram detectados cães e equídeos infectados por leishmania O acometimento de crianças menores de 10 anos, o acometimento igual entre os sexos e um componente de agregação familiar sugerem um padrão de transmissão peri ou intradomiciliar.

Acute liver failure in children: observations in Vitória, Espírito Santo State, Brazil

In this communication we report 46 cases of acute liver failure in children diagnosed at the Hospital Infantil Nossa Senhora da Glória in Vitória, E Santo. Serology for IgM anti-HAV, IgM anti-HBc, HbsAg, anti-HCV and biochemical tests were performed in all cases in a routine laboratory. The M/F ratio was 1.1:1 and the mean age was 4.7±3.2 years, without gender difference. Anti-HAV IgM+ in 38 (82.6%) cases, anti-HbcIgM+ in two (4.3 %) cases and 6 (13.1%) cases were negative for all viral markers investigated. Anti- HCV+ in one anti-HAV IgM+ case. HbsAg+ in two anti-HbcIgM+ and in two HAVIgM+ cases. Among the six A, B and C negative cases, four (8.6%) did not have the suspected exogenous intoxication. Mortality was 50%, without gender or age differences. These results demonstrate that HAV infection is the main etiology of acute liver failure in children in Brazil, confirming that, although it is a self limited, relatively mild illness, it can cause serious and even fatal disease. The observation of four cases without A, B and C viral markers and no history of exogenous intoxication, agree with the observation of non A-E acute sporadic hepatitis in Northeastern Brazil.

Influência do tratamento específico na prevalência de enteroparasitoses e esquistossomose mansônica em escolares do município de Barra de Santo Antônio, AL

De 1.020 estudantes submetidos a exame coproparasitológico (método de Lutz), 938 (92%) apresentaram positividade para pelo menos uma espécie de enteroparasito. Seis meses pós-tratamento, 383 (37,5%) estudantes foram reavaliados e 347 (90,6%) apresentaram exames positivos. Não houve diferença significativa nas prevalências antes e após tratamento específico, entretanto poliparasitismo foi significativamente menor na segunda análise.

Evaluation of the phagocytic activity of peripheral blood monocytes of patients with Jorge Lobo's disease

Studies on host-parasite interaction in Jorge Lobo's disease are scarce, with no report in the literature on the phagocytosis of Lacazia loboi by phagocytic mononuclear cells. Thus, the objective of the present study was to assess the phagocytic activity of blood monocytes in the presence of L. loboi in patients with the disease and in healthy subjects (controls) over 3 and 24 hours of incubation. Statistical analyses of the results showed no significant difference in percent phagocytosis of the fungus between patient and control monocytes. With respect to incubation time, however, there was a significant difference, in that percent phagocytosis was higher at 3 hours than at 24 hours (p <0.01). These results suggest that monocytes from patients with the mycosis are able to phagocyte the fungus, as also observed in control individuals.

Prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus antibodies in healthy children and adolescents in Vitória, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil

The prevalence and age distribution of Epstein-Barr virus infection varies in different populations and there is little information about the epidemiology of this infection in Brazil. We studied the prevalence of EBV antibodies in a sample of 283 children and adolescents between 1 and 21 years old. The sample was taken from two neighborhoods in Vitória (capital city of Espirito Santo, Brazil). The São Pedro (SP) neighborhood represented an area with lower socioeconomic status and the Praias (P) neighborhood represented an area with higher SES. Anti-VCA (Virus Capsid Antigen) antibodies were detected by ELISA and anti-EBNA (Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen) antibodies were detected by an anti-complement immunofluorescence method, both using commercial kits. The results showed an overall prevalence rates of anti-VCA and anti-EBNA of 71% and 54% respectively. The prevalence for both anti-EBV antibodies was higher and probably the infection occurred earlier in the SP neighborhood. Among the various socioeconomic factors studied only low family income and maternal education level were significantly correlated with a higher frequency of positive serology for anti-VCA. These results demonstrate that there is a high prevalence of EBV antibodies in children and adolescents living in Vitória, that occurs more frequently at a younger age in children from families with low socioeconomic status. In addition, the results demonstrate an intermediate age distribution pattern between those reported in developed and underdeveloped countries.

Estudo de associação entre antígenos leucocitários humanos e doença de Jorge Lobo

A doença de Jorge Lobo é uma micose cutânea/subcutânea de evolução crônica, causada pelo fungo Lacazia loboi. Devido às características epidemiológicas e poucos estudos relacionados aos aspectos imunológicos dessa doença, o objetivo do trabalho foi investigar uma possível associação das especificidades HLA de classe II em 21 pacientes portadores da doença de Jorge Lobo, comparando com indivíduos sadios de mesma etnia. As tipificações HLA foram realizadas pelo método de PCR-SSP. O resultado não revelou qualquer tipo de associação entre os antígenos HLA e doença de Jorge Lobo. Embora sem significância estatística, foi observada a diminuição da freqüência do antígeno HLA-DR7 no grupo dos pacientes em relação aos controles (0% x 18%), sugerindo uma associação negativa (protetora) entre HLA-DR7 e doença de Jorge Lobo. Contudo, estudos devem ser continuados, objetivando melhor entendimento nos mecanismos envolvidos na suscetibilidade e/ou proteção dessa doença.

Prevalence and incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in nursing students in Vitória, Espírito Santo

This prospective study evaluated the incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among nursing students at the Federal University of Espírito Santo, using the purified protein derivative test. In parallel, we evaluated whether knowledge on tuberculosis transmission mechanisms had any impact on nursing students' attitudes in relation to the risk of tuberculosis infection. The incidence of tuberculin conversion was 10.5% per year (p=0.035, 95% CI = 3.63-17.43), whereas the expected conversion rate in the overall population in Brazil is 0.5% per year. These results indicate nursing students as a group at risk for TB infection. Among the risk factors studied only the use of NIOSH95 masks was associated with protection against infection (RR=0.2). Furthermore there was no statistical difference among students that PPD converted and those who remained negative regarding disease knowledge and the existence of adequate facilities for patient hospitalization. Our data reinforces the need for implementing special biosafety programs targeting this professional group.

Infecção natural de Triatoma vitticeps (Stal, 1859) por flagelados morfologicamente semelhantes a Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909) no Estado do Espírito Santo

Espécimes adultos de Triatoma vitticeps são capturados freqüentemente por moradores em áreas rurais do Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Com o objetivo de determinar o índice de infecção natural desta espécie, examinamos os dejetos de 116 espécimes silvestres, capturados em 27 municípios do estado, após repasto sanguíneo em ave e dejeção espontânea. Destes, 100 (86,2%) estavam infectados por flagelados morfologicamente semelhantes a Trypanosoma cruzi. Detectamos índices de infecção natural de Tritoma vitticeps superiores ao de estudos anteriores. A baixa incidência da doença de Chagas no estado se deve provavelmente a dejeção tardia deste vetor visto que trabalhos sobre especificidade alimentar demonstraram presença marcante de Tritoma vitticeps no intradomicilio e contato freqüente com o homem. O elevado índice de infecção natural observado reforça a necessidade de se manter a vigilância entomológica sobre este triatomíneo.

Primeira descrição de singamose brônquica ocorrida no Estado do Espírito Santo

Relatamos o caso de um homem de 48 anos, que evoluiu durante 4 meses com quadro de tosse seca associada à dor torácica. Após serem descartadas as etiologias mais prováveis, realizou-se uma broncofibroscopia que revelou a presença de um casal de Syngamus laringeus no brônquio do lobo superior esquerdo. O paciente tornou-se assintomático após a retirada do nematóide.

Nosocomial Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission among healthcare students in a high incidence region, in Vitória, State of Espírito Santo

This open comparative study for evaluating hypersensitivity to tuberculin among medical students (n=441), nursing students (n=178) and economics students (n=230) in Vitória, State of Espírito Santo, had the aim of assessing whether the prevalence of positive tuberculin tests among healthcare students could be used as a sentinel event for nosocomial transmission in localities with high endemicity. There was a significant change in the frequency of purified protein derivative reactivity in the nursing students (20. 3%) and medical students (18. 4%), in comparison with the economics students (6%) (p <0. 001). As expected, the medical and nursing students had more knowledge about tuberculosis than did the economics students (p <0. 001). Our data suggest that the incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among nursing and medical students in our region, which has high endemicity of tuberculosis, does not differ from what is found in low-incidence countries. These data reinforce the need for implementing biosafety programs for this target population.

High frequency of resistance to the drugs isoniazid and rifampicin among tuberculosis cases in the city of Cabo de Santo Agostinho, an urban area in Northeastern Brazil

The objective of the present study was to investigate the frequency and risk factors for developing multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Cabo de Santo Agostinho, PE. This was a prospective study conducted from 2000 to 2003, in which suspected cases were investigated using bacilloscopy and culturing. Out of 232 confirmed cases of tuberculosis, culturing and antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed on 174. Thirty-five of the 174 cultures showed resistance to all drugs. The frequencies of primary and acquired resistance to any drug were 14% and 50% respectively, while the frequencies of primary and acquired multidrug resistance were 8.3% and 40%. Previous tuberculosis treatment and abandonment of treatment were risk factors for drug resistance. The high levels of primary and acquired resistance to the combination of isoniazid and rifampicin contributed towards the difficulties in controlling tuberculosis transmission in the city.