249 resultados para Inibidores da ACCase


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O aumento do número de plantas daninhas resistentes aos herbicidas inibidores da enzima acetolactato sintase é um tema abordado com freqüência por produtores e comunidade científica. No Brasil, nove espécies já foram documentadas por apresentarem tal problema. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a diversidade genética de populações de leiteira (Euphorbia heterophylla L.) resistentes aos herbicidas inibidores da enzima acetolactato sintase. Quarenta populações de plantas oriundas de sementes coletadas em áreas do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, com suspeita de resistência, foram selecionadas, a partir da aplicação prévia de herbicidas com este mecanismo de ação em casa de vegetação. Vinte plantas de cada população serviram de amostra para a extração de DNA. Trinta marcadores de polimorfismo de DNA amplificado ao acaso (RAPD) foram selecionados, cada um com 10 oligonucleotídeos de seqüência arbitrária. Na análise de agrupamento, cujo coeficiente médio de similaridade foi de 40%, as populações foram separadas em sete grupos. As populações dos municípios de Pontão, Augusto Pestana e Não-me-Toque foram consideradas geneticamente diferentes. Há variabilidade genética relacionada à resistência do herbicida entre as populações de E. heterophylla que ocorrem no planalto do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o grau de similaridade genética entre acessos de picão-preto, suscetíveis e resistentes aos herbicidas inibidores da enzima acetolactato sintase (ALS) e a relação entre similaridade genética e distância geográfica desses acessos. Sementes dos acessos foram coletadas no Estado do Paraná e cultivadas em casa de vegetação, na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, em outubro de 2004. Depois da confirmação da resistência ou suscetibilidade dos acessos aos inibidores da enzima ALS, realizou-se a extração de DNA. Por meio da técnica de RAPD, foi possível avaliar a similaridade genética entre os acessos de picão-preto. Na análise conjunta dos acessos, dos 20 iniciadores utilizados, 17 apresentaram-se polimórficos, amplificando um total de 94 bandas. A similaridade genética média foi baixa e equivalente a 37%. A análise de regressão evidenciou que não há relação entre distância genética e geográfica nos acessos de picão-preto avaliados. A baixa similaridade geral entre esses acessos evidencia que a resistência aos herbicidas na região se configura pela seleção de indivíduos resistentes preexistentes na população.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o crescimento e a habilidade competitiva de dois biótipos de capim-colchão (Digitaria ciliaris), um resistente (R) e outro suscetível (S) aos herbicidas inibidores da acetil coenzima A carboxilase. O crescimento dos biótipos foi determinado pela coleta da matéria seca das plantas, aos 14, 21, 25, 28, 34, 42, 49, 57, 65, 72, 78, 86, 101, 111 e 118 dias após emergência (DAE). Os dados de massa de matéria seca foram ajustados ao modelo logístico e, também, utilizados para a obtenção da taxa de crescimento absoluto. Para avaliar a habilidade competitiva intra-específica e interespecífica, foram instalados cinco experimentos com o uso do método substitutivo. Compararam-se os biótipos R e S entre si e cada um destes com a cultura da soja, quando semeada no mesmo dia ou sete dias após a semeadura das plantas daninhas. As proporções de plantas entre as espécies ou biótipos utilizados foram: 5:0; 4:1; 3:2; 2:3; 1:4 e 0:5. Os biótipos de capim-colchão apresentaram acúmulo de matéria seca, crescimento absoluto e competição interespecífica semelhantes, e a redução da matéria seca da soja foi similar na presença dos biótipos R e S, o que sugere que ambos os biótipos de capim-colchão possuem a mesma adaptabilidade ecológica.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variação genética do inibidor de tripsina em variedades cultivadas (Glycine max) e silvestres (Glycine soja) de soja. Foram avaliadas as variações genéticas do inibidor de tripsina Kunitz, representado pela proteína 21-kDa (KTI), e do inibidor de tripsina-quimotripsina Bowman-Birk (BBI), em variedades de soja cultivadas (G. max) e selvagens (G. soja). Ensaios de clivagem foram feitos com endonuclease de incompatibilidade heteroduplex, para a detectar mutações no gene de KTI, com uma única nuclease específica de cadeia simples, obtida a partir de extractos de aipo (CEL I). As variedades de soja estudadas apresentaram baixo nível de variação genética em KTI e BBI. A análise por PCR -RFLP dividiu o BBI-A em A1 e A2 e mostrou que o Tib do KTI é o tipo dominante. A digestão com enzimas de restrição não foi capaz de detectar diferenças entre os tipos de ti-null e outros alelos Ti, enquanto o ensaio com endonucleases com incompatibilidade heteroduplex com CEL I pôde detectar o tipo ti-null. O método de digestão com CEL I fornece uma ferramenta genética simples e útil para a análise de SNP. O método apresentado pode ser utilizado como ferramenta para a triagem rápida e útil de genótipos desejáveis em futuros programas de melhoramento de soja.

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Prostaglandins (PG's), produced from arachidonic acid metabolism, are potent mediators of inflammation. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) exert their effects by inhibition of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (PGHS) enzyme, which catalyses the first committed step in arachidonic acid metabolism. Two isoforms of PGHS are known: PGHS-1, constitutively expressed in most tissues, and is responsible for physiological production of PG's. The second isoform, PGHS-2, is induced by cytokines, mitogens and endotoxins in inflammatory cells, and appears to be responsible for the elevated production of PG's during inflammation. With the recent discovery of the inducible PGHS (PGHS-2), the medicinal chemist now possesses a novel target for designing therapeutic agents that could provide suitable anti-inflammatory activity without the ulcerogenic and renal side effects associated with currently available NSAIDs, all of which inhibit both PGHS-1 and PGHS-2.

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Very often hydrochloric acid is employed in acidification operations aiming to dissolve the mineral matrix in petroleum wheel operations, which always require intense use of corrosion inhibitors. This work presents an evaluation of common indicators, phenolfthaleine, fluorescein, methylene blue, alizarine S and methyl orange, as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in HCl 15% w/v at temperatures of 26, 40 and 60 ºC. Fluorescein and methyl orange show excelent corrosion inhibition efficiencies at 26 ºC; however at 60 ºC only fluorescein shows good corrosion inhibition when employed with alcohol and/or formaldehyde. For the fluorescein 1% w/v + formaldehyde 0.6% w/v mixture we present polarization and impedance curves and adsorption isotherms.

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AIDS has the HIV as its etiological agent. Researches has been done to find new pharmacological agents to be used in therapy, because of problems of resistance and side effects. The HIV-integrase inhibitors are some of those new agents that are being studied. This updating focusses on the fundamental information about HIV and HIV-integrase and the main methods being used to develop these new drugs, with examples for each case.

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Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan parasite that causes a severe disease (Chagas'disease) in Central and South America. The currently available chemotherapeutic agents against this disease are still inadequate. The enzyme trypanothione reductase (TR) is considered a validated molecular target for the development of new drugs against this parasite. In this regard, a series of arylfurans based on 2,5-bis-(4-acetamidophenyl)furan was synthesized and tested for their in vitro inhibitory activity against TR. Molecular modeling studies of putative enzyme-inhibitor complexes revealed a possible mechanism of interaction. From synthesized compounds, a benzylaminofuran derivative was found to be more active than the lead compound.

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The synthesis of -5-(D-arabino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutyl)tetrazole and -2-(D-arabino-1,2,3,4-tetra-acetoxybutyl)-5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole from D-arabinose is described. Attempts at removing the protecting groups of the oxadiazole derivative were unsuccessful, leading to products resulting from the opening of the oxadiazole ring. The unprotected tetrazole derivative was selectively phosphorylated at the primary hydroxyl group with diethylphosphoryl chloride. The resulting 5-[D-arabino-4-(diethylphosphoryloxy)-1,2,3-trihydroxybutyl]tetrazole is a protected form of a potential inhibitor of the enzymes glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and glucosamine synthase.

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Protein kinases are one of the largest protein families and they are responsible for regulation of a great number of signal transduction pathways in cells, through the phosphorylation of serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues. Deregulation of these enzymes is associated with several diseases including cancer, diabetes and inflammation. For this reason, specific inhibition of tyrosine or serine/threonine kinases may represent an interesting therapeutic approach. The most important types of protein kinases, their structural features and chemical inhibitors are discussed in this paper. Emphasis is given to the small-molecule drugs that target the ATP-binding sites of these enzymes.

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered the main cause of cognitive decline in adults. The available therapies for AD treatment seek to maintain the activity of cholinergic system through the inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. However, butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) can be considered an alternative target for AD treatment. Aiming at developing new BuChE inhibitors, robust QSAR 3D models with high predictive power were developed. The best model presents a good fit (r²=0.82, q²=0.76, with two PCs) and high predictive power (r²predict=0.88). Analysis of regression vector shows that steric properties have considerable importance to the inhibition of the BuChE.

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Effects of two ethylene inhibitors, 1-methylcylopropene (1-MCP) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), on production of volatile compounds and mangiferin (a bioactive xanthone) in 'Tommy Atkins' mango fruit were investigated. Volatile composition and mangiferin content, in treated and untreated fruits at three maturity, stages were determined by SPME-GC-MS and HPLC, respectively. These chromatographical analysis revealed that the volatile profiles and mangiferin concentrations were not significantly different, suggesting that the use of ethylene inhibitors does not affect the mango aroma and functional properties relative to this xanthone. Moreover, a simple, precise and accurate HPLC method was developed for quantifying mangiferin in mango pulp.

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Myrsinoic A acid, isolated from Myrsine cuneifolia and its hydrogenated derivative had their effect on photosynthesis tested. The compounds inhibited the electron flow (basal, phosphorylating and uncoupled) from water to methylviologen; therefore, they act as Hill reaction inhibitors in spinach thylakoids. They inhibited partial reactions of PSII electron flow from water to 2,5-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, from water to sodium silicomolybdate, and partially electron flow from diphenylcarbazide to 2,6-dichloroindophenol. Their inhibition sites were at the donor and acceptor sides of PSII, between P680 and Q A. Chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements confirmed the behavior of the compounds (pool of quinones).

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The evaluations of Chorophyll a fluorescence emitted by superior plants carry structural information and photosynthetic apparatus function. Quantitative analysis apparatus of fluorescence kinetic were measured by energy flows (ABS), (TR), (ET) and (DI), known as phenomenological phenomena of OJIP test. Four furocoumarins were isolated from Ruta graveolens (Rutaceae), and chorophyll a (Chl a) fluorescence assays were performed with these compounds to evaluate the photosynthesis inhibition potential. This test was realized in spinach`s leaf discs and in Lolium perenne leaves. The results indicated the herbicide potential mainly for bergapten and chalepin.

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Teaching classes and events regarding the molecular aspects of drug-receptor interactions is not an easy task. The ligand stereochemistry and the spatial arrangement of the macromolecular targets highly increase the complexity of the process. In this context, the use of alternative and more playful approaches could allow students to gain a more thorough understanding of this important topic in medicinal chemistry. Herein, we describe a practical teaching approach that uses computational strategies as a tool for drug-receptor interaction studies performed for angiotencsin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi). Firstly, the students learn how to find the crystallographic structure (enzyme-ligand complex). Then, they proceed to the treatment of crude crystallographic data. Thereafter, they learn how to analyze the positioning of the drug on the active site of the enzyme, looking for regions related to the molecular recognition. At the end of the study, students can summarize the molecular requirements for the interaction and the structure-activity relationships of the studied drugs.